Discrete clutch sizes, local mate competition, and the evolution of precise sex allocation

Theoretical Population Biology

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 314-343

  Nagelkerke, Cornelis J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ARANEAE; INSECTA;

EID: 0030174767     PISSN: 00405809     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/tpbi.1996.0016     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. AVILÉS, L. 1993. Interdemic selection and the sex ratio: a social spider perspective, Am. Nat. 142, 320-345.
2. BULL, J. J. 1983. "Evolution of Sex Determining Mechanisms," Benjamin-Cummings, Menlo Park, CA.
3. BULL, J. J., AND CHARNOV, E. L. 1988. How fundamental are Fisherian sex ratios? in "Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology" (P. H. Harvey and L. Partridge, Eds.), Vol. 5, pp. 96-135, Oxford Univ. Pres, Oxford, UK.
4. COMINS, H. N., AND WELLINGS, P. W. 1985. Density-related parasitoid sex-ratio: Influence on host-parasitoid dynamics, J. Anim. Ecol. 54, 583-594.
5. FISHER, R. A. 1930. "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection," Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK.
6. FRANK, S. A. 1985. Hierarchiral selection theory and sex ratios. II. On applying the theory, and a test with fig wasps, Evolution 39, 949-964.
7. FRANK, S. A. 1986. Hierarchical selection theory and sex ratios. I. General solutions for structured populations, Theor. Popul. Biol. 29, 312-342.
8. GODFRAY, H. C. J. 1986. Models for clutch size and sex ratio with sibling interaction, Theor. Popul. Biol. 30, 215-231.
9. GODFRAY, H. C. J. 1987. The evolution of clutch size in invertebrates, in "Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology" (P. H. Harvey and L. Partridge, Eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 117-154, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK.
10. GODFRAY, H. C. J. 1994. "Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology," Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
11. GODFRAY, H. C. J., AND HARDY, I. C. W. 1993. Sex ratio and virginity in haplodiploid insects, in "Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites" (D. L. Wrensch and M. A. Ebbert, Eds.), pp. 402-417. Chapman & Hall, New York.
12. GODFRAY, H. C. J., AND IVES, A. R. 1988. Stochasticity in invertebrate clutch-size models, Theor. Popul. Biol. 33, 79-101.
13. GREEN, R. F., GORDH, G., AND HAWKINS, B. A. 1982. Precise sex ratios in highly inbred parasitic wasps, Am. Nat. 120, 653-665.
14. GRIFFITHS, N. T., AND GODFRAY, H. C. J. 1988. Local mate competition, sex ratio and clutch size in bethylid wasps, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22, 211-217.
15. HAMILTON, W. D. 1967. Extraordinary sexs ratios, Science 156, 477-488.
16. HAMILTON, W. D. 1979. Wingless and fighting males in fig wasps and other insects, in "Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects" (M. S. Blum and N. A. Blum, Eds.), pp. 167-220, Academic Pres, New York.
17. HARDY, I. C. W. 1992. Non-binomial sex allocation and brood sex ratio variances in the parasitoid Hymenoptera, Oikos 65, 143-158.
18. HARDY, I. C. W. 1994. Sex ratio and mating structure in the parasitoid Hymenoptera, Oikos 69, 3-20.
19. HARDY, I. C. W., AND GODFRAY, H. C. J. 1990. Estimating the frequency of constrained sex allocation in field populations of Hymenoptera, Behaviour 114, 137-147.
20. HARTL, D. L. 1971. Some aspects of natural selection in arrhenotokous populations, Am. Zool. 11, 309-325.
21. HASSELL, M. P., WAAGE, J. K., AND MAY, R. M. 1983. Variable parasitoid sex ratios and their effect on host-parasitoid dynamics, J. Anim. Ecol. 52, 889-904.
22. HERRE, E. A. 1985. Sex ratio adjustment in fig wasps, Science 228, 896-898.
23. HOKYO, N., AND KIRITANI, K. 1966. Comparative biology of the two scelionid egg parasites of Nezaraviridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1, 94-102.
