Numerical modeling of stably and transiently confined energetic heavy ion radiation in the Earth's magnetosphere

Radiation Measurements

Volumn 26, Issue 3 SPEC. ISS., 1996, Pages 309-320

  Spjeldvik, W N ^a,b  

^a WEBER STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NASA HEADQUARTERS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS; ELECTRONS; GEOMAGNETISM; IONS; MAGNETOSPHERE; PLASMA CONFINEMENT; PLASMA STABILITY;

ENERGETIC HEAVY ION RADIATION; ENERGETIC ION ANALYSIS; ENERGY PER NUCLEON; IONIC COMPOSITION; TRAPPED RADIATION BELT PARTICLES;

RADIATION BELTS;

EID: 0030150754     PISSN: 13504487     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/1350-4487(96)00059-5     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Alfven H. and Falthammar C.-G. (1963) Cosmical Electrodynamics. Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
2. Arthur C. W, McPherron R. L. and Lanzerotti L. J. (1978) Geomagnetic Field Fluctuations at Synchronous Orbit, I. Power Spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3859,
3. Belian R. D., Gisler G. R., Cayton T. and Christensen R. (1992) High-Z Energetic Particles at Geosynchronous Orbit During the Great Solar Proton Event Series of October 1989. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 16897-16906.
4. Birmingham T. J. (1969) Convection Electric Field and the Diffusion of Trapped Magnetospheric Radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 2169.
5. Blake J. B., Fennell J. F., Schulz M. and Paulikas G. A. (1973) Geomagnetically Trapped Alpha Particles, 2, Inner Zone, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 5498.
6. Blake J. B. (1973) Experimental Test to Determine the Origin of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 5822.
7. Blake J. B. (1976) On the Ion Identity of the Ring Current Particles, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 6189.
8. Blake J. B., Fennell J. F. and Hovestadt D. (1980) Measurements of Heavy Ions in the Low-Altitude Regions of the Outer Zone, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 5992.
9. Blake J. B. and Fennell J. F. (1981) Heavy Ion Measurements in the Synchronous Altitude Region, Planetary and Space Science, 29, 1205.
10. Chappell C. R., Moore T. E. and Waite J. H., Jr. (1987) The Ionosphere as a Fully Adequate Source of Plasma for the Earth's Magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5896.
11. Cornwall J. M. (1972) Radial Diffusion of Ionized Helium and Protons: A Probe for Magnetospheric Dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 1756.
12. Crowley D. R. Jr., Schulz M. and Blake J. B. (1976) Radial Diffusion of Inner Zone Protons: Observations and Variational Analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 585-594.
13. Earle G. D. and Kelley M. C. (1987) Spectral Studies of Sources of Ionospheric Electric Fields. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 213-224.
14. Falthammar C.-G. (1965) Effects of Time-Dependent Electric Fields on Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation. J. Geophys. Res. 70, 2503-2516.
15. Falthammar C.-G. (1968) Radial Diffusion by Violation of the Third Adiabatic Invariant, P. 157 in: Earth's Particles and Fields, edited by B.M. McCormac, Reinholt Publishers, New York.
16. Farley T. A., Tommassian A. D. and Walt M. (1970) Source of High-Energy Protons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. Phys. Rev. Letters 25, 47-49.
17. Fejer B. G. (1986) Equatorial Ionospheric Electric Fields Associated with Magnetospheric Disturbances, p. 519-545 in: Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling, edited by Y. Kamide and J.A. Slavin, Terra Science Publishers, Tokyo, Japan.
18. Fejer B. G., Spiro R. W., Wolf R. A. and Foster J. C. (1990) Latitudinal Variation of Perturbation Electric Fields During Magnetically Disturbed Periods: 1986 SUNDIAL Observations and Model Results. Ann. Geophys. 8, 441-454.
19. Fennell J. E., Blake J. B. and Paulikas G. A. (1974) Geomagnetically Trapped Alpha Particles, 3. Low-Altitude Alpha-Proton Comparisons. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 521.
20. Fok M.-C., Kozyra J. U. and Nagy A. F. (1991) Lifetime of Ring Current Particles due to Coulomb Collisions in the Plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 7861.
21. Fritz T. A. and Williams D. J. (1973) Initial Observations of Geomagnetically Trapped Alpha Particles at the Equator, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 4719.
22. Fritz T. A. and Wilken B. (1976) Substorm Generated Fluxes of Heavy Ions at the Geostationary Orbit, p. 171 in: Magnetospheric Particles and Fields, B.M. McCormac, editor, D. Reidel Publishers, Dordrect-Holland.
23. Fritz T. A. and Spjeldvik W. N. (1978) Observations of Energetic Radiation Belt Helium Ions at the Geomagnetic Equator During Quiet Conditions, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 2579.
24. Fritz T. A. and Spjeldvik W. N. (1979) Simultaneous Quiet Time Observations of Energetic Radiation Belt Protons and Helium Ions: The Equatorial Alpha/Proton Ratio near 1 MeV, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2608,
25. Gloeckler G. and Hamilton D. C. (1987) AMPTE Ion Composition Results, Phys. Scripta, T18, 73.
26. Holzworth R. H. and Mozer F. S. (1979) Direct Evaluation of the Radial Diffusion Coefficient near L = 6 due to Electric Field Fluctuations. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2559-2566.
27. Hovestadt D., Hausler B. and Scholer M. (1972a) Observations of Energetic Particles at Very Low Altitudes near the Geomagnetic Equator, Phys. Rev. Letters, 28, 1340.
