Ancillary transmission services

Electricity Journal

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 18-25

  Fink, Lester H ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030160855     PISSN: 10406190     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1040-6190(96)80228-4     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Fed. Energy Reg. Comm'n, Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-Discriminatory Transmission Services, Order No. 888, Final Rule, April 24, 1996 ("Open Access Rule").
2. North American Electric Reliability Council, Interconnected Operations Services Reference Document, Version 1.0, Princeton, N.J., 28 Nov. 1995; B. Kirby, E. Hirst, and J. VanCoevering, Identification and Definition of Unbundled Electric Generation and Transmission Services, ORNL/CON-415 (Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn., Mar. 1995).
3. Kirsch L.D., Singh H. Pricing Ancillary Electric Power Services. ELEC. J. Oct. 1995;28-36.
4. Nichols C. Techniques in Handling Load-Regulating Problems on Interconnected Power Systems. TRANS. AIEE. 72/6:June 1953;447-460.
5. Kwatny H.G., Athay T.A. Coordination of Economic Dispatch and Load-Frequency Control in Electric Power Systems. PROC. IEEE/CSS CONF. ON DEC. AND CONT. 1979;703-714.
6. Nichols C. Techniques in Handling Load-Regulating Problems on Interconnected Power Systems. AIEE TRANSACTIONS. 72:(6):1953;447-460.
7. Jaleeli N., et al. Understanding Automatic Generation Control. IEEE TRANS. PS-7/3:1992;1106-1122.
8. Fink L.H., Erkmen I. Economic Dispatch to Match Actual Data to the Actual Problem. PROC. EPRI POWER PLANT PERF. MONITORING AND SYSTEM DISP. CONF. July 1987;. 4/23-43 (Wash., D.C., Nov. 12-14, 1986) EPRI CS/EL-5251-SR.
9. See Nichols and Kwatny and Athay, both note 4, supra.
10. F.F. Wu, P. Varaiya, Coordinated Multilateral Trades for Electric Power Networks - Theory and Implementation (Univ. of Cal. Energy Inst., Rpt. PWP-031, June 1995).
11. CIGRE Task Force 38.02.12 (ed. C.W. Taylor), Criteria and Counter-measures for Voltage Collapse (CIGRE, 1995).
12. It is not uncommon for a given load bus to be largely dependent on a single generating bus for effective support of voltage. The specification of a market mechanism under which most "buyers" are effectively restricted to a single "supplier" seems somewhat incongruous.
13. In general, the flow of power along a transmission line between two buses is proportional to the difference in the voltage magnitudes at those two buses. In addition, reactive power consumption ("loss") in transmission is significantly greater than that of active power (since transmission lines have high reactance and low resistance). Accordingly, reactive power can only be drawn from the network at the expense of depressed voltage at the receiving bus: The greater the reactive consumption, the greater the voltage depression.
14. Nedwick P., et al. Reactive Management - A Key to Survival in the 1990s. IEEE TRANS. PS-10:(2):May 1995;1036-1043.
15. Mistr A.F. Jr. Reactive Planning and Operation on the Virginia Electric and Power Co. System. PROC. EPRI/NERC FORUM ON VOLTAGE STABILITY. Sept. 1992;2/15-24. (EPRI TR-102222).
16. Balu N., et al. On-Line Power System Security Analysis. PROC. IEEE. 80:(2):Feb. 1992;262-280.
17. Fink L.H. Security - Its Meaning and Objectives. PROC. INT'L SYMP. ON POWER SYSTEM SECURITY ASSESSMENT. 1988;35-41 Ames, Iowa.
18. Avramovic B., Fink L.H. Real-Time Reactive Security Monitoring. IEEE TRANS. PS-7/1:1992;432-437.
19. Wu and Varaiya, supra note 9.
20. M.D. Ilic, F. Graves, Optimal Use of Ancillary Generation under Open Access and its Possible Implementation (Aug. 1995) (TR 95-006, Mass. Inst. of Tech., Lab. for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems).
21. A certain degree of objective increase of transmission cost with increased congestion would follow from the use of FACTS devices to permit increased loading beyond that achievable in their absence. Distortion of natural flow patterns (which effectively minimize losses) would result in an "unnatural" escalation of losses, with attendant increased costs.
22. In order to avoid having the TCo profit from congestion, and encourage building of necessary transmission reinforcement, the escalated portion of "congestion" rates could be placed in escrow for new transmission capacity. The portion of construction paid for by escrow funds would not then be added to the TCo rate base.
23. Additional important specific system ancillary services include, notably, that of "black start" generation capability - the indispensable first step in restarting a system after a total blackout. It is generation able to start up under its own resources without need of external support. In this, as in other relevant cases, the framework used here can readily be applied, with the result that black start capability is a system ancillary service in the capacity category. Other applications should be equally obvious.