Contingency Detection and the Contingent Organization of Behavior in interactions: Implications for Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 122, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 25-41

  Tarabulsy, George M ^a,b   Tessier, Réjean ^a   Kappas, Arvid ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À TROIS RIVIÈRES   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EMOTION; HUMAN; INFANT; MOTIVATION; OBJECT RELATION; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; MOTIVATION; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; REINFORCEMENT, SOCIAL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 0030187746     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.120.1.25     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Wittig, B. A. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 113-136). London: Methven.
3. Alessandri, S. M., Sullivan, M. W., Imaizumi, S., & Lewis, M. (1993). Learning and emotional responsivity in cocaine-exposed infants. Developmental Psychology, 29, 989-999.
4. Alessandri, S. M., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (1990). Violation of expectancy and frustration in early infancy. Developmental Psychology, 26, 738-744.
5. Bahrick, L. E. (1983). Infants' perception of substance and temporal synchrony in multimodal events. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 429-451.
6. Bahrick, L. E., & Watson, J. S. (1985). Detection of intermodal proprioceptive-visual contingency as a potential basis of self-perception in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 21, 963-973.
7. Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. (1986). Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bates, J. E., Freeland, C. A. B., & Lounsbury, M. L. (1979). Measurement of infant difficultness. Child Development, 50, 794-803.
9. Belsky, J., Rovine, M. J., & Taylor, D. G. (1984). The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project: III. The origins of individual differences in infant-mother attachment: Maternal and infant contributions. Child Development, 55, 718-728.
10. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
11. Brazelton, T. B. (1984). Neonatal Behavioral Assessment State (Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 88, Spastics International Medical Publications). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
12. Brinker, R. P., & Lewis, M. (1982). Contingency intervention in infancy. In J. Anderson & J. Cox (Eds.), Curriculum materials for high risk and handicapped infants. Chapel Hill, NC: Technical Assistance Development Systems.
13. Campos, J. J., Barrett, K. C., Lamb, M. E., Goldsmith, H. H., & Stenberg, C. (1983). Socioemotional development. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), M. M. Haith, & J. J. Campos (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Infancy and developmental psychology. New York: Wiley.
14. Canfield, R. L., & Haith, M. M. (1991). Young infants' visual expectations for symmetric and asymmetric stimulus sequences. Developmental Psychology, 27, 198-208.
15. Carey, W. B., & McDevitt, S. C. (1978). Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Pediatrics, 61, 735-739.
16. Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research. Child Development, 65, 971-991.
17. Cohn, J. F., Campbell, S. B., & Ross, S. (1991). Infant response in the still-face paradigm at 6 months predicts avoidant and secure attachment at 12 months. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 367-376.
18. Cohn, J. F., Matias, R., Tronick, E. Z., Connell, D., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (1986). Face-to-face interactions, spontaneous and structured, of mothers with depressive symptoms. In T. M. Field & E. Z. Tronick (Eds.), Maternal depression and infant disturbance, new directions for child development (No. 34, pp. 31-45). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
19. Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1983). Three-month-old infants' reaction to simulated depression. Child Development, 54, 185-193.
20. Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1988). Mother-infant face-to-face interaction: Influence is bidirectional and unrelated to periodic cycles in either partner's behavior. Developmental Psychology, 24, 386-392.
21. DeCasper, A. J., & Carstens, A. A. (1981). Contingencies of stimulation: Effects on learning and emotion in neonates. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 19-35.
22. Dunham, P., & Dunham, F. (1990). Effects of mother-infant social interactions on infants' subsequent contingency task performance. Child Development, 61, 785-793.
23. Dunham, P., & Dunham, F. (1994). Optimal social structures and adaptive infant development. In C. Moore & P. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 159-188). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Dunham, P., Dunham, F., Hurshman, A., & Alexander, T. (1989). Social contingency effects on subsequent perceptual-cognitive tasks in young infants. Child Development, 60, 1486-1496.
25. Dunham, P., Dunham, F., Tran, S., & Akhtar, N. (1991). The non-reciprocating robot: Effects on verbal discourse, social play, and social referencing at two years of age. Child Development, 62, 1489-1502.
26. Egeland, B., & Farber, E. A. (1984). Infant-mother attachment: Factors related to its development and changes over time. Child Development, 55, 753-771.
