Québec confronts Canada: Two competing societal projects searching for legitimacy

Publius: The Journal of Federalism

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 177-191

  Gagnon, Alain G ^a   Lachapelle, Guy ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030167217     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029862     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. 1 See Guy Lachapelle, ́Les raisons du vote massif des Québécois au référendum,́ Bulletin d'histoire politique 4 (Spring 1996): 23-26.
2. 2 See Clément Trudel, ́Des centaines de Latino-Américains bataillent pour le OUI,́ Le Devoir, 21-22 October 1995, A7; Daniel Turp, ́Post-referendum Reflections,́ Canada Watch 4 (November-December 1995): 42, states that 44 percent of Latin-American voters backed the sovereignty-partnership project.
3. 2 See Clément Trudel, ́Des centaines de Latino-Américains bataillent pour le OUI,́ Le Devoir, 21-22 October 1995, A7; Daniel Turp, ́Post-referendum Reflections,́ Canada Watch 4 (November-December 1995): 42, states that 44 percent of Latin-American voters backed the sovereignty-partnership project.
4. 3 The dominant traits of Québec's nationalist project are clearly liberal as it stresses the protection of individual rights through the entrenchment of the Québec Charter of Human Rights and through the recognition of Quebec as a multinational state formed of Francophone Québecers, eleven Aboriginal nations and a historic Anglophone minority. Charles Taylor made this point particularly clear when he argued that Québecers are strong supporters of both individual and collective rights. See Charles Taylor, Remolding the Solitudes Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993).
5. 4 Centre de Recherche sur l'opinion publique (CROP, "Partition: les Québécois disent NON," L'Actualit́ 21 (May 1996): 37-42.
6. 5 Pierre Drouilly, "An Exemplary Referendum," Canada Watch 4 (November/December 1995): 26; Pierre Drouilly, "Un référendum exemplaire," La Presse, 7 November 1995, B3.
7. 5 Pierre Drouilly, "An Exemplary Referendum," Canada Watch 4 (November/December 1995): 26; Pierre Drouilly, "Un référendum exemplaire," La Presse, 7 November 1995, B3.
8. 6 Daniel Latouche, "Problem of Constitutional Design in Canada: Quebec and the Issue of Bicommunalism," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 18 (Spring 1988): 131-146.
9. 7 For an account of the key issues of the 1995 Referendum, see Guy Lachapelle, Pierre P Tremblas, and John E. Trent, eds. l'Impact référendaire (Sainte-Foy, QUE: Les Presses de l'Université du Quebec, 1995).
10. 8 See, for example, Daniel Drache and Roberto Perin, eds. Negociating With a Sovereign Quevec. (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1992).
11. 9 Guy Laforest, Trudeau and the End of the Canadian Dream (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995).
12. 10 For a thorough analysis of this argument, see former Senator Arthur Tremblay's reasons for supporting sovereignty. Arthur Tremblay accuses Ottawa for undermining the federal nature of Canada through repeated uses of the federal spending power; Arthur Tremblay, "Declaration référendaire: Tout compte fait, je repondrai 'OUI,'" L'Action Nationale 86 (January 1996): 143-258.
13. 11 Donald Lenihan, Gordon Robertson, and Roger Tassé, Reclaiming the Middle Ground (Montreal: Institute of Research for Public Policy, 1994), pp. 105-125.
14. 12 Daniel Drache and Andrew Ranachan, eds. Warm Heart, Cold Country: Fiscal and Serial Policy Reform in Canada (Ottawa and Toronto: Caledon Institute of Social Policy and Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies, 1995). It should be noted, however, that following its referendum defeat, the Quebec government's 1996 budget revealed the extent to which it is difficult to escape global trends as it carried out some neoliberal measures to control its deficit and to secure markets' confidence.
15. 13 One should remember the warm reception Parizeau gave to the Commission nationale sur l'avenir du Québec's report in which solidarity and equity were two key pillars of Quebec's national project. See Report (Québec: Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 1995).
16. 14 David Olive, "Listening to Quebec," Report on Business Magazine 12 (February 1996): 14.
17. 15 Alain-G. Gagnon, "Du piétinement constitutionnel au recul social," Possibles 20 (Summer 1996): 19-36.
18. 16 The May 1996 Québec budget, though less drastic, pointed in the same direction as the finance minister, Bernard Landry, argued that doing otherwise would not be viewed as being responsible by international creditors.
