Surface enrichment in a miscible polymer blend: An experimental test of self-consistent field and long-wavelength approximation models

Macromolecules

Volumn 29, Issue 16, 1996, Pages 5438-5445

  Genzer, J ^a,b   Faldi, A ^a,c   Oslanec, R ^a   Composto, R J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b Cornell University   (United States)

^c EXXONMOBIL UPSTREAM RESEARCH COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPROXIMATION THEORY; COPOLYMERS; INTERFACES (MATERIALS); MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MIXTURES; NEUTRON REFLECTION; POLYSTYRENES; SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY; SOLUBILITY; SPECTROMETRY; SURFACE PHENOMENA; VOLUME FRACTION;

DEUTERATED POLYSTYRENE; LOW ENERGY FORWARD RECOIL SPECTROMETRY; MISCIBLE POLYMER BLEND; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; POLYMER BLEND AIR INTERFACE; SELF CONSISTENT FIELD; SURFACE ENRICHMENT; THEORY OF SCHMIDT;

POLYMER BLENDS;

EID: 0030193180     PISSN: 00249297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ma951108f     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces II; Feast, W. J., Munro, H. S., Richards, R. W., Eds.; Wiley & Sons: Chichester, U.K., 1993.
2. Garbassi, F.; Morra, M.; Occhiello, E. Polymer Surfaces from Physics to Technology; Wiley: Chichester, U.K., 1994.
3. Physics of Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces; Sanchez, I. C., Ed.; Butterworth-Heineman: Boston, MA, 1992.
4. Bhatia, Q. S.; Pan, D. H.; Koberstein, J. T. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 2166.
5. Jones, R. A. L.; Kramer, E. J.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Schwarz, S. A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 280.
6. Composto, R. J.; Stein, R. S.; Kramer, E. J.; Jones, R. A. L.; Mansour, A.; Karim, A.; Felcher, G. P. Physica B 1989, 156, 157, 434. Jones, R. A. L.; Norton, L. J.; Kramer, E. J.; Composto, R. J.; Stein, R. S.; Russell, T. P.; Mansour, A.; Karim, A.; Felcher, G. P.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Zhao, X.; Schwarz, S. A. Europhys. Lett. 1990, 12, 41.
7. Composto, R. J.; Stein, R. S.; Kramer, E. J.; Jones, R. A. L.; Mansour, A.; Karim, A.; Felcher, G. P. Physica B 1989, 156, 157, 434. Jones, R. A. L.; Norton, L. J.; Kramer, E. J.; Composto, R. J.; Stein, R. S.; Russell, T. P.; Mansour, A.; Karim, A.; Felcher, G. P.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Zhao, X.; Schwarz, S. A. Europhys. Lett. 1990, 12, 41.
8. Sokolov, J.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Jones, R. A. L.; Kramer, E. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1989, 54, 590.
9. Zhao, X.; Zhao, W.; Sokolov, J.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Schwarz, S. A.; Wilkens, B. J.; Jones, R. A. L.; Kramer, E. J. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 5991.
10. Composto, R. J.; Stein, R. S.; Felcher, G. P.; Mansour, A.; Karim, A. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1990, 166, 485.
11. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 4163.
12. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Zheng, X.; Duong, D.; Schwarz, S. A.; Russell, T. P. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 99, 656.
13. Budkowski, A.; Steiner, U.; Klein, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 5229.
14. Norton, L. J.; Kramer, E. J.; Bates, F. S.; Gehlsen, M. D.; Jones, R. A. L.; Karim, A.; Felcher, G. P.; Kleb, R. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8621.
15. Steiner, U.; Eiser, E.; Budkowski, A.; Fetters, L.; Klein, J. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 366.
16. Mansfield, T.; Composto, R. J.; Stein, R. S.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Schwarz, S. A. Physica B 1991, 173, 207.
17. Oslanec, R.; Faldi, A.; Genzer, J.; Composto, R. J. To be published.
18. Kim, E.; Kramer, E. J.; Garrett, P. D.; Mendelson, R. A.; Wu, W. C. Polymer 1995, 36, 2427.
19. Bruder, F.; Brenn, R. Europhys. Lett. 1983, 22, 707.
20. Bruder, F. Ph.D. Thesis, Freiburg Universität, Freiburg, Germany, 1992.
21. Gluckenbiehl, B.; Stamm, M.; Springer, T. Coll. Surf. A 1994, 86, 311.
22. Schmidt, I.; Binder, K. J. Phys. II (Paris) 1985, 46, 1631.
23. Kramer, E. J. Physica B 1991, 173, 189.
24. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3584; 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516; 1993, 99, 4041.
25. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3584; 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516; 1993, 99, 4041.
26. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3584; 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516; 1993, 99, 4041.
27. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3584; 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516; 1993, 99, 4041.
28. Genzer, J.; Faldi, A.; Composto, R. J. Phys. Rev. E. 1994, 50, 2373.
29. Nakanishi, H.; Pincus, P. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 79, 997.
30. The term "bare" reflects the fact that the polymer/air interactions are assumed to be of a purely enthalpic origin.
31. Chen, Z. Y.; Noolandi, J.; Izzo, D. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 727.
32. Jones, R. A. L. Phys. Rev. E 1993, 47, 1437.
33. Hong, K. M.; Noolandi, J. Macromolecules 1981, 14, 727.
34. Shull, K. R.; Kramer, E. J. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 4769.
35. Shull, K. R. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 2346.