27. Ellsworth, C. P., Muir, D. W., & Hains, S. M. (1993). Social competence and person-object differentiation: An analysis of the still-face effect. Developmental Psychology, 29, 63-73.
28. Emde, R. N., Plomin, R., Robinson, J., Corley, R., DeFries, J., Fulker, D. W., Reznick, J. S., Campos, J., Kagan, J., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1992). Temperament, emotion and cognition at fourteen months: The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study. Child Development, 63, 1437-1455.
29. Fagen, J. W. (1993). Reinforcement is not enough: Learned expectancies and infant behavior. American Psychologist, 47, 1153-1155.
30. Fagen, J. W., Morrongiello, B. A., Rovee-Collier, C. K., & Gekoski, M. J. (1984). Expectancies and memory retrieval in three-month-old infants. Child Development, 55, 936-943.
31. Fagen, J. W., & Ohr, P. S. (1985). Temperament and crying in response to the violation of a learned expectancy in early infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 157-166.
32. Fagot, B. I., & Kavanagh, K. (1993). Parenting during the second year: Effects of children's age, sex and attachment classification. Child Development, 64, 258-271.
33. Field, T. M., Yega-Lahr, N., Scafidi, F., & Goldstein, S. (1986). Effects of maternal unavailability on mother-infant interactions. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 473-478.
34. Flavell, J. H. (1985). Cognitive development (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
35. Fogel, A. (1988). Cyclicity and stability in mother-infant face-to-face interaction: A comment on Cohn and Tronick (1988). Developmental Psychology, 24, 393-395.
36. Gewirtz, J. L., & Pelàez-Nogueras, M. (1992). B. F. Skinner's legacy to human infant behavior and development. American Psychologist, 47, 1411-1422.
37. Gewirtz, J. L., & Pelàez-Nogueras, M. (1993). "Expectancy": Sleight of hand mentalism, not mechanism or process. American Psychologist, 47, 1156-1157.
38. Goldsmith, H. H., & Alansky, J. A. (1987). Maternal and infant temperamental predictors of attachment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 805-816.
39. Goldsmith, H. H., & Harman, C. (1994). Temperament and attachment: Individuals and relationships. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3, 53-57.
40. Gunnar, M. R. (1980). Control, warning signals, and distress in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 16, 281-289.
41. Gunnar, M. R., Leighton, K., & Peleaux, R. (1984). Effects of temporal predictability on the reactions of one-year-olds to potentially frightening toys. Developmental Psychology, 20, 449-458.
42. Gunnar, M. R., Mangelsdorf, S., Larson, M., & Hertsgaard, L. (1989). Attachment, temperament, and adrenocortical activity in infancy: A study of psychoendocrine regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25, 355-363.
43. Gunnar-vonGnechten, M. R. (1978). Changing a frightening toy into a pleasant toy by allowing the infant to control its actions. Developmental Psychology, 14, 157-162.
44. Gusella, J. L., Muir, D. W., & Tronick, E. Z. (1988). The effect of manipulating behavior during an interaction on 3- and 6-month-olds' affect and attention. Child Development, 59, 1111-1124.
45. Haith, M. M., Hazan, C., & Goodman, G. S. (1988). Expectations and anticipation of dynamic visual events by 3.5 month old babies. Child Development, 59, 467-479.
46. Haith, M. M., & McCarty, M. E. (1990). Stability of visual expectations at 3.0 months of age. Developmental Psychology, 26, 68-74.
47. Hazen, N. L., & Durrett, M. E. (1982). Relationship of security of attachment to exploration and cognitive mapping abilities in 2-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 18, 751-759.
48. Hinde, R. A. (1987). Individuals, relationships and culture. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
49. Isabella, R. A. (1993). Origins of attachment: Maternal interactive behavior across the first year. Child Development, 64, 605-621.
50. Isabella, R. A., & Belsky, J. (1991). Interactional synchrony and the origins of infant-mother attachment: A replication study. Child Development, 62, 373-384.
51. Isabella, R. A., Belsky, J., & Eye, A. von. (1989). Origins of infant-mother attachment: An examination of interactional synchrony during the infant's first year. Developmental Psychology, 25, 12-21.
52. Izard, C. E. (1983). The maximally discriminative facial movement coding system (rev. ed.). Newark: University of Delaware Press.
53. Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
54. Jacobson, S. W., Jacobson, J. L., O'Neill, J. M., Padgett, R. J., Frankowski, J. J., & Bihun, J. T. (1992). Visual expectation and dimensions of infant information processing. Child Development, 63, 711-724.