24. HUCK, U. W., SEGER, J., AND LISK, R. D. 1990. Litter sex ratios in the golden hamster vary with time of mating and litter size and are not binomially distributed, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26, 99-109.
25. JACKSON, D. J. 1958. Observations on the biology of Caraphractus cinctus Walker (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a parasitoid of the eggs of Dytiscidae. I. Methods of rearing and numbers bred on different host eggs, Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 110, 533-554.
26. KFIR, R. 1982. Reproduction characteristics of Trichogramma brasiliensis and T. lutea, parasitising eggs of Heliothis armiger, Entomol. Exp. Appl. 32, 249-255.
27. KING, B. H. 1987. Offspring sex ratio in parasitoid wasps, Q. Rev. Biol. 62, 367-396.
28. KING, B. H. 1993. Sex ratio manipulation by parasitoid wasps, in "Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites" (D. L. Wrensch and M. A. Ebbert, Eds.), pp. 418-441. Chapman & Hall, New York.
29. KIRKENDALL, L. R. 1993. Ecology and evolution of biased sex ratios in bark and ambrosia beetles, in "Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites" (D. L. Wrensch and M. A. Ebbert, Eds.), pp. 235-345. Chapman & Hall, New York.
30. KOLMAN, W. A. 1960. The mechamism of natural selection for the sex ratio, Am. Nat. 94, 373-377.
31. LLOYD, D. G. 1983. Evolutionarily stable sex ratios and sex allocations, J. Theor. Biol. 105, 525-539.
32. MAYNARD SMITH, J. 1982. "Evolution and the Theory of Games," Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
33. NADEL, H., AND LUCK, R. L. 1985. Span of female emergence and male sperm depletion in the female-biased, quasi-gregarious parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78, 410-414.
34. NADEL H., AND LUCK, R. F. 1992. Dispersal and mating structure of a parasitoid with a female-biased sex ratio: Implications for theory, Evol. Ecol. 6, 270-278.
35. NAGELKERKE, C. J. 1993. "Evolution of Sex Allocation Strategies of Pseudo-Arrhenotokous Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
36. NAGELKERKE, C. J. 1994. Simultaneous optimization of egg distribution and sex allocation in a patch-structured population, Am. Nat. 144, 262-284.
37. NAGELKERKE, C. J., AND HARDY, I. C. W. 1994. The influence of developmental mortality on optimal sex allocation under local mate competition, Behav. Ecol. 5, 401-411.
38. NAGELKERKE, C. J., AND SABELIS, M. W. 1996. Hierarchical levels of spatial structure and their consequences for the evolution of sex allocation in mites and other arthropod, Am. Nat., in press.
39. NISHIMURA, K. 1993. Local mate competition in a stochastic environment, Theor. Popul. Biol. 44, 189-202.
40. NODA, T., AND HIROSE, Y. 1989. "Males second" strategy in the allocation of sexes by the parasitic wasp, Gryon japonicum, Oecologia (Berlin) 81, 145-148.
41. NUNNEY, L. 1985. Female-biased sex ratios: Individual or group selection? Evolution 39, 349-361.
42. NUNNEY, L., AND LUCK, R. F. 1988. Factors influencing the optimum sex ratio in a structured population, Theor. Popul. Biol. 33, 1-30.
43. ORZACK, S. H. 1986. Sex ratio control in a parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. II. Experimental analysis of an optimal sex-ratio model, Evolution 40, 341-356.
44. ORZACK, S. H. 1990. The comparative biology of second sex ratio evolution within a natural population of a parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis, Genetics 124, 385-396.
45. ORZACK, S. H., PARKER, E. D., JR., AND GLADSTONE, J. 1991. The comparative biology of genetic variation for conditional sex ratio behavior in a parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, Genetics 127, 583-599.
