Vocal indicators of mood change in depression

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 83-110

  Ellgring, Heiner ^b   Scherer, Klaus R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030162032     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02253071     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Alpert, M., & Anderson, L. T. (1977). Imagery mediation of vocal emphasis in flat affect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 208-212.
2. Alpert, M. (1981). Speech and disturbances in affect. In J. K. Darby (Ed.), Speech evaluation in psychiatry (pp. 359-368). New York: Grune & Stratton.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. revised). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Andreasen, N. C., Alpert, M., & Martz, M. J. (1981). Acoustic analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 281-285.
5. Askenfelt, A., & Sjoelin, A. (1980). Voice analysis in depressed patients: Rate of change in fundamental frequency related to mental state. Speech Transmission Laboratory - Quarterly Progress and Status Report. Stockholm, 2-3, 71-84.
6. Ballmer, T. T. (1980). The role of pauses and suprasegmentals in a grammar. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech (pp. 211-221). The Hague: Mouton.
7. Bannister, M. L. (1972). An instrumental and judgemental analysis of voice samples from psychiatrically hospitalized and nonhospitalized adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas.
8. Bildhauer, R. (1985). Vokale Indikatoren depressiver Stimmung. (Vocal indicators of depressed mood). Unpublished diploma thesis, University of Giessen.
9. Bleuler, E. (1950). Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. (Orig. Ed. 1911). New York: International Universities Press.
10. Boomer, D. S. (1965). Hesitation and grammatical encoding. Language and Speech, 8, 148-158.
11. Boomer, D. S., & Dittmann, A. T. (1962). Hesitation phenomena in spontaneous English speech. Word, 15, 19-44.
12. Bolinger, D. L. (1978). Intonation across languages. In J. P. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of human language . Vol. 2. Phonology, (pp. 471-524) Stanford: Stanford University Press.
13. Bouhuys, A. L., & Alberts, E. (1984). An analysis of the organization of looking and speech-pause behaviour of depressive patients. Behaviour, 89, 269-298.
14. Bouhuys, A. L., & Mulder-Hajonides van der Meulen, W. R. E. (1984). Speech timing measures of severity, psychomotor retardation, and agitation in endogenously depressed patients. Journal of Communication Disorders, 17, 277-288.
15. Breznitz, Z., & Sherman, T. (1987). Speech patterning of natural discourse of well and depressed mothers and their young children. Child Development, 58, 395-400.
16. Breznitz, Z. (1992). Verbal indicators of depression. The Journal of General Psychology, 119, 351-363.
17. Butcher, A. (1981). Aspects of the speech pause: Phonetic correlates and communicative functions. Universität Kiel, Arbeitsbericht Nr. 15 des Instituts für Phonetik. (Reports of the Institute of Phonetics of the University of Kiel).
18. Crystal, D. (1969). Prosodic systems and intonation in English. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Darby, J. K., Hollien, H., & Lueck, P. (1977). Vocal and speech patterns of depressive patients. Folia Phoniatrica, 29, 279-291.
20. Darby, J. K. (1981). Speech and voice studies in psychiatric populations. In J. K. Darby (Ed.) Speech evaluation in psychiatry (pp. 253-284). New York: Grune & Stratton.
21. Darby, J. K., Simmons, N., & Berger, P. A. (1984). Speech and voice parameters in depression: A pilot study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 17, 75-85.
22. Ekman, P. (Ed.). (1982). Emotion in the human face (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
23. Eldred, S. H., & Price, D. B. (1958). The linguistic evaluation of feeling states in psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 21, 115-121.
24. Ellgring, H., Wagner, H. & Clarke, A. H. (1980). Psychopathological states and their effects on speech and gaze behaviour. In H. Giles, W. P. Robinson, & P. M. Smith (Eds.), Language: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 267-273). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
25. Ellgring, H., & Ploog, D. (1985). Sozialkommunikatives Verhalten in klinischer Perspektive. (Socio-communicative behavior in clinical perspective). In D. Bente, H. Coper & S. Kanowski (Hrsg.), Hirnorganische Psychosyndrome im Alter II (pp. 217-236). (Organic brain syndromes in aging). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
26. Ellgring, H. (1986). Nonverbal expression of psychological states in psychiatric patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 236, 31-34.
