New intumescent formulations of fire-retardant polypropylene - Discussion of the free radical mechanism of the formation of carbonaceous protective material during the thermo-oxidative treatment of the additives

Fire and Materials

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 191-203

  Le Bras, Michel ^a   Bourbigot, Serge ^a   Delporte, Christelle ^a   Siat, Catherine ^b   Le Tallec, Yannick ^b  

^a Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille   (France)

^b Ctr Rech d'Etud sur Les P   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADDITIVES; ALCOHOLS; AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; CARBONIZATION; CATALYSTS; MIXTURES; POLYAMIDES; POLYPROPYLENES; PROTECTIVE COATINGS; SALTS; THERMOANALYSIS;

AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE; BORIC ACID SALTS; CARBONACEOUS PROTECTIVE MATERIALS; DIAMMONIUM PYROPHOSPHATE; INTUMESCENT FORMULATIONS; PENTAERYTHRITOL; POLYOLS;

FLAME RETARDANTS;

EID: 0030190858     PISSN: 03080501     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199607)20:4<191::AID-FAM577>3.0.CO;2-S     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. C. Vasile and R. B. Seymour (eds), Handbook of Polyolefins - Synthesis and Properties, Marcel Dekker, New York (1993).
2. V. N. Kondariev, Chain reactions. In Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, ed. by C. H. Bamford and C. F. H. Tipper, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1969).
3. W. J. Kroenke, J. Mater. Sci. 21, 1123-73 (1986).
4. G. Camino, L. Costa and L. Trossarelli, Polym. Deg. & Stab. 7, 25 (1984).
5. R. Delobel, M. Le Bras and N. Ouassou, Polym. Deg. & Stab. 30(1), 41 (1989).
6. R. Delobel, M. Le Bras, N. Ouassou and F. Alistiqsa, J. Fire Sci. 8(2), 85 (1990).
7. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras and R. Delobel, Carbon 31(8), 1219-30 (1993).
8. H. L. Vandersall, J. Fire & Flammability 2, 97-140 (1971).
9. J. D. Brooks and G. H. Taylor, Carbon 3, 185 (1965).
10. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, P. Breant and J.-M. Tremillon, Carbon 33(3), 283-94 (1995).
11. M. Le Bras and S. Bourbigot, Fire and Materials 20, 39-49 (1996).
12. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, R. Descressain and J. P. Amoureux, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 92(1) 149-58 (1996).
13. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, P. Breant, J.-M. Tremillon and R. Delobel, Fire and Materials (1996), in press.
14. M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, R. Descressain and J.-M. Leroy, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 98(9-10), 735-40 (1989).
15. Y. Schmidt-Le Tallec, Valorisation de différents polyols dans des systèmes retardants de flamme: application au polyéthylène, Doctoral Dissertation, Lille (1992).
16. C. Delporte, Etude du nouveau système intumescent retardateur de flamme pentaborate d'ammonium/pentaérythritol - Application au polypropylène, Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies 'Spectroscopies', Dissertation, Lille (1995).
17. J. Rychly, L. Matisova-Richla and J. Placek, Collection Czechoslov., Chem. Comm. 44, 3665-75 (1979).
18. I. C. Lewis and L. S. Singer, Carbon 5, 373-81 (1967).
19. I. C. Lewis and L. S. Singer, J. Phys. Chem. 85, 354-60 (1981).
20. R. Delobel, M. Le Bras and N. Ouassou, Polym. Deg. & Stab. 30, 41-56 (1990).
21. S. Bourbigot, C. Siat and M. Le Bras, Matériaux Polymères et Procédés - Colloque Annuel du GFP, Nancy, 21-23 November 1995, p. 29.
22. S. Bourbigot, Les zéolithes, Nouveaux Agents de Synergie dans les Systèmes Intumescents - Compréhension des Mécanismes de Protection du Polyéthylène et de ses Dérivés, Doctoral Dissertation, Lille (1993); S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, P. Breant and J.-M. Tremillon, Fire Retardant Polymers 5th European Conference - Sci. Fire Chemistry Discussion Group, Salford, 4-7 September 1995.
23. S. Bourbigot, Les zéolithes, Nouveaux Agents de Synergie dans les Systèmes Intumescents - Compréhension des Mécanismes de Protection du Polyéthylène et de ses Dérivés, Doctoral Dissertation, Lille (1993); S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, P. Breant and J.-M. Tremillon, Fire Retardant Polymers 5th European Conference - Sci. Fire Chemistry Discussion Group, Salford, 4-7 September 1995.
24. F. Pouille, Etude Spectroscopique de Formulations 'Retard au Feu' à base de Polyamide, Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies Spectroscopies, Dissertation, Lille (1995); E. Felix, Etude structurale par RMN du Solide de Formulations ignifugeantes à base de PA6, Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies Spectroscopies, Dissertation, Lille (1995).
25. F. Pouille, Etude Spectroscopique de Formulations 'Retard au Feu' à base de Polyamide, Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies Spectroscopies, Dissertation, Lille (1995); E. Felix, Etude structurale par RMN du Solide de Formulations ignifugeantes à base de PA6, Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies Spectroscopies, Dissertation, Lille (1995).
26. Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-like Combustion of Plastics, ASTM D2863/77, Philadelphia.
27. Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Part in Devices and Appliances, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, ANSI/ASTM D635-77.
28. C. Swanson and F. McCollough, Inorg. Snyth. 7, 65 (1963).
29. S. A. Raymond, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, p. 200, Wiley Interscience, New York (1968).
30. N. Ouassou, Etude d'un Nouveau Système Intumescent 'Retard au Feu': Pyrophosphate Diammonique - Pentaerythritol; Application au Polypropylene, Doctoral Dissertation, Lille (1991).
31. R. S. Alger, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Techniques and Applications, pp. 42-60, Interscience, New York (1968); J. S. Hyde, Experimental Techniques in EPR, 6th Annual NMR - EPR Varian Workshop, Varian Associates Instrument Division, Palo Alto (1961).
32. R. S. Alger, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Techniques and Applications, pp. 42-60, Interscience, New York (1968); J. S. Hyde, Experimental Techniques in EPR, 6th Annual NMR - EPR Varian Workshop, Varian Associates Instrument Division, Palo Alto (1961).
33. L. S. Singer and I. C. Lewis, Appl. Spectrosc. 36(1), 52-7 (1982).
34. L. S. Singer, I. C. Lewis, D. M. Riffle and D. C. Doetschman, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 2408-15 (1987).
35. F. J. Dyson, Phys. Review 98(2), 349-59 (1955); G. Feher and A. F. Kip, Phys. Review 98(2), 337-48 (1955).
36. F. J. Dyson, Phys. Review 98(2), 349-59 (1955); G. Feher and A. F. Kip, Phys. Review 98(2), 337-48 (1955).
37. R. H. Lewis and G. E. Maciel, J. Mater. Sci. 30, 5020-30 (1995).
38. R. L. Collins, M. D. Bell and G. Kraus, J. Appl. Phys. 30, 56 (1959).
39. L. S. Singer and G. Wagoner, J. Chem. Phys. 37(8), 1812-17 (1962); G. Wagoner, Phys. Rev. 70, 647 (1960).
40. L. S. Singer and G. Wagoner, J. Chem. Phys. 37(8), 1812-17 (1962); G. Wagoner, Phys. Rev. 70, 647 (1960).
41. A. Gonzalez-Montiel, H. Keskkula and D. R. Paul, Polymer 36(24), 4587-637 (1995).
42. M. J. Modic and L. A. Pottick, Polym. Eng. Sci. 33, 819 (1993).
43. R. M. Holsti-Miettinen, K. P. Pertilä, J. V. Seppälä and M. T. Heino, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 58, 1551-60 (1995).
44. J. H. Adams, J. Polym. Sci. A1 8, 1269-77 (1970).
45. A. Hoff and S. Jacobsson, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29, 465-80 (1984).
46. K. Barabas, M. Iring, S. Laszla-Hedrig, T. Lelen and F. Tudos, Eur. Polym. J. 14. 405-7 (1978).
47. D. W. Van Krevelen, Polymer 16(8), 615-20 (1975); D. W. Van Krevelen, Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Volume 14, pp. 344-57, ed. by C. H. Brandford and C. F. H. Tipper, Elsevier Science, New York (1975).
48. D. W. Van Krevelen, Polymer 16(8), 615-20 (1975); D. W. Van Krevelen, Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Volume 14, pp. 344-57, ed. by C. H. Brandford and C. F. H. Tipper, Elsevier Science, New York (1975).
49. G. Montaudo, E. Scamporino and D. Vitalini, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 21, 3361 (1983).
50. R. Delobel, M. Le Bras, Y. Schmidt and S. Bourbigot, Proceedings of the Int. Symp. Moffis 91 - Mineral and Organic Functional Fillers in Polymers, ed. by G. F. P. Le Mans (1991) pp. 79-85; R. Delobel, S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, J.-M. Leroy and B. Kanovnik, Polimerni Materijali Smanjene Gorivosti, Drustvo Plasticara i Gumaraca, Zagreb (1990), pp. 08/01-04.
51. R. Delobel, M. Le Bras, Y. Schmidt and S. Bourbigot, Proceedings of the Int. Symp. Moffis 91 - Mineral and Organic Functional Fillers in Polymers, ed. by G. F. P. Le Mans (1991) pp. 79-85; R. Delobel, S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, J.-M. Leroy and B. Kanovnik, Polimerni Materijali Smanjene Gorivosti, Drustvo Plasticara i Gumaraca, Zagreb (1990), pp. 08/01-04.
52. K. Kishore and K. Mohandas, Combust. & Flame 43, 145-53 (1981).
53. S. V. Levchik, L. Costa and G. Camino, Polym. Deg. & Stab. 36, 229-37 (1992).
54. S. V. Levchik, L. Costa and G. Camino, Polym. Deg. & Stab. 36, 31 (1992).
55. A. Grint, G. P. Proud, I. J. F. Poplett, K. D. Bartle, S. Wallace and R. S. Mathews, Fuel 68, 1490 (1989).
56. S. Supaluknari, I. Burgar and F. P. Larkins, Org. Geochim. 15, 509 (1990).
57. T. M. Duncan and D. C. Douglass, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 87 (1984).
58. G. E. Maciel, V. J. Bartuska and F. P. Miknis, Fuel 58, 391 (1979).
59. W. L. Earl and D. L. Vanderhart, J. Magn. Reson. 48, 35 (1982).
60. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, L. Gengembre and R. Delobel, Appl. Surface Sci. 81, 299-307 (1994).
61. Bradley et al., JCPDS, Powder Diffraction File 23-1034.
62. Senkovits and Hawley JCPDS, Powder Diffraction File 6-297.
63. T. P. Nevell and S. Haig Zeronian, Cellulose Chemistry and its Applications, Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1985).
64. W. E. Franklin, J. Fire Sci. 1(5-6), 165-76 (1983).