46. ORZACK, S. H., AND SOBER, E. 1994a. Optimality models and the test of adaptationism, Am. Nat. 143, 361-380.
47. ORZACK, S. H., AND SOBER, E. 1994b. How (not) to test an optimality model, TREE 9, 265-267.
48. OWEN, R. E. 1983. Sex ratio adjustment in Asobara persimilis (Hymenoptera: braconidae), a parasitoid of Drosophila, Oecologia (Berlin) 59, 492-404.
49. PARKER, G. A., AND HAMMERSTEIN, P. 1985. Game theory and animal behaviour, in "Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith" (P. J. Greenwood, P. Harvey, and M. Slatkin, Eds.), pp. 73-94. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
50. POETHKE, H. J. 1988. Sex ratio polymorphism: the impact of mutation and drift on evolution, Acta Biotheor. 37, 121-147.
51. RACK, G. 1959. Acarophenax dermestidarum sp. n. (Acarina, Pyemotidae), ein Eiparasit von Dermestes-Arten, Z. Parasitenkunde 19, 411-431.
52. SABELIS, M. W. 1985. Sex allocation, in "Spider Mites, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control" (W. Helle and M. W. Sabelis, Eds.), pp. 83-94, World Crop Pests, Vol. 1B, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
53. SABELIS, M. W., AND NAGELKERKE, C. J. 1993. Sex allocation and pseuydoarrhenotoky in phytoseiid mites, in "Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites" (D. L. Wrensch and M. A. Ebbert, Eds.), pp. 512-541, Chapman & Hall, New York.
54. SPIETH, P. T. 1974. Theoretical considerations of unequal sex ratios, Am. Nat. 108, 837-849.
55. STRAND, M. R. 1989. Clutch size, sex ratio and mating by the polyembryonic encyrtid Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Fla. Entomol. 72, 32-42.
56. STRAND, M. R., AND GODFRAY, H. C. J. 1989. Superparasitism and ovicide in parasitic Hymenoptera: Theory and a case study of the ectoparasitoid Bracon hebetor, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 24, 421-432.
57. STUBBLEFIELD, J. W., AND SEGER, J. 1990. Local mate competition with variable fecundity: Dependence of offspring sex ratios on information utilization and mode of male production, Behav. Ecol. 1, 68-80.
58. SUZUKI, Y., AND IWASA, Y. 1980. A sex ratio theory of gregarious parasitoids, Res. Popul. Ecol. 22, 366-382.
59. SUZUKI, Y., TSUJI, H., AND SASAKAWA, M. 1984. Sex allocation and effects of Superparasitism on secondary sex ratios in the gregarious parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Anim. Behav. 32, 478-484.
60. TAYLOR, P. D., AND BULMER, M. G. 1980. Local mate competition and the sex ratio, J. Theor. Biol. 86, 409-419.
61. TAYLOR, P. D., AND SAUER, N. 1980. The selective advantage of sex-ratio homeostasis, Am. Nat. 116, 305-310.
62. VERNER, J. 1965. Selection for the sex ratio, Am. Nat. 99, 419-421.
63. WAAGE, J. K. 1982. Sib-mating and sex ratio strategies in scelionid wasps, Ecol. Entomol. 7, 103-112.
64. WAAGE, J. K. 1986. Family planning in parasitoids: adaptive patterns of progeny and sex allocation, in "Insect Parasitoids" (J. Waage and D. Greathead, Eds.), pp. 63-95, Academic Press, London.
65. WERREN, J. H. 1987. Labile sex ratio in wasps and bees, BioScience 37, 498-506.
66. WERREN, J. H. 1993. The evolution of inbreeding in haplodiploid organisms, in "The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical Evidence" (N. W. Thornhill, Ed.), pp. 42-59, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
67. WILLIAMS, G. C. 1979. The question of adaptive sex ratio in outcrosed vertebrates, Proc. R. Soc. London B 205, 567-580.
68. WRENSCH, D. L., AND EBBERT, M. A. (Eds. 1993. "Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites," Chapman & Hall, New York.
69. YAMAGUCHI, Y. 1985. Sex ratios of an aphid subject to local mate competition with variable maternal condition, Nature 318, 460-462.