27. Ellgring, H. (1989). Nonverbal communication in depression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
28. Fleischmann, G. (1980). Akustisch-phonetische Untersuchungen an der Sprache der Depression. (Acoustic-phonetic studies of the speech of depressives). Unpublished master's thesis, University of Cologne.
29. Flint, A. J., Black, S. E., Campbell-Taylor, I., Gailey, G. F., & Levinton, C. (1993). Abnormal speech articulation, psychomotor retardation, and subcortical dysfunction in major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 27, 309-319.
30. Fonagy, I., & Magdics, K. (1963). Emotional patterns in intonation and music. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, 16, 293-326.
31. Ghozlan, A., & Widlöcher, D. (1988). Ralentissement psychomoteur depressif et traitement de l'information. (Depressed psychomotor retardation and information processing). Psychologie Francaise, 33, 251-258.
32. Godfrey, H. P. D., & Knight, R. G. (1984). The validity of actometer and speech activity measures in the assessment of depressed patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 159-163.
33. Goldman-Eisler, F. (1961). The significance of changes in the rate of articulation. Language and Speech, 4, 171-174.
34. Goldman-Eisler, F. (1968). Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech. London: Academic Press.
35. Goldstein, I. B. (1965). The relationship of muscle tension and autonomic activity to psychiatric disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 27, 39-52.
36. Greden, J. F., Albala, A. A., Smokier, I. A., Gardner, R. R., & Carroll, B. J. (1981). Speech pause time: A marker of psychomotor retardation in endogenous depression. Biological Psychiatry, 16, 851-859.
37. Greden, J. F., & Carroll, B. J. (1980). Decrease in speech pause time with treatment of endogenous depression. Biological Psychiatry, 15, 575-587.
38. Greden, J. F., Price, H. L., Genero, N., Feinberg, M., & Levine, S. (1984). Facial EMG activity levels predict treatment outcome in depression. Psychiatry Research, 13, 345-352.
39. Griffin, G. R., & Williams, C. E. (1987). The effects of different levels of task complexity on three vocal measures. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 58, 1165-1171.
40. Haenni, R. (1980). What is planned during speech pauses? In H. Giles, W. P. Robinson, & P. M. Smith (Eds.), Language: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 321-326). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
41. Hardy, P., Jouvent, R., & Widlöcher, D. (1984). Speech pause time and the Retardation Rating Scale for Depression (ERD): Towards a reciprocal validation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 6, 123-127.
42. Hargreaves, W. A., & Starkweather, J. A. (1965). Vocal and verbal indicators of depression. Unpublished manuscript, University of California Medical School, San Francisco.
43. Hargreaves, W. A., Starkweather J. A., & Blacker, K. H. (1965). Voice quality in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70, 218-220.
44. Heitman, S. (1980). Sprechstimmveranderungen bei Psychotikern. (Voice changes in psychotic patients) Unpublished diploma thesis, University of Giessen.
45. Henze, R. (1954). Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie der Sprechgeschwindigkeit. (Experimental studies on the phenomenology of speech rate). Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 1, 214-243.
46. Hinchliffe, M. K., Lancashire, M., & Roberts F. J. (1971). Depression: Defence mechanisms in speech. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 471-472.
47. Hoffmann, G. M. A., Gonze, J. C., & Mendlewicz, J. (1985). Speech pause time as a method for the evaluation of psychomotor retardation in depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 535-538.
48. Hooper, D., Vaughan, P. W., Hinchliffe, M. K., & Roberts, F. J. (1978). The melancholy marriage: An inquiry into the interaction of depression. V. Power. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 51, 387-398.
49. Isserlin, M. (1925). Psychologisch-phonetische Untersuchungen. II. Mitteilung. (Psychological-phonetic studies. 2nd communication). Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 94, 437-448.
50. Jones, J. H., & Pansa, M. (1979). Some nonverbal aspects of depression and schizophrenia occurring during the interview. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 167, 402-409.
51. Kasl, S. V., & Mahl, G. F. (1965). The relationship of disturbances and hesitation in spontaneous speech to anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 425-433.
52. Klos, T. (1984). Psycholinguistische Aspekte im Interview mit depressiven Patienten. (Paralinguistic aspects in the interview with depressives). Unpublished diploma thesis, University of Giessen.
