Plato and Eudoxus: Instrumentalists, realists, or prisoners of themata?

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 271-289

  Hetherington, Norriss S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030162437     PISSN: 00393681     EISSN: 18792510     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0039-3681(95)00046-1     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. 1 B. J. T. Dobbs, 'Book Review', Isis 85 (1994), 515-517.
2. 2 Quoted in Pierre Duhem, To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo, translated from the 1908 original by Edmund Doland and Chaninah Maschler, with an introductory essay by Stanley L. Jaki (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 5. Some scholars doubt Simplicius' authority and question Plato's putative role in the development of planetary astronomy. See Wilbur R. Knorr, 'Plato and Eudoxus on the Planetary Motions', Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 (1990), 313-329; and Bernard R. Goldstein and Alan C. Bowen, 'A New View of Early Greek Astronomy', Isis 74 (1983), 330-340; reprinted in Goldstein, Theory and Observation in Ancient and Medieval Astronomy (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985), pp. 1-11. Whether it began with Plato or slightly later, the task for Greek astronomers working in what came to be regarded, rightly or wrongly, as the Platonic tradition was to save the phenomena.
3. 2 Quoted in Pierre Duhem, To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo, translated from the 1908 original by Edmund Doland and Chaninah Maschler, with an introductory essay by Stanley L. Jaki (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 5. Some scholars doubt Simplicius' authority and question Plato's putative role in the development of planetary astronomy. See Wilbur R. Knorr, 'Plato and Eudoxus on the Planetary Motions', Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 (1990), 313-329; and Bernard R. Goldstein and Alan C. Bowen, 'A New View of Early Greek Astronomy', Isis 74 (1983), 330-340; reprinted in Goldstein, Theory and Observation in Ancient and Medieval Astronomy (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985), pp. 1-11. Whether it began with Plato or slightly later, the task for Greek astronomers working in what came to be regarded, rightly or wrongly, as the Platonic tradition was to save the phenomena.
4. 2 Quoted in Pierre Duhem, To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo, translated from the 1908 original by Edmund Doland and Chaninah Maschler, with an introductory essay by Stanley L. Jaki (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 5. Some scholars doubt Simplicius' authority and question Plato's putative role in the development of planetary astronomy. See Wilbur R. Knorr, 'Plato and Eudoxus on the Planetary Motions', Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 (1990), 313-329; and Bernard R. Goldstein and Alan C. Bowen, 'A New View of Early Greek Astronomy', Isis 74 (1983), 330-340; reprinted in Goldstein, Theory and Observation in Ancient and Medieval Astronomy (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985), pp. 1-11. Whether it began with Plato or slightly later, the task for Greek astronomers working in what came to be regarded, rightly or wrongly, as the Platonic tradition was to save the phenomena.
5. 2 Quoted in Pierre Duhem, To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo, translated from the 1908 original by Edmund Doland and Chaninah Maschler, with an introductory essay by Stanley L. Jaki (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 5. Some scholars doubt Simplicius' authority and question Plato's putative role in the development of planetary astronomy. See Wilbur R. Knorr, 'Plato and Eudoxus on the Planetary Motions', Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 (1990), 313-329; and Bernard R. Goldstein and Alan C. Bowen, 'A New View of Early Greek Astronomy', Isis 74 (1983), 330-340; reprinted in Goldstein, Theory and Observation in Ancient and Medieval Astronomy (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985), pp. 1-11. Whether it began with Plato or slightly later, the task for Greek astronomers working in what came to be regarded, rightly or wrongly, as the Platonic tradition was to save the phenomena.
6. 3 G. E. R, Lloyd, The Revolutions of Wisdom: Studies in the Claims and Practice of Ancient Greek Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), p. 312. Lloyd opposes this position.
7. 4 Ibid., pp. 312-313, footnote 93. For a list of endorsers of the instrumentalist view with regard to Eudoxus, illustrated with quotations, see Alan Musgrave, 'The Myth of Astronomical Instrumentation', in Gonzalo Munévar (ed.), Beyond Reason: Essays on the Philosophy of Paul Feyerabend (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 243-280.
8. 4 Ibid., pp. 312-313, footnote 93. For a list of endorsers of the instrumentalist view with regard to Eudoxus, illustrated with quotations, see Alan Musgrave, 'The Myth of Astronomical Instrumentation', in Gonzalo Munévar (ed.), Beyond Reason: Essays on the Philosophy of Paul Feyerabend (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 243-280.
