Facial Asymmetry and Attractiveness Judgment in Developmental Perspective

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 662-675

  Kowner, Rotem ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TSUKUBA   (Japan)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; CHILD; DECISION MAKING; ESTHETICS; FACE ASYMMETRY; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; BEAUTY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FACIAL ASYMMETRY; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED;

EID: 0030162666     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.22.3.662     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Alley, T. R., & Cunningham, M. R. (1991). Averaged faces are attractive, but very attractive faces are not average. Psychological Science, 2, 123-125.
2. Bailit, H. L., Workman, P. L., Niswander, J. D., & Maclean, J. C. (1970) Dental asymmetry as an indicator of genetic and environmental conditions in human populations. Human Biology, 42, 626-638.
3. Bernstein, I. H., Lin, T., & McClellan, P. (1982). Cross-vs. within-racial judgment of attractiveness. Perception & Psychophysics, 32, 495-503.
4. Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. H. (1974). Physical attractiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 156-213). New York: Academic Press.
5. Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta analysis of research, 1969-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 265-289.
6. Borod, J. C. (1993). Cerebral mechanism underlying facial, prosodic, and lexical emotional expression: A review of neuropsychological studies and methodological issues. Neuropsychology, 7, 445-463.
7. Borod, J. C., Caron, H. S., & Koff, E. (1981). Asymmetries in positive and negative facial expressions: Sex differences. Neuropsychologia, 19, 819-824.
8. Borod, J. C., Kent, J., Koff, E., Martin, C., & Alpert, M. (1988). Facial asymmetry while posing positive and negative emotions: Support for the right hemispheric hypothesis. Neuropsychologia, 26, 759-764.
9. Bruyer, R. (1981). Asymmetry of facial expression in brain-damaged subjects. Neuropsychologia, 19, 615-624.
10. Bruyer, R., & Craps, V. (1985). Facial asymmetry: Perceptual awareness and lateral differences. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 54-69.
11. Burke, P. H. (1992). Serial observation of asymmetry in the growing face. British Journal of Orthodontics, 19, 273-285.
12. Campbell, R. (1986). Asymmetries of facial action: Some facts and fancies of normal face movement. In R. Bruyer (Ed.), The neuropsychology of facial perception and facial expression (pp. 247-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Cunningham, M. R. (1986). Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi-experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 925-935.
14. Cunningham, M. R., Barbee, A. P., & Pike, C. L. (1990). What do women want? Facial-metric assessment of multiple motives in the perception of male facial physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 61-72.
15. Darwin, C. (1871). The origin of species by means of natural selection: The descent of man in relation to sex. Adelaide, Australia: Limited Editions Club.
16. Ekman, P. (1978). Facial signs: Facts, fantasies, and possibilities. In T. Sebeok (Ed.), Sight, sound and sense (pp. 124-156). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
17. Ekman, P., Hager, J. C., & Friesen, W. V. (1981). The symmetry of emotional and deliberate facial action. Psychophysiology, 18, 101-106.
18. Farkas, L. G. (1994). Anthropometry of the attractive North American Caucasian face. In L. G. Farkas (Ed.), Anthropometry of the head and face (pp. 159-179). New York: Raven Press.
19. Farkas, L. G., & Cheung, G. (1981). Facial asymmetry in healthy North American Caucasians. Angle Orthodontist, 51, 70-77.
20. Fisher, G., & Cox, R. (1975). Recognizing human faces. Applied Ergonomics, 6, 104-109.
21. Fölstad, I., & Karter, A. J. (1992). Parasites, bright males and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist, 139, 603-622.
22. Frank, M. G., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1993). Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 644, 83-93.
23. Fujimoto, A., Allanson, J, Crowe, C. A, Lipson, M. H., & Johnson, V. P. (1992). Natural history of mosaic trisomy 14 syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 44, 189-196.
24. Galton, F. J. (1878). Composite portraits. Nature, 18, 97-100.
25. Gangestad, S.W., Thornhill, R., & Yeo, R. A. (1994). Facial attractiveness, developmental stability, and fluctuating asymmetry. Ethology and Sociobiology, 15, 73-85.
26. Garn, S. M., Lewis, A. B., & Kerewsky, R. S. (1966). The meaning of bilateral asymmetry in the permanent dentition. Angle Orthodontist, 35, 55-62.
27. Garn, S. M., Mayor, G. H., & Shaw, H. A. (1976). Paradoxical bilateral asymmetry in bone size and bone mass in the hand. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 45, 209-210.
28. Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A. M. (1987). Cerebral lateralization: Biological Mechanism, Associations, and Pathology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
29. Gilbert, C., & Bakan, P. (1973). Visual asymmetry in perception of faces. Neuropsychologia, 11, 355-362.
30. Gonzales-Ulloa, M., & Flores, E. S. (1965). Senility of the face: Basic study to understand its causes and effects. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 36, 239-246.
31. Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (1994). Human facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of averageness and symmetry. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 233-242.
32. Graves, R., Goodglass, H., & Landis, T. (1982). Mouth asymmetry during spontaneous speech. Neuropsychologia, 20, 371-381.
33. Graves, R., & Landis, T. (1990). Asymmetry in mouth opening during different speech tasks. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 179-189.
34. Gross, A. E., & Crofton, C. (1977). What is good is beautiful. Sociometry, 40, 85-90.
35. Hager, J. C., & van Gelder, R. S. (1985). Asymmetry of speech actions. Neuropsychologia, 23, 119-120.
36. Hamilton, W. D., & Zuk, M. (1982, October 22). Heritable true fitness and bright birds: A role of parasites? Science, 218, 384-387.
37. Hamm, N. H., Baum, M. R., & Nikels, K. W. (1975). Effects of race and exposure on judgments of interpersonal favorability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 14-24.
38. Jamison, C. S., Meier, R. J., & Campbell, B. C. (1993). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and testosterone level in normal males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90, 185-198.
39. Jones, J. S. (1987). An asymmetrical view of nature. Nature, 325, 298-299.
40. Kenrick, D. T., & Keefe, R. C. (1992). Age preference in mates reflects sex differences in human reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 75-133.
41. Kieser, J. A., Groeneveld, H. T., & Preston, C. B. (1986). Fluctuating odontometric asymmetry in the Lengua Indians of Paraguay. Annals of Human Biology, 13, 489-498.
42. Kolb, B., Milner, B., & Taylor, L. (1983). Perception of faces by patients with localized cortical excisions. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 37, 8-18.
43. Kowner, R. (1994). The perception and attribution of facial asymmetry in normal adults. Manuscript submitted for publication.
44. Kowner, R. (1995). Laterality in facial expressions and its effect on attributions of emotion and personality: A reconsideration. Neuropsychologia, 33, 539-559.
45. Kowner, R. (in press). An improved technique for creating hemifacial chimeras. Austin, TX: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers.
46. Kowner, R., & Ogawa, T. ( 1993). Toward a theory of the universal determinants of physical attractiveness preferences. Tsukuba Psychological Research, 15, 219-224.
47. Kowner, R., Ogawa, T., & Kikuchi, T. (1994). Evolutionary and cultural transmission of physical attractiveness perceptions. Tsukuba Psychological Research, 16, 221-232.
48. Landa, N., Oleaga, J. M., Raton, J. A., Gardeazabal, J., & Diaz-Perez, J. L. (1993). Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome): An adult case with multisystemic involvement. Journal of American Academy of Dermatology, 28, 86-89.
49. Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1, 115-121.
50. Langlois, J. H., Roggman, L. A., & Musselman, L. (1994). What is average and what is not average about attractive faces? Psychological Science, 5, 214-220.
51. Leary, R. F., & Allendorf, F. W. (1989). Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of stress: Implications for conservation biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 214-217.
52. LeMay, M. (1977). Asymmetries of the skull and handedness. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 32, 243-253.
53. Livshits, G., Davidi, L., Kobyliansky, E., Ben-Amity, D., Levi, Y., & Merlob, P. (1988). Decreased developmental stability as assessed by fluctuating asymmetry of morphological traits in preterm infants. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 29, 793-805.
54. Livshits, G., & Kobyliansky, E. (1991). Fluctuating asymmetry as a possible measure of developmental homeostasis in humans. Human Biology, 63, 441-466.
55. Lynn, J. G., & Lynn, D. R. (1938). Face-hand laterality in relation to personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 33, 291-322.
56. Malina, R. M., & Buschang, P. H. (1984). Anthropometric asymmetry in normal and mentally retarded males. Annals of Human Biology, 11, 515-531.
57. Manning, J. T., & Chamberlain, A. T. (1993). Fluctuating asymmetry, sexual selection and canine teeth in primates. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London Biology, 251, 83-87.
58. Maret, S. M., & Harling, G. A. (1985). Cross cultural perceptions of physical attractiveness: Ratings of photos of whites by Cruzans and Americans. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60, 163-166.
59. Markow, T. A., & Ricker, J. P. (1992). Male size, developmental stability, and mating success in natural populations of three Drosophila species. Heredity, 69, 122-127.
60. Markow, T. A., & Wandler, K. (1986). Fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry and the genetics of liability to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 19, 323-328.
61. Mertens, I., Siegmund, H., & Grusser, O. J. (1993). Gaze motor asymmetries in the perception of faces during a memory task. Neuropsychologia, 31, 989-998.