53. Klos, T., & Ellgring, H. (1984). Sprechgeschwindigkeit und Sprechpausen von Depressiven. (Speech rate and pauses in the speech of depressives). In M. Hautzinger & R. Straub (Hrsg.), Psychologische Aspekte depressiver Störungen (Psychological aspects of depressive disturbances) (pp. 4-26). Regensburg: S. Roderer.
54. Klos, T., & Ellgring, H. (1987). Manuelle versus elektronische Analyse von Sprechpausen. (Manual vs. electronic measurement of speech pauses). Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 34, 63-71
55. Kraepelin, E. (1921). Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia (Barclay, M., Trans.). Edinburgh: Livingstone.
56. Kuny, S., & Stassen, H. H. (1993). Speaking behavior and voice sound characteristics in depressive patients during recovery. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 27, 289-307.
57. Ladd, D. R., Scherer, K. R., & Silverman, K. (1986). An integrated approach to studying intonation and attitude. In C. Johns-Lewis (Ed.), Intonation in discourse. London/Sydney: Croom Helm.
58. Levin, S., Knight, R. A., Hall, J. A., & Alpert, M. (1985). Verbal and nonverbal expression of affect in speech of schizophrenic and depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 487-497.
59. Long, G. T. (1988). The relationship of voice stress, anxiety, and depression to life events and personal style variables. Social Behavior and Personality, 16, 133-145.
60. Mahl, G. F. (1965). Disturbances and silences in the patient's speech in psychotherapy. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53, 1-15.
61. Mahl, G. F., & Schulze, G. (1964). Psychological research in the extralinguistic area. In T. A. Sebeok, A. S. Hayes, & M. C. Bateson (Eds.), Approaches to semiotics (pp. 51-124). The Hague: Mouton.
62. Mandal, M. K., Srivastava, P., & Singh, S. K. (1990). Paralinguistic characteristics of speech in schizophrenics and depressives. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24, 191-196.
63. Markel, N. N., Bein, M. F., & Phillis, J. A. (1973). The relationship between words and tone-of-voice. Language and Speech, 16, 15-21.
64. Maser, J. D. (Ed.). (1987). Depression and expressive behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
65. Moses, P. (1954). The voice of neurosis. New York: Grune & Stratton.
66. Murray, D. C. (1971). Talk, silence and anxiety. Psychological Bulletin, 75, 244-260.
67. Natale, M. (1977). Effects of induced elation-depression on speech in the initial interview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 45-52.
68. Newman, S. S., & Mather, V. G. (1938). Analysis of spoken language of patients with affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 913-942.
69. Nilsonne, A. (1987). Acoustic analysis of voice changes during depression and after improvement. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 76, 235-245.
70. Nilsonne, A., Sundberg, J., Ternström, S., & Askenfelt, A. (1988). Measuring the rate of change of voice fundamental frequency in fluent speech during mental depression. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 83, 716-728.
71. Ostwald, P. F. (1964). Acoustic manifestations of emotional disturbances. Disorders of Communication-Research Publications, 42, 450-465.
72. Pittam, J., & Scherer, K. R. (1993). Vocal expression and communication of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 185-198). New York: Guilford.
73. Pope, B., Blass, T., Siegman, A. W., & Raher, J. (1970). Anxiety and depression in speech. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 128-133.
74. Rochester, S. R. (1973). The significance of pauses in spontaneous speech. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 2, 51-81.
75. Roessler, R., & Lester, J. (1976). Voice predicts affect during psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 3, 166-176.
76. Sanctis, S. de (1904). La mimica del pensiero. (The expression of thought). Milano, Italy: Sandron.
77. Schatzberg, A. F., Cole, J. O., & Blumer, D. P. (1978). Speech blockage: Tricyclic side effects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 600.
78. Scherer, K. R. (1979). Personality markers in speech. In K. R. Scherer & H. Giles (Eds.), Social markers in speech (pp. 147-209). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
79. Scherer, K. R. (1981). Speech and emotional states. In J.K. Darby (Ed.), Speech evaluation in psychiatry (pp. 189-220). New York: Grune & Stratton.
80. Scherer, K. R. (1982). Methods of research on vocal communication: Paradigms and parameters. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 136-198). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
81. Scherer, K. R., Ladd, D. R., & Silverman, K. E. A. (1984). Vocal cues to speaker affect: Testing two models. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76, 1346-1356.