9. 5 G. E. R. Lloyd, 'Saving the Appearances', Classical Quarterly 72, NS 28 (1978), 202-222; reprinted, with an introduction assessing scholarly debate on the topic and Lloyd's modifications and developments in his own position since the original publication of the article, in Lloyd, Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 248-280.
10. 5 G. E. R. Lloyd, 'Saving the Appearances', Classical Quarterly 72, NS 28 (1978), 202-222; reprinted, with an introduction assessing scholarly debate on the topic and Lloyd's modifications and developments in his own position since the original publication of the article, in Lloyd, Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 248-280.
11. 6 Lloyd, op. cit., note 3, pp. 312-313, footnote 93.
12. 7 Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, 'Astronomy and Kinematics in Plato's Project of Rationalist Explanation', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 12 (1981), 1-32. Mourelatos opposes this position.
13. 8 These clarifying distinctions are taken from Musgrave, op. cit., note 4, p. 244.
14. 9 Op. cit., note 2, p. 28.
15. 10 Gerald Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', in The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 3-24. An earlier version of this essay followed by commentary appeared in Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', Science 188 (1975), 328-334, and Robert K. Merton, 'Thematic Analysis in Science: Notes on Holton's Concept,' ibid., 335-338. On thematic analysis see also Holton, 'Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) and The Advancement of Science, and its Burdens: The Jefferson Lecture and other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
16. 10 Gerald Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', in The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 3-24. An earlier version of this essay followed by commentary appeared in Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', Science 188 (1975), 328-334, and Robert K. Merton, 'Thematic Analysis in Science: Notes on Holton's Concept,' ibid., 335-338. On thematic analysis see also Holton, 'Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) and The Advancement of Science, and its Burdens: The Jefferson Lecture and other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
17. 10 Gerald Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', in The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 3-24. An earlier version of this essay followed by commentary appeared in Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', Science 188 (1975), 328-334, and Robert K. Merton, 'Thematic Analysis in Science: Notes on Holton's Concept,' ibid., 335-338. On thematic analysis see also Holton, 'Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) and The Advancement of Science, and its Burdens: The Jefferson Lecture and other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
18. 10 Gerald Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', in The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 3-24. An earlier version of this essay followed by commentary appeared in Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', Science 188 (1975), 328-334, and Robert K. Merton, 'Thematic Analysis in Science: Notes on Holton's Concept,' ibid., 335-338. On thematic analysis see also Holton, 'Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) and The Advancement of Science, and its Burdens: The Jefferson Lecture and other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
19. 10 Gerald Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', in The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 3-24. An earlier version of this essay followed by commentary appeared in Holton, 'Themata in Scientific Thought', Science 188 (1975), 328-334, and Robert K. Merton, 'Thematic Analysis in Science: Notes on Holton's Concept,' ibid., 335-338. On thematic analysis see also Holton, 'Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) and The Advancement of Science, and its Burdens: The Jefferson Lecture and other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
20. 11 Quoted in Stephen G. Brush, 'Prediction and Theory Evaluation: The Case of Light Bending', Science 246 (1989), 1124-1129. See also Norriss S. Hetherington, 'Geological Time versus Astronomical Time: are Scientific Theories Falsifiable?', Earth Sciences History 8 (1989), 167-169; and 'Hubble's Cosmology', American Scientist 78 (1990), 141-151.
21. 11 Quoted in Stephen G. Brush, 'Prediction and Theory Evaluation: The Case of Light Bending', Science 246 (1989), 1124-1129. See also Norriss S. Hetherington, 'Geological Time versus Astronomical Time: are Scientific Theories Falsifiable?', Earth Sciences History 8 (1989), 167-169; and 'Hubble's Cosmology', American Scientist 78 (1990), 141-151.
22. 11 Quoted in Stephen G. Brush, 'Prediction and Theory Evaluation: The Case of Light Bending', Science 246 (1989), 1124-1129. See also Norriss S. Hetherington, 'Geological Time versus Astronomical Time: are Scientific Theories Falsifiable?', Earth Sciences History 8 (1989), 167-169; and 'Hubble's Cosmology', American Scientist 78 (1990), 141-151.
23. 12 On the question of the potential falsifiability of theory by observation, Gerald Holton notes that in early editions of Einstein's popular exposition Relativity, the Special and General Theory he expressed his confidence that all the consequences of his theory would find their confirmation, but not until the 1920 edition did he add the sentence: 'If the red shift of spectral lines due to the gravitational potential should not exist, then the general theory of relativity will be untenable.' Sir Karl Popper cited this specific sentence as having a profound effect upon the development of his philosophy. See Holton, 'Thematic Presuppositions and the Direction of Scientific Advance', in The Advancement of Science and its Burdens ..., op. cit., note 10, pp. 3-27.
