Quantitative risk assessment of stack emissions from municipal waste combustors

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 47, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 229-275

  Zemba, Stephen G ^a   Green, Laura C ^a   Crouch, Edmund A C ^a   Lester, Richard R ^a  

^a Cambridge Environmental Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Dioxin; Mercury; Multipathway risk assessment; Municipal solid waste combustion

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; HAZARDOUS MATERIALS; HEALTH RISKS; MASS TRANSFER; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MERCURY (METAL); REFUSE INCINERATORS; RISK ASSESSMENT; WASTE INCINERATION;

CONTAMINANT TRANSFER; DIOXIN; FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURES; MULTIPATHWAY RISK ASSESSMENT; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMBUSTION; MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS; STACK EMISSIONS;

INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS;

RADIOISOTOPE;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BIOACCUMULATION; COMBUSTION; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD CHAIN; HEALTH HAZARD; INCINERATION; INHALATION; NUCLEAR ENERGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0030152688     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00115-8     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. A. Levin, D.B. Fratt, A. Leonard, R.J.F. Bruins and L. Fradkin, J. Air and Waste Manag. Assoc., 41(1) (1991) 20.
2. US EPA, Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated With Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions, EPA/600/6-90/003, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Interim Final. Cincinnati, OH, 1990.
3. US EPA, Overview of the COMPDEP Model. User's guidance available on the SCRAM Electronic Bulletin Board, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1993.
4. P.A. Valberg, P.J. Drivas, S. McCarthy and A.Y. Watson, J. Hazard. Mater., 47 (1996) 205.
5. National Research Council, Risk Assessment on the Federal Government: Managing the Process, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983.
6. Cambridge Environmental Inc., Human health risk assessment for the Capital District Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility, Cambridge Environmental Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1994.
7. NYSDOH, Guidance for Exposure Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste and Hospital Waste and Hospital Waste Incinerator Emissions, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 1991.
8. US EPA, Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, EPA/600/R-93/089, 1993.
9. US EPA, Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates, AP-26, Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1970.
10. US EPA, Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans (Final Rule-40 CFR Part 51 et al.). Federal Register 58:137, 20 July 1993, pp. 38,816-38,884.
11. US EPA, Addendum to the Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustion Emissions: Review Draft, EPA/600/AP-93/003, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, 1993.
12. US EPA, Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Exposure Analysis Methodology and Validation, EPA-450/2-89-011, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1990.
13. US EPA, Data downloaded from the SCRAM Electronic Bulletin Board, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1994.
14. G.A. Sehmel, in: Atmospheric Science and Power Production, DE84-005177, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1984.
15. CARB, Memorandum: Deposition rate calculations for air toxics source assessments, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, 1987.
16. American Ref-Fuel Company, Emission derivation document for the Capital District Integrated Solid Waste Management System, Green Island, New York, American Ref-Fuel Company, Houston, TX, 1994.
17. M.B.G. Pilkington and S.G. Zemba, Air and Waste Management Association, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, Durham, NC, 1992.
18. S.W. Buol, F.D. Hole and R.J. McCracken, Soil Genesis and Classification, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1973.
19. R.W. Armstrong and R.J. Soracco, A Compilation of Rensselaer County Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs with Reference to Sources of Water Quality and Associated Data, Rensselaer County Environmental Management Council, 1989.
20. W.H. Wischmeier and D.D. Smith, Predicting rainfall erosion losses - A guide to conservation planning, USDA Handbook No. 537, 1978.
21. W.B. Mills et al., Water Quality Assessment: A Screening Procedure for Toxic and Conventional Contaminants: Parts 1, 2, and 3, EPA-600/6-82/004 a,b,c, US EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, 1982.
22. V.A. Vanoni, Sedimentation Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1975.
23. C.F. Baes, R.D. Sharp, J. Sjoreen and R. Shore, A Review and Analysis of the Parameters for Assessing Transport of Environmentally Released Radionuclides through Agriculture, ORNL-5786, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1984.
24. C.C. Travis and A.D. Arms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 22 (1988) 271.