82. Scherer, K. R. (1986). Voice, stress, and emotion. In M. H. Appley & R. Trumbull (Eds.), Dynamics of stress (pp. 159-181). New York: Plenum.
83. Scherer, K. R. (1987). Vocal assessment of affective disorders. In J. D. Maser (Ed.), Depression and expressive behavior (pp. 57-82). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
84. Scherer, K. R. (1989) Vocal correlates of emotion. In H. Wagner & A. Manstead (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology: Emotion and social behavior (pp. 165-197). London: Wiley.
85. Scripture, E. W. (1921). A study of emotions by speech transcription. Vox, 31, 179-183.
86. Siegman, A. W. (1979). Cognition and hesitation in speech. In A. W. Siegman (Ed.), Of speech and time (pp. 151-178). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
87. Siegman, A. W. (1987a). The pacing of speech in depression. In J. D. Maser (Ed.), Depression and expressive behavior (pp. 83-102). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
88. Siegman, A. W. (1987b). The telltale voice: Nonverbal messages of verbal communication. In S. Feldstein & A. W. Siegman (Eds.), Nonverbal behavior and communication, 2nd ed. (pp. 351-433). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
89. Siegman, A. W., & Feldstein, S. (Eds.) (1979). Of speech and time. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
90. Siegman, A. W., & Pope, B. (1972). The effect of ambiguity and anxiety on interviewee verbal behavior. In A.W. Siegman & B. Pope (Eds.), Studies in dyadic communication (pp. 29-67). New York: Pergamon.
91. Smith, P. M. (1979). Sex markers in speech. In K. R. Scherer & H. Giles (Eds.), Social markers in speech (pp. 109-145). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
92. Standke, R. (1992). Methoden der digitalen Sprachverarbeitung in der vokalen Kommunikationsforschung.(Methods of digital speech analysis in communication research). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
93. Stassen, H. H., Bomben, G., & Günther, E. (1991). Speech characteristics in depression. Psychopathology, 24, 88-105.
94. Szabadi, E., Bradshaw, C. M., & Besson, J. A. O. (1976). Elongation of pause time in speech: A simple, objective measure of motor retardation in depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 592-597.
95. Teasdale, J. D., & Fennel, M. J. V. (1982). Immediate effects on depression of cognitive therapy interventions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 343-351.
96. Teasdale, J. D., & Fogarty, S. J. (1979). Differential effects of induced mood on retrieval of pleasant and unpleasant events from episodic memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 248-257.
97. Teasdale, J. D., Fogarty, S. J., & Williams, J. M. G. (1980). Speech rate as a measure of short-term variation in depression. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 271-278.
98. Tolkmitt, F., Helfrich, H., Standke, R., & Scherer, K. R. (1982). Vocal indicators of psychiatric treatment effects in depressives and schizophrenics. Journal of Communication Disorders, 15, 209-222.
99. Tolkmitt, F. J., & Scherer, K. R. (1986). Effects of experimentally induced stress on vocal parameters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 12, 302-313.
100. Vanger, P., Summerfield, A. B., Rosen, B. K., & Watson, J. P. (1992). Effect of communication content on speech behavior of depressives. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 39-41.
101. Weintraub, W., & Aronson, H. (1967). The application of verbal behavior analysis to the study of psychological defense mechanisms: IV. Speech pattern associated with depressive behavior. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 144, 22-28.
102. Whitman, E. N., & Flicker, D. J. (1966). A potential new measurement of emotional state: A preliminary report. Newark Beth-Israel Hospital, 17, 167-172.
103. Zerssen, D. von, Köller, D. M., & Rey, E. R. (1970). Die Befindlichkeits-Skala (B-S) - ein einfaches Instrument zur Objektivierung von Befindlichkeitsstörungen, insbesondere im Rahmen von Längsschnittuntersuchungen. (The scale of well-being: A simple instrument to assess mood disorders, particularly in the context of longitudimal studies). Arzneimittelforschung - Drug Research, 20, 915-918.
104. Zuberbier, E. (1957). Zur Schreib-und Sprechmotorik der Depressiven. (On the writing and speaking motor behavior in depressives). Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie und medizinische Psychologie, 7, 239-249.