19. 17 Ed Broadbent, "Why Bouchard succeeds, and Where the Federalists Failed," The Globe and Mail, 19 January 1996, B3.
20. 18 Stéphane Baillargeon, "Les Religieuses Répondent à l'appel du OUI, Une Réaction á l'effritement des politiques sociales au Canada,́ Le Devoir, 23 October 1995, A3.
21. 19 Rhéal Séguin, 1995, "Referendum a Battlefield for Big Business Versus Social Democrats: Yes, and the move to the left," The Globe and Mail, 20 October 1995, p. D1 and D5.
22. 20 Caroline Montpetit, "Des groupes populaires pour le OUI, Manifestation chez Bombardier," Lt Devoir, 11 October 1995, A4.
23. 21 "Confédération des Syndicats Nationaux," letter from Gérald Larose, 22 November 1995.
24. 22 Raymond Hudon, "Les études électorales au Québec - Principales orientations et quelques débats," Recherches sociographiques 17 (1976): 283-322. See also, Richard Hamilton and Maurice Pinard, "The Bases of the Parti Québécois Support in Recent Quebec Elections," Canadian Journal of Political Science 9 (1976) 3-36. Serge Carlos and Daniel Latouche, "Le choix des électeurs en 1973: Caractéristiques Sociales et Orientation Nationale," Daniel Latouche, Guy Lord, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt eds. Le Processus électoral au Québec: Les élections provinciales de 1970 et 1973, (Montreal: Éditions Hurtubise HMH): 213-234; Daniel Latouche, "The Independence Option: Ideological and Empirical Elements," Dale Thomson ed. Québec Society and Politics (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973).
25. 22 Raymond Hudon, "Les études électorales au Québec - Principales orientations et quelques débats," Recherches sociographiques 17 (1976): 283-322. See also, Richard Hamilton and Maurice Pinard, "The Bases of the Parti Québécois Support in Recent Quebec Elections," Canadian Journal of Political Science 9 (1976) 3-36. Serge Carlos and Daniel Latouche, "Le choix des électeurs en 1973: Caractéristiques Sociales et Orientation Nationale," Daniel Latouche, Guy Lord, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt eds. Le Processus électoral au Québec: Les élections provinciales de 1970 et 1973, (Montreal: Éditions Hurtubise HMH): 213-234; Daniel Latouche, "The Independence Option: Ideological and Empirical Elements," Dale Thomson ed. Québec Society and Politics (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973).
26. 22 Raymond Hudon, "Les études électorales au Québec - Principales orientations et quelques débats," Recherches sociographiques 17 (1976): 283-322. See also, Richard Hamilton and Maurice Pinard, "The Bases of the Parti Québécois Support in Recent Quebec Elections," Canadian Journal of Political Science 9 (1976) 3-36. Serge Carlos and Daniel Latouche, "Le choix des électeurs en 1973: Caractéristiques Sociales et Orientation Nationale," Daniel Latouche, Guy Lord, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt eds. Le Processus électoral au Québec: Les élections provinciales de 1970 et 1973, (Montreal: Éditions Hurtubise HMH): 213-234; Daniel Latouche, "The Independence Option: Ideological and Empirical Elements," Dale Thomson ed. Québec Society and Politics (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973).
27. 22 Raymond Hudon, "Les études électorales au Québec - Principales orientations et quelques débats," Recherches sociographiques 17 (1976): 283-322. See also, Richard Hamilton and Maurice Pinard, "The Bases of the Parti Québécois Support in Recent Quebec Elections," Canadian Journal of Political Science 9 (1976) 3-36. Serge Carlos and Daniel Latouche, "Le choix des électeurs en 1973: Caractéristiques Sociales et Orientation Nationale," Daniel Latouche, Guy Lord, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt eds. Le Processus électoral au Québec: Les élections provinciales de 1970 et 1973, (Montreal: Éditions Hurtubise HMH): 213-234; Daniel Latouche, "The Independence Option: Ideological and Empirical Elements," Dale Thomson ed. Québec Society and Politics (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973).
