Caged compounds: Tools for illuminating neuronal responses and connections

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 379-386

  Nerbonne, Jeanne M ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUROTRANSMITTER; NITROBENZENE DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN;

CELL KINETICS; CHEMISTRY; LIGHT; NERVE CELL; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SECOND MESSENGER;

EID: 0030176250     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80123-1     Document Type: Article

References (54)

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11. Dalva MB, Katz LC Rearrangements of synaptic connections in visual cortex revealed by laser photostimulation. Science 1994. 265:255-258. Dalva and Katz demonstrate the usefulness of caged glutamate and laserscanning photostimulation to map connectivity patterns in the developing ferret cortex. This represents an important advance over conventional anatomical methods for mapping connectivity changes during development because the 'functioning' of the connections is assessed directly using electrophysialogy.
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13. Drummond DC, Daleke DL Synthesis and characterization of N-acylated, pH-sensitive 'caged' amtnophospholipids. Chem Phys Lipitis 1995, 75:27-41.
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26. Muralidharan S, Nerbonne JM Photolablle 'caged' adrenerglc receptor agonists and related model compounds. J Photochem Photobioi [Bl 1995, 27:123-137. The synthesis and the chemical characterization ol several CHinked and Wlinked 2-nitrobenzyl cages ara described, and the effects oi substitutions on the phenyl ring and the a-carbon of the 2-nitrobenzyl cage are explored. The authors demonstrate that the rates of release of the protected moiety vary dramatically with the site of attachment, with the release from W-linked cages being much more rapid than that from the corresponding CHinked analogues. Release quantum yields, in contrast, did not vary appreciably with the nature of the heteroatom linkage, or as a function ol substituents on either the phenyl ring or the ct-carbon of the 2-nitrobenzyl group.
27. 2+ chelator NP-EGTA. In addition, using chemically skinned skeletal muscle fibers, they demonstrate that single light flashes in the presence of NPEGTA-Caz+ produce maximal contraction.
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39. 2+ 'spike', in particular, can compromise mechanistic interpretations of experiments exploiting DM-nitrophen (or other caged Cas+ compounds with similar binding affinities).
40. 2+, consistent with the release of cADP-ribose from the caged analogue and the subsequent mobilization of Caa+ from intracellular stares.
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46. - fluxes.
47. Denk W Two-photon scanning photochemical microscopy: mapping llgand-gated Ion channel distributions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:6629-6633. Experiments utilizing two-photon laser-scanning microscopy with a caged neurotransmitter, in this case, caged carbamylcholine (an agonist at nicotinic acelylcholine receptors), are described. In spite of some problems with the residual activity of the caged carbamylcholine (at the concentrations used in the experiments) and resulting receptor desensitization, Denk demonstrates that receptor distributions can be mapped reliably and at the submicron level in individual cells.
48. Denk W, Delaney KR, Qelperin A, Kleinfeld D, Strowbridge BW, Tank DW, Yuste R Anatomical and functional Imaging of neurons using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 1994, 34:151-162. The authors discuss the inherent advantages of using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy for high-resolution optical imaging, as well as mapping and functional studies, using caged compounds. The problems encountered with tight scattering and phototoxicity using conventional lasers or other light sources are virtually eliminated with two-photon methods. In combination with laser scanning, it should be possible to map receptor distributions on cells and connectivity patterns between cells, even in complex three-dimensional structures utilizing this approach.
49. Williams RM, Piston DW, Webb WW Two-photon molecular excitation provides Intrinsic 3-dimenslonal resolution for laserbased microscopy and micro-photochemistry. FASEB J 1994, 6:804-613. A clear and very informative technical review of the principles of non-linear two-photon molecular excitation, which also provides an explanation of the three-dimensional resolution afforded by this technique. The authors suggest that the inherent features of the two-photon methodology - that is, the virtual absence of out-of-focus light and the inherent resolution of the method suggest that it will prove useful in mapping and manipulating cellular processes with submicron resolution, namely, resolution that is not afforded by conventional light microscopic techniques.
50. Swezey RR, Epel D The in vivo rate of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in sea urchin eggs determined with a photolabile caged substrate. Dev Biot 1995, 169:733-744. The synthesis of radiolabelled caged G6P and the utilization of this compound to examine the in vivo activity of G6P dehydrogenase activity are described.
51. Marriott G Caged protein conjugates and light-directed generation of protein activity: preparation, photoactlvatfon, and spectroscoplc characterization of caged G-actln conjugates. Biochemistry 1994, 33:9092-9097. A simple, straightforward method for attaching the photolabile 2-nitroveratryl moiety to G-actin via a carbamate linkage is presented. The approach should be applicable to virtually any other protein because derivatization occurs on free amino groups, such as lysines or arginines. In the case of G-actin, the caging eliminates biological activity that is regained on photolysis. The applicability of the approach to other proteins, therefore, will depend on whether the derivatized lysines and arginines are essential for function.
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