24. 13 Norriss S. Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization (Tucson, Arizona: Pachart Publishing House, 1987); 'Plato', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology: Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993), pp. 495-499; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993), pp. 79-93.
25. 13 Norriss S. Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization (Tucson, Arizona: Pachart Publishing House, 1987); 'Plato', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology: Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993), pp. 495-499; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993), pp. 79-93.
26. 13 Norriss S. Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization (Tucson, Arizona: Pachart Publishing House, 1987); 'Plato', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology: Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993), pp. 495-499; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993), pp. 79-93.
27. 14 Excerpts from Plato's Republic are from the translation by Francis MacDonald Cornford, The Republic of Plato (New York: Oxford University Press, 1945).
28. 15 Gregory Vlastos, 'The Role of Observation in Plato's Conception of Astronomy', in John P. Anton (ed.), Science and the Sciences in Plato (New York: Caravan Books, 1980), pp. 1-30.
29. 16 A. Wasserstein, 'Greek Scientific Thought', Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 188, NS 8 (1962), 51-63; quotation on p. 52.
30. 17 Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, 'Plato's Astronomy', Classical Quarterly 78, NS 34 (1984), 107-112; p. 108.
31. 18 Mourelatos, op. cit., note 7.
32. 19 D. R. Dicks, Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1970; London: Thames & Hudson, 1970), pp. 107-108. The Greeks may have had more than enough data and perhaps what they needed more of was reflection. Alan Musgrave contrasts Presocratic astronomers seeking explanation with Babylonians who collected precise data, discerned in the data astronomical cycles, and formulated algebraic rules for making predictions, but did not investigate the 'Why?' as opposed to the 'How?' of heavenly motions. Hence, Musgrave argues, 'if Plato was advocating an instrumentalist view of astronomy, then it would have been a momentous break with (thoroughly realist and explanatory) Greek tradition'. Musgrave, op. cit., note 4. pp. 246-247.
33. 20 Vlastos, op. cit., note 15.
34. 21 G. E. R. Lloyd, 'Plato on Mathematics and Nature, Myth and Science', in Lloyd, Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 333-351; this article supersedes his earlier 'Plato as a Natural Scientist', Journal of Hellenic Studies 88 (1968), 78-92. See also Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, 'Plato's "Real Astronomy"; Republic 527D-531D', in Anton, op. cit., note 15, pp. 33-73. Advancing in this direction but not completely crossing over from astronomy to education is Alan Musgrave's plausible conjecture that 'perhaps Plato realized that no amount of mere astronomical observation can tell us about these real objects (invisible spheres) or their real motions (the revolutions of the spheres which cause the visible objects to move in apparently irregular ways).' Instead they must be apprehended by reason, by studying problems of the form 'What combination of rotating spheres will yield the phenomena?' Musgrave, op. cit., note 4, p. 251.
35. 21 G. E. R. Lloyd, 'Plato on Mathematics and Nature, Myth and Science', in Lloyd, Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 333-351; this article supersedes his earlier 'Plato as a Natural Scientist', Journal of Hellenic Studies 88 (1968), 78-92. See also Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, 'Plato's "Real Astronomy"; Republic 527D-531D', in Anton, op. cit., note 15, pp. 33-73. Advancing in this direction but not completely crossing over from astronomy to education is Alan Musgrave's plausible conjecture that 'perhaps Plato realized that no amount of mere astronomical observation can tell us about these real objects (invisible spheres) or their real motions (the revolutions of the spheres which cause the visible objects to move in apparently irregular ways).' Instead they must be apprehended by reason, by studying problems of the form 'What combination of rotating spheres will yield the phenomena?' Musgrave, op. cit., note 4, p. 251.
36. 21 G. E. R. Lloyd, 'Plato on Mathematics and Nature, Myth and Science', in Lloyd, Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 333-351; this article supersedes his earlier 'Plato as a Natural Scientist', Journal of Hellenic Studies 88 (1968), 78-92. See also Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, 'Plato's "Real Astronomy"; Republic 527D-531D', in Anton, op. cit., note 15, pp. 33-73. Advancing in this direction but not completely crossing over from astronomy to education is Alan Musgrave's plausible conjecture that 'perhaps Plato realized that no amount of mere astronomical observation can tell us about these real objects (invisible spheres) or their real motions (the revolutions of the spheres which cause the visible objects to move in apparently irregular ways).' Instead they must be apprehended by reason, by studying problems of the form 'What combination of rotating spheres will yield the phenomena?' Musgrave, op. cit., note 4, p. 251.