62. Mitton, J. B., & Grant, M. C. (1984). Associations among protein heterozygosity, growth rate and developmental homeostasis. Annual Review of Ecology and Systemtics, 15, 479-499.
63. Moller, E. (1966). The chewing apparatus: An electromyographic study of the action of the muscles of mastication and its correlation to facial morphology. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 69, (Suppl. 280).
64. Møller, A. P. (1992). Female swallow preference for symmetrical male sexual ornaments. Nature, 357, 238-240.
65. Moreno, C., Borod, J. C., Welkowitz, J., & Alpert, M. (1990). Lateralization for the expression of perception of facial emotion as a function of age. Neuropsychologia, 28, 199-209.
66. Nichol, C. R., Turner, C. G., & Dahlberg, A. A. (1984). Variation in the convexity of the human maxillary incisor labial surface. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 63, 361-370.
67. Palmer, R. A., & Strobeck, C. (1986). Fluctuating asymmetry: Measurement, analysis, patterns. Annual Review of Ecology and Systemtics, 17, 391-421.
68. Parsons, P. A. (1990). Fluctuating asymmetry: An epigenetic measure of stress. Biological Review, 65, 131-145.
69. Peck, H., & Peck, S. (1970). A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthodontist, 40, 284-317.
70. Peck, H., Peck, S., & Kataja, M. (1991). Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces. Angle Orthodontist, 61, 43-48.
71. Perrett, D. I., May, K. A., & Yoshikawa, S. (1994). Facial shape and judgements of female attractiveness. Nature, 368, 239-242.
72. Sackeim, H. A. (1985). Morphologic asymmetries of the face: A review. Brain and Cognition, 4, 296-312.
73. Schnell, L. M., Johnston, F. E., Smith, D. R., & Paolone, A. M. (1985). Directional asymmetry of body dimensions among white adolescents. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 67, 317-322.
74. Shaw, W. C. (1988). Social aspects of dentofacial anomalies. In T. R. Alley (Ed.), Social and applied aspects of perceiving faces (pp 191-216). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
75. Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 293-307.
76. Skinner, M., & Mullen, B. (1991). Facial asymmetry in emotional expression: A meta-analysis of research. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 113-124.
77. Sutton, P. R. N. (1968). Lateral facial asymmetry: Methods of assessment. Angle Orthodontist, 38, 82-92.
78. Sutton, P. R. N. (1969). Bizygomatic diameter: The thickness of the soft tissues over the zygions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 30, 303-310.
79. Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.
80. Tatarkiewicz, W. (1980). A history of six ideas: An essay in aesthetics The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
81. Tezuka, T., Yamamoto, S., & Horvath, M. (1975). Comparative studies on nutrition among native Japanese, Japanese Americans and Caucasians. In S. M. Horvath (Ed.), Comparative studies on human adaptability of Japanese, Caucasians and Japanese Americans (pp. 69-87). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
82. Thornhill, R. (1992). Fluctuating asymmetry and the mating system of the Japanese Scorpionfly, Parnopa japonica. Animal Behaviour, 44, 867-879.
83. Thornhill, R. (1993). The allure of symmetry. Natural History, September, 30-36.
84. Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S.W. (1993). Human facial beauty: Averageness, symmetry, and parasite resistance. Human Nature, 4, 237-269.
85. Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S.W. (1994). Human fluctuating asymmetry and sexual behavior. Psychological Science, 5, 297-302.
86. Thornhill, R., & Sauer, K. P. (1992). Paternal genetic effects on the fighting ability of sons and daughters and mating success of sons in a Scorpionfly (Parnopa vulgaris). Animal Behaviour, 43, 255-264.
87. Townsend, G. C., & Garcia-Godoy, F. (1984). Fluctuating asymmetry in the dicidious dentition of Dominican mulatto children. Archives of Oral Biology, 29, 483-486.
88. Udry, J. R. (1965). Structural correlates of feminine beauty preferences in Britain and the United States: A comparison. Sociology and Social Research, 49, 330-342.
89. Van Dusen, C. R. (1939). An anthropometric study off the upper extremities of children. Human Biology, 11, 277-284.
90. Walker-Smith, J. G., Gale, A. G., & Findly, J. M. (1977). Eye movement strategies in face perception. Perception, 6, 313-326.
91. Wolff, W. (1933). The experimental study of forms of expression. Character and Personality, 2, 168-176.
92. Woo, T. L. (1931). On the asymmetry of the human skull. Biometrica, 22, 324-341.
93. Zahavi, A. (1975). Mate selection: A selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 53, 205-214.
94. Zahavi, A. (1977). The cost of honesty (further remarks on the handicap principle). Journal of Theoretical Biology, 67, 603-605.
95. Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (Monograph Suppl. 2), 1-27.