55. Julien, D., Pomerleau, A., Feider, H., & Malcuit, G. (1983). Temporal and content variations as determinants of infants' visual control of verbal stimulations. Developmental Psychology, 19, 366-374.
56. Kagan, J., & Snidman, N. (1991). Infant predictors of inhibited and uninhibited profiles. Psychological Science, 2, 40-44.
57. LaFrenière, P. J., & Dumas, J. E. (1992). A transactional analysis of early childhood anxiety and social withdrawal. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 385-402.
58. Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W., Charnov, E. L., & Connell, J. P. (1985). Infant-mother attachment: The origins and developmental significance of individual differences in strange-situation behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Leslie, A. (1986). Getting development off the ground. In P. L. C. van Geert (Ed.), Theory building in developmental psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
60. Leslie, A. M., & Keeble, S. (1987). Do six-month-old infants perceive causality? Cognition, 25, 265-288.
61. Levitt, M. J. (1980). Contingent feedback, familiarization, and infant affect: How a stranger becomes a friend. Developmental Psychology, 16, 425-432.
62. Lewis, M., Alessandri, S. M., & Sullivan, M. W. (1990). Violation of expectancy, loss of control, and anger expressions in young infants. Developmental Psychology, 26, 745-751.
63. Lewis, M., Feiring, C., McGuffog, C., & Jaskir, J. (1984). Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Development, 55, 123-136.
64. Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1985). Emotional behavior during the learning of a contingency in early infancy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 307-316.
65. Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., Ramsay, D. S., & Alessandri, S. M. (1992). Individual differences in anger and sad expressions during extinction: Antecedents and consequences. Infant Behavior and Development, 15, 443-452.
66. Lollis, S. P. (1990). Effects of maternal behavior on toddler behavior during separation. Child Development, 61, 99-103.
67. Main, M., & Weston, D. R. (1982). Avoidance of the attachment figure in infancy: Descriptions and interpretations. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 31-59). New York: Basic Books.
68. Malatesta, C. Z., Culver, C., Tesman, J. R., & Shephard, B. (1989). The development of emotion expression during the first two years of life. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 54(1-2, Serial No. 219).
69. Malatesta, C. Z., & Haviland, J. (1982). Learning display rules: The socialization of emotional expression infancy. Child Development, 53, 991-1003.
70. Matas, L., Arend, R. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1978). Continuity of adaptation in the second year: The relationship between quality of attachment and later competence. Child Development, 49, 547-556.
71. Millar, W. S. (1972). A study of operant conditioning under delayed reinforcement in early infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 37(2, Serial No. 147).
72. Millar, W. S. (1988). Smiling, vocal and attentive behavior during social contingency learning in seven and ten month old infants. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 34, 301-325.
73. Millar, W. S., & Weir, C. G. (1992). Relations between habituation and contingency learning in 5 to 12 month old infants. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive [European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology], 12, 209-222.
74. Millar, W. S., Weir, C. G., & Supramaniam, G. (1992). The influence of perinatal risk status on contingency learning in six- to thirteen-month-old infants. Child Development, 63, 304-313.
75. Moran, G., Dumas, J. E., & Symons, D. K. (1992). Approaches to sequential analysis and the description of contingency in behavioral interaction. Behavioral Assessment, 14, 65-92.
76. Moran, G., Krupka, A., Tutton, A., & Symons, D. K., (1987). Patterns of maternal and infant play. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 477-491.
77. Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., & Tarabulsy, G. M. (in press). Le rôle de la théorie d'attachement dans l'analyse des interactions mère-enfant à la petite enfance: Descriptions précises et interprétations significatives [The role of attachment theory in the analysis of mother-infant interactions: Targeted descriptions and meaningful interpretations]. In G. M. Tarabulsy & R. Tessier (Series and Vol. Eds.), Le développement socio-émotionnel de l'enfant [Children's socioemotional development]. Montreal Québec, Canada: Les Presses de l'Université du Québec.
78. Parritz, R. H., Mangelsdorf, S., & Gunnar, M. R. (1992). Control, social referencing, and the infant's appraisal of threat. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Social referencing and the social construction of reality in infancy (pp. 209-228). New York: Plenum Press.