37. 22 Mourelatos, op. cit., note 7. See also Ian Mueller, 'Ascending to Problems: Astronomy and Harmonics in Republic VII', in Anton, op. cit., note 15, pp. 103-122.
38. 23 Gregory Vlastos, 'Degrees of Reality in Plato', in Renford Bambrough (ed.), New Essays on Plato and Aristotle (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), pp. 1-19.
39. 24 Giorgio de Santillana, 'Eudoxus and Plato: A Study in Chronology', Isis 32 (scheduled for publication in 1940; published in 1949), 248-262. This article includes translated passages relating to Eudoxus from Diogenes Laertius' Lives of Eminent Philosophers.
40. 25 On what sources Simplicius had direct access to, see Knorr, op. cit., note 2.
41. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
42. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
43. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
44. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
45. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
46. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
47. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
48. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
49. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
50. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
51. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
52. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
53. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
54. 26 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 'Le sfere omocentriche di Eudosso, di Callippo e di Aristotele', Pubblicazione del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano 9 (1875), 1-63; German translation by W. Horn, 'Die homocentrischen Sphaeren des Eudoxus, des Kallippus und des Aristoteles', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik 1 (1877), 101-198. Accounts in English are found in J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906); 2nd edn, revised by William Stahl, with a supplementary bibliography, and retitled A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953); Thomas Heath, Arìstarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913; New York: Dover Publications, 1981); O. Neugebauer, 'On the "Hippopede" of Eudoxus', Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953), 225-229; D. Hargreave, 'Reconstructing the Planetary Motions of the Eudoxean System', ibid. 28 (1970), 335-345; Dicks, op. cit., note 19; Eric G. Forbes, 'The Spheres of Eudoxus', Journal of the British Astronomical Association 83 (1973), 196-198; Erkka Maula, 'Studies in Eudoxus' Homocentric Spheres', Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 50 (1974), 3-124; and Hetherington, Ancient Astronomy and Civilization, note 13; 'Eudoxus' Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cosmology..., note 13, pp. 198-201; and 'Plato's Cosmology', in Hetherington (ed.), Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives, note 13, pp. 79-93. A collection of all fragments pertaining to Eudoxus in original Greek and German translation is available in Eudoxus von Knidos, Die Fragmente, edited, translated and commentated by François Lasserre (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare, Band 4, 1966).
55. 27 Aristotle, Metaphysics; newly translated as a postscript to natural science, with an analytical index of technical terms, by Richard Hope (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952).
56. 28 On the problem of planetary motions, see Thomas S. Kühn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought (New York: Random House, 1957; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957).
57. 29 Dicks, op. cit., note 19, p. 180.
58. 30 Victor E. Thoren, 'Anaxagoras, Eudoxus, and the Regression of the Lunar Nodes', Journal for the History of Astronomy 2 (1971), 23-28.
59. 31 Ibid.
60. 32 G. E. R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason, and Experience: Studies in the Origin and Development of Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 170.
61. 33 Mourelatos, op. cit., note 7.
62. 34 Larry Wright, 'The Astronomy of Eudoxus: Geometry or Physics?', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 4 (1973), 165-172.
63. 35 Dreyer, op. cit., note 26, p. 112.
64. 36 Arthur Berry, A Short History of Astronomy From Earliest Times through the Nineteenth Century (London: John Murray, 1898; New York: Dover Publications, 1961), p. 29.
65. 37 Zeev Bechler, 'Aristotle Corrects Eudoxus. Met. 1073 b 39-1074 a 16', Centaurus 15 (1970), 113-123. See also Harald A. T. Reiche, Empedocles' Mixture, Eudoxan Astronomy and Aristotle's Connate Pneuma. With an Appendix 'General Because First', A Presocratic Motif in Aristotle's Theology (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1960), p. 91.
66. 37 Zeev Bechler, 'Aristotle Corrects Eudoxus. Met. 1073 b 39-1074 a 16', Centaurus 15 (1970), 113-123. See also Harald A. T. Reiche, Empedocles' Mixture, Eudoxan Astronomy and Aristotle's Connate Pneuma. With an Appendix 'General Because First', A Presocratic Motif in Aristotle's Theology (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1960), p. 91.
67. 38 Dreyer op. cit., note 26, p. 107.
68. 39 Lloyd, op. cit., note 32.
69. 40 Wasserstein, op. cit., note 16.
70. 41 Ibid.
71. 42 Lloyd, op. cit., note 3, p. 312.
72. 43 Wright, op. cit., note 34. See also Musgrave, op. cit., note 4.