28. 23 Hubert Guindon, Quebec Society, Tradition, Modernity, and Nationhood (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988); Hubert Guindon, "The Modernization of Québec and the Legitimacy of the Canadian State"; Daniel Glenday, Hubert Guindon, and Allan Turowetz, eds. Modernization and the Canadian State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978), pp. 212-246; Hubert Guindon, "Two Cultures: An Essay on Nationalism, Class, and Ethnic Tension," Richard H. Leach ed. Contemporary Canada (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967), pp. 33-59; Hubert Guindon, "Social Unrest, Social Class, and Quebec's Bureaucratic Revolution," Queen's Quarterly 71 (Summer 1964): 150-162.
29. 23 Hubert Guindon, Quebec Society, Tradition, Modernity, and Nationhood (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988); Hubert Guindon, "The Modernization of Québec and the Legitimacy of the Canadian State"; Daniel Glenday, Hubert Guindon, and Allan Turowetz, eds. Modernization and the Canadian State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978), pp. 212-246; Hubert Guindon, "Two Cultures: An Essay on Nationalism, Class, and Ethnic Tension," Richard H. Leach ed. Contemporary Canada (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967), pp. 33-59; Hubert Guindon, "Social Unrest, Social Class, and Quebec's Bureaucratic Revolution," Queen's Quarterly 71 (Summer 1964): 150-162.
30. 23 Hubert Guindon, Quebec Society, Tradition, Modernity, and Nationhood (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988); Hubert Guindon, "The Modernization of Québec and the Legitimacy of the Canadian State"; Daniel Glenday, Hubert Guindon, and Allan Turowetz, eds. Modernization and the Canadian State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978), pp. 212-246; Hubert Guindon, "Two Cultures: An Essay on Nationalism, Class, and Ethnic Tension," Richard H. Leach ed. Contemporary Canada (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967), pp. 33-59; Hubert Guindon, "Social Unrest, Social Class, and Quebec's Bureaucratic Revolution," Queen's Quarterly 71 (Summer 1964): 150-162.
31. 23 Hubert Guindon, Quebec Society, Tradition, Modernity, and Nationhood (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988); Hubert Guindon, "The Modernization of Québec and the Legitimacy of the Canadian State"; Daniel Glenday, Hubert Guindon, and Allan Turowetz, eds. Modernization and the Canadian State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978), pp. 212-246; Hubert Guindon, "Two Cultures: An Essay on Nationalism, Class, and Ethnic Tension," Richard H. Leach ed. Contemporary Canada (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967), pp. 33-59; Hubert Guindon, "Social Unrest, Social Class, and Quebec's Bureaucratic Revolution," Queen's Quarterly 71 (Summer 1964): 150-162.
32. 24 Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981 (1959)).
33. 25 Data were collected through telephone interviews preceding the referendum number between 21-25 October of 30 October 1995. A total of 1,068 telephone interviews were completed out of a maximun of 1728. The response rate for the survey was 61.8 percent. The poll was conducted by SONDAGEM for Le Devoir, and supervised by Guy Lachapelle (Concordia University) and Pierre Noreau (University of Québec, Abitibi-Témiscamingue). The sample was built around five clusters (three for the Montreal region, one for the region of Québec, and a fifth one for the rest of the province). The margin of error for this type of poll is - 3.2 percent in nineteen cases out of twenty cases. See Pierre O'Neill, "Le référendum a rendu les Québécois plus Revendicateurs que jamais," Le Devoir, 11-12 November 1995, A1-A14.
34. 26 For an account of the 12 September 1994 Quebec provincial elections, of Alain-G Gagnon, "The Quebec General Elections of 12 September 1994," Regional and Federal Studies 5 (Spring 1995): 95-102.
35. 27 On the compact theory, one may refer to Robert C. Vipond, Liberty and Community: Canadian Federalism and the Failure of the Constitution (New York: State University of New York Press, 1991) and Richard Arès, s.j. La confédération: pacte ou loi? (Montréal: Bellarmin, 1967).
36. 27 On the compact theory, one may refer to Robert C. Vipond, Liberty and Community: Canadian Federalism and the Failure of the Constitution (New York: State University of New York Press, 1991) and Richard Arès, s.j. La confédération: pacte ou loi? (Montréal: Bellarmin, 1967).
37. 28 For convergent historical accounts, see James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1995) and John Conway, Debts to Pay: Engish Canada and Quebec. From the Conquest to the Referendum (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1992).
38. 28 For convergent historical accounts, see James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1995) and John Conway, Debts to Pay: Engish Canada and Quebec. From the Conquest to the Referendum (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1992).