79. Parrot, W. G., & Gleitman, H. (1989). Infants' expectations in play: The joy of peek-a-boo. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 291-311.
80. Pederson, D. R., & Moran, G. (1995). A categorical description of infant-mother relationships in the home and its relation to Q-sort measures of infant-mother interaction (Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models: New growing points of attachment theory and research [Special issue]). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3, Serial No. 244).
81. Pederson, D. R., & Moran, G. (in press). Expressions of attachment outside of the strange situation. Child Development.
82. Pedlow, R., Sanson, A., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (1993). Stability of maternally reported temperament from infancy to 8 years. Developmental Psychology, 29, 998-1007.
83. Poulson, C. L., & Kymissis, E. (1988). Generalized imitation in infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 46, 324-336.
84. Robinson, N. S., McCarty, M. E., & Haith, M. M. (1988, April). Visual expectations in early infancy. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the International Society for Infant Studies, Washington, DC.
85. Reber, A. S. (1985). The penguin dictionary of psychology. New York: Viking Press.
86. Rose, S. A. (1989). Measuring infant intelligence: New perspectives. In M. H. Bornstein & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Stability and continuity in mental development: Behavioral and biological perspectives (pp. 171-188). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
87. Rothbart, M. K. (1986). Longitudinal observation of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 22, 356-365.
88. Rovee, C. K., & Rovee, D. T. (1969). Conjugate reinforcement of infant exploratory behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 8, 33-39.
89. Rovee-Collier, C. K. (1987). Learning and memory in infancy. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 98-148). New York: Wiley.
90. Sackett, G. P. (1987). Analysis of sequential social interaction data: Some issues, recent developments, and a causal inference model. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 855-878). New York: Wiley.
91. Sameroff, A. J. (1971). Can conditioned responses be established in the newborn infant? Developmental Psychology, 5, 1-12.
92. Scherer, K. R. (1993). Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 1-41.
93. Schlinger, H. D. (1992). Theory in behavior analysis: An application to child development. American Psychologist, 47, 1396-1410.
94. Schlinger, H. D. (1993). Learned expectancies are not adequate scientific explanations. American Psychologist, 47, 1155-1156.
95. Schneider-Rosen, K., & Rothbaum, F. (1993). Quality of parental caregiving and security of attachment. Developmental Psychology, 29, 358-367.
96. Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
97. Shiller, V. M., Izard, C. E., & Hembree, E. A. (1986). Patterns of emotion expression during separation in the strange situation procedure. Developmental Psychology, 22, 378-382.
98. Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 609-637). New York: Guilford Press.
99. Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early experience following developmental change: Longitudinal approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development, 61, 1363-1373.
100. Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (1988). The coherence of family relationships. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships within families: Mutual influences (pp. 27-47). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
101. Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.
102. Stevenson, M. B., Roach, M. A., Ver Hoeve, J. N., & Leavitt, L. A. (1990). Rhythms in the dialogue of infant feeding: Preterm and term infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 13, 51-70.
103. Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (1988). Facial expressions during learning in 1 -year-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 11, 369-373.
104. Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (1989). Emotion and cognition in infancy: Facial expressions during contingency learning. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 221-237.
105. Sullivan, M. W., Lewis, M., & Alessandri, S. M. (1992). Cross-age stability in emotional expressions during learning and extinction. Developmental Psychology, 28, 58-63.
106. Sullivan, M. W., Ramsay, D. S., & Lewis, M. (1992, May). Learning and temperament in young infants: A longitudinal study of 2- to 8-month-olds. Paper presented at the biennial conference of the International Society for Infant Studies, Miami Beach, FL.
107. Symons, D., & Moran, G. (1994). Responsiveness and dependency are different aspects of social contingencies: An example from mother and infant smiles. Infant Behavior and Development, 2, 209-214.
108. Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. G. (1968). Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York: New York University Press.
109. Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 1-13.
110. Walton, G. E., & Bower, T. G. R. (1993). Newborns form "prototypes" in less than a minute. Psychological Science, 4, 203-205.
111. Watson, J. S. (1972). Smiling, cooing, and "the game." Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 18, 323-339.
112. Watson, J. S. (1979). Perception of contingency as a determinant of social responsiveness. In E. B. Thoman (Ed.), Origins of the infant's social responsiveness (pp. 33-64). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
113. Wentworth, N., & Haith, M. M. (1992). Event-specific expectations of 2- and 3-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 28, 842-850.