25. Cambridge Environmental Inc., Health risk assessment for the proposed waste-to-energy facility, Orange County, Florida, Cambridge Environmental Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1989.
26. US EPA, Supplemental guidance to Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual, OSWER Directive 9285.6-03, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, 1991.
27. A.H. Smith, Risk Analysis, 7 (1987) 347.
28. ATSDR, Toxicological Profile for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 1989.
29. ATSDR, Toxicological Profile for PCBs, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 1993.
30. US EPA, Air Quality Criteria for Lead, Vols. I-IV, EPA-600/8-83/028aF through 028dF, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1986.
31. ATSDR, Toxicological Profile for Lead, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 1993.
32. CDC, Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children - a Statement by the Centers for Disease Control -October 1991, Center for Disease Control (CDC), US Department of Health and Human Services, 1991.
33. L.F. Radke, P.V. Hobbs and M.W. Eltgroth, J. Appl. Met., 19 (1980) 715.
34. W.G.N. Slinn, in: Atmospheric Science and Power Production, DE84-005177, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1984.
35. K.H. Jones, Personal communication regarding stack gas testing of the Stanislaus County Waste-to-Energy Plant, Stanislaus, CA, 1994.
36. O. Lindqvist, Tellus, 37B (1985) 136.
37. S.E. Lindberg, T.P. Meyers, G.E. Taylor, Jr., R.R. Turner and W.H. Schroeder, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D2) (1992) 2519.
38. J.H. Seinfeld, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution, Wiley, New York, 1986.
39. S.G. Zemba and L.C. Green, Solid Waste and Power, 6(3) (1992) 38.
40. A. Greenberg, I., Wojtenko, H.W. Chen, S. Krivanek and N. Reiss, Study of the impact of a municipal resource recovery facility on atmospheric levels of mercury. Presented before the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1992.
41. US EPA, Mercury Health Effects Update: Health Issue Assessment, EPA/600/8-84-019F, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1984.
42. D. Porcella, in: Proc. Workshop on Mercury Contamination at Natural Gas Industry Sites, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1992.
43. US EPA, Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds, Vol. III: Site-specific assessment procedures. External Review Draft, EPA/600/6 88/005Cc, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1994.
44. E. Bacci, M.J. Cerejeira, C. Gaggi, G. Chemello, D. Calamari and M. Vighi, Bull. Environ. Contam. Tox., 48(3) (1992) 401.
45. J.K. McCrady and S.P. Maggard, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27 (1993) 343.
46. M.S. McLachlan, H. Thoma, M. Reissinger and O. Hutzinger, Chemosphere 20 (1990) 1013.
47. US EPA, Health Assessment Document for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds, External Review Draft, EPA/600/BP-92/001, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1994.
48. R.J. Kociba, D.G. Keyes, J.E. Beyer, R.M. Carreon, C.E. Wade, D.A. Dittenber, R.P. Kalnins, L.E. Frauson, C.N. Park, S.D. Barnard, R.A. Hummel and C.G. Humiston, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 46 (1978) 279.
49. R.M. Sauer, Pathology Working Group-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Sprague-Dawley rats, Submitted to the Maine Scientific Advisory Panel, Pathco Inc., 10075 Tyler Place, Suite 16, Ijamsville, MD 21754, 1990.
50. R.L. Smith, Memorandum to E.W. Johnson entitled "Monte Carlo risk assessment: a Regional science policy issue". US Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, Philadelphia, PA, 1992.
51. AIHC, Exposure Factors Sourcebook, American Industrial Health Council, Washington, DC, 1994.
52. E.A.C. Crouch, L.C. Green, S.G. Zemba, S.J. Luis, K.K. Perkins and T. Lash, in: Proc. of the Waste Combustion in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces specialty conference hosted by the Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, MO, 1994.
53. Cambridge Environmental Inc., Protocol for a multi-pathway risk assessment for the WTI facility in East Liverpool, OH, Cambridge Environmental Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
54. IRIS, Integrated Risk Information System, Supported by the US Department of Health and Human Services and US Environmental Protection Agency, Bethesda, MD, National Library of Medicine, 1994.
55. HEAST, Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables: Annual Update, EPA 540-R-94-020, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Washington, DC, 1994.
56. NYSDEC, Draft. New York State Air Guide-1. Guidelines for the Control of Toxic Ambient Air Contaminants, Division of Air Resources, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, 1991.
57. NYSDOH, Ambient Air Criteria Document for Various Pollutants (Zinc: 1988; Manganese, Nickel: 1989; Cadmium, Chromium, Vanadium: 1990). Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY.
58. NTP, NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Naphthalene in B6C3F Mice (Inhalation Studies). Technical Report No. 410, Research Triangle Park, NC, National Toxicology Program (NTP), US Department of Health and Human Services, 1992.
59. American Ref-Fuel Company, Personal communication, Data from stack gas testing, American Ref-Fuel Company, Houston, TX, 1994.