36. Shull, K. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 5723; Macromolecules 1992, 25, 2122.
37. Shull, K. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 5723; Macromolecules 1992, 25, 2122.
38. Edwards, S. F. Proc. Phys. Soc. London 1965, 85, 613.
39. Israelachvili, J. Intermolecular and Surface Forces; Academic Press: New York, NY, 1992. Safran, S. A. Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Interfaces and Membranes; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1994.
40. Israelachvili, J. Intermolecular and Surface Forces; Academic Press: New York, NY, 1992. Safran, S. A. Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Interfaces and Membranes; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1994.
41. B,∞ as starting point.
42. Kambour, R. P.; Bendler, J. T.; Bopp, R. C. Macromolecules 1983, 16, 753.
43. xS sample with x about 0.98 confirmed that during the nucleophilic substitution reaction the bromination occurs entirely at the para position of the benzene ring of the parent polystyrene.
44. Composto, R. J.; Mayer, J. W.; Kramer, E. J.; White, D. M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 57, 1312.
45. Green, P. F.; Palmstrøm, C. J.; Mayer, J. W.; Kramer, E. J. Macromolecules 1985, 18, 501.
46. Felcher, G. P.; Hilleke, R. O.; Crawford, R. K.; Haumann, J.; Kleb, R.; Ostrowski, G. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1987, 58, 609.
47. Russell, T. P. Mater. Sci. Rep. 1990, 5, 171.
48. Genzer, J.; Oslanec, R. Unpublished results.
49. Rowlinson, J. S.; Widom, B. Molecular Theory of Capillarity; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989.
50. Nicolai, T.; Clarke, C. J.; Jones, R. A. L.; Penfold, J. Coll. Surf. A 1994, 86, 155. Clarke, C. J.; Jones, R. A. L.; Edwards, J. L.; Shull, K. R.; Penfold, J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 2042.
51. Nicolai, T.; Clarke, C. J.; Jones, R. A. L.; Penfold, J. Coll. Surf. A 1994, 86, 155. Clarke, C. J.; Jones, R. A. L.; Edwards, J. L.; Shull, K. R.; Penfold, J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 2042.
52. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516. Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P.; Hariharan, A. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49, 2899. Brazhnik, P. K.; Freed, K. F.; Tang, H. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 101, 9143.
53. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516. Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P.; Hariharan, A. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49, 2899. Brazhnik, P. K.; Freed, K. F.; Tang, H. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 101, 9143.
54. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516. Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P.; Hariharan, A. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49, 2899. Brazhnik, P. K.; Freed, K. F.; Tang, H. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 101, 9143.
55. Hariharan, A.; Kumar, S. K; Russell, T. P. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4909; J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 6516. Kumar, S. K.; Russell, T. P.; Hariharan, A. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49, 2899. Brazhnik, P. K.; Freed, K. F.; Tang, H. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 101, 9143.
56. Born, M.; Wolf, E. Principles of Optics; Pergamon Press: Oxford, U.K., 1975.
57. Genzer, J.; Rothman, J. B.; Composto, R. J. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 1994, 86, 345.
58. Strobl, G. R.; Urban, G. Coll. Polymer Sci. 1988, 266, 398. Bruder, F.; Brenn, R. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 5552.
59. Strobl, G. R.; Urban, G. Coll. Polymer Sci. 1988, 266, 398. Bruder, F.; Brenn, R. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 5552.
60. Rouault, Y.; Dünweg, B.; Baschnagel, J.; Binder, K. Polymer 1996, 37, 297.
61. The uncertainty in determining the content of Br in the poly-(styrene-co-4-bromostyrene) is about 0.3% as reported by Quantitative Technologies, NJ.
62. Kambour, R. Personal communication, 1995.
63. We are obliged to Dr. R. Perrinaud (Elf Atochem and The University of Pennsylvania) for performing the LAC analysis.
64. Wijmans, C. M.; Leermakers, F. A. M.; Fleer, G. J. J. Chem. Phys. 1994, 101, 8214.
65. Cohen, S. M.; Muthukumar, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 90, 5749.
66. Jerry, R. A.; Nauman, E. B. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 1992, 154, 122; J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7829; Phys. Lett. A 1992, 167, 198; Phys. Rev. E 1993, 48, 1583.
67. Jerry, R. A.; Nauman, E. B. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 1992, 154, 122; J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7829; Phys. Lett. A 1992, 167, 198; Phys. Rev. E 1993, 48, 1583.
68. Jerry, R. A.; Nauman, E. B. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 1992, 154, 122; J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7829; Phys. Lett. A 1992, 167, 198; Phys. Rev. E 1993, 48, 1583.
69. Jerry, R. A.; Nauman, E. B. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 1992, 154, 122; J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7829; Phys. Lett. A 1992, 167, 198; Phys. Rev. E 1993, 48, 1583.
70. Genzer, J.; Composto, R. J. Submitted for publication.
71. Empirically we found that the reflectivity curves calculated for slab thicknesses ranging from 20 to 40 Å were identical.