28. Hovestadt D., Achtermann E., Ebel B., Hausler B. and Paschmann G. (1972b) New Observations of the Proton Population of the Radiation Belt Between 1.5 and 104 MeV, p. 115 in: Earth's Magnetospheric Processes, B.M. McCormac, editor, D. Reidel Publishers, Dortrecht-Holland.
29. Hovestadt D., Gloeckler G., Fan C. Y., Fisk L. A., Ipavich F. M., Klecker B., O'Gallagher J. J., Scholer M., Arbinger H., Cain J., Hofner H., Kunneth E., Laeverentz P. and Turns E. (1978a) The Nuclear and Ionic Charge Distribution Particle Experiments on the ISEE-1 and ISEE-C Spacecraft, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electronics, GE16, 166.
30. Hovestadt D., Gloeckler G., Fan C. Y., Fisk L. A., Ipavich F. M., Klecker B., O'Gallagher J. J. and Scheler M. (1978b) Evidence for Solar Wind Origin of Energetic Heavy Ions in the Earth's Radiation Belt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 1055,
31. Hovestadt D., Klecker B., Mitchell E., Fennell J. F., Gloeckler G. and Fan C. Y. (1981) Spatial Distribution of Z > + 2 Ions in the Outer Radiation Zone During Quiet Conditions, Advances in Space Research, 1, 305.
32. Johnson R. G., Sharp R. D. and Shelley E. G. (1974) 'The Discovery of Energetic He + Ions in the Magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 3135.
33. Johnson R. G., Sharp R. D. and Shelley E. G. (1975) Composition of the Hot Plasma in the Magnetosphere, p. 45 in: Physics of the Hot Plasma in the Magnetosphere, B. Hultqvist and B. Stenflo, editors, Plenum Publishers, New York.
34. Johnson R. G., Sharp R. D. and Shelley E. G. (1977) Observations of the Ring Current Composition During the 29 July 1977 Magnetic Storm, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 58, 1217.
35. Johnson R. G., Sharp R. D. and Shelley E. G. (1978) Observations of Ions of Ionospheric Origin in the Storm-Time Ring Current. Geophys. Res. Letters, 5, 59.
36. Kelley M. C., Fejer B. G. and Gonzales C. A. (1979) An Explanation for Anomalous Ionospheric Electric Fields Associated with a Northward Turning of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field. Geophys. Res. Letters 6, 301-304.
37. Kellogg P. J. (1959) Van Allen Radiation of Solar Origin. Nature 183, 1295-1297.
38. Krimigis S. M. and Van Allen J. A. (1976) Geomagnetically Trapped Alpha Particles, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2275.
39. Krimigis S. M., Verzariu R., Van Allen J. A., Armstrong T. P., Fritz T. A. and Randall B. A. (1970) Trapped Energetic Nucleii Z > = 3 in the Earth's Outer Radiation Zone, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 4210.
40. Lanzerotti L. L., Webb D. C. and Arthur C. W. (1978) Geomagnetic Field Fluctuations at Synchronous Orbit, 2. Radial Diffusion, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3866.
41. Lennartsson W., Sharp R. D. and Zwickl R. D., (1985) Substorm Effects on the Plasma Sheet Ion Composition on March 22, 1979 (CDAW-6). J. Geophys. Res. 90, 1243-1252.
42. Lennartsson W. (1989) Energetic (0.1-16 KeV/e) Magnetospheric Ion Composition at Different Levels of Solar F10.7. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 3600-3610.
43. +, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys., 53, 1103.
44. Liemohn H. (1961) The Lifetime of Radiation Belt Protons with Energies Between 1 KeV and 1 MeV, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3593.
45. Luhn A., Klecker B., Hovestadt D., Gloeckler G., Ipavich F. M., Scholer M., Fan C. Y. and Fisk L. A. (1984) Ionic Charge States of N, Ne, Mg, Si and S in Solar Energetic Particle Events, Advances in Space Research, 4, 161.
46. Lyons L. R., Thorne R. M. and Kennell C. F. (1972) Pitch Angle Diffusion of Radiation Belt Electrons within the Plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 3455.
47. Lyons L. R. and Thorne R. M. (1973) Equilibrium Structure of Radiation Belt Electrons, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 2142.
48. Lundin R., Lyons L. R. and Pissarenko N. (1980) Observations of the Ring-Current Composition at L-values Less than 4, Geophys. Res. Letters, 7, 425.
49. McEntire R. W., Keath E. P., Fort D. E., Lui A. T. Y. and Krimigis S. M.: The Medium Energy Particle Analyzer (MEPA) on the AMPTE CCE Spacecraft, IEEE, GE-23, 230-233, 1985.
50. McGuire R. E., von Rosenvinge T. T. and McDonald F. B. (1986) The Composition of Solar Energetic Particles, Astrophysical Journal, 301, 938.
51. Mogro-Campero A. (1972) Geomagnetically Trapped Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen Nuclei, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 2799.
52. Mozer E. S. (1971) Power Spectra of the Magnetospheric Electric Field. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 3651-3667.
53. Nakada N. P. and Mead G. D. (1965) Diffusion of Protons in the Outer Radiation Belt, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4777.
54. Panasyuk M. I. (1980) Charge State of Energetic Ions [in Russian], Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 18, 83, 1980 with English Transladuon in: Cosmic Research, 18, 64.
55. Panasyuk M. I. (1980) Charge State of Energetic Ions [in Russian], Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 18, 83, 1980 with English Transladuon in: Cosmic Research, 18, 64.
56. Panasyuk M. I. and Vlasova N. A. (1981) Anisotropy of Fluxes of Protons and Alpha Particles with Energies Greater than 4 MeV in the Radiation Belts, Cosmic Research, 19, 52.
57. Parker E. N. (1960) Geomagnetic Fluctuations and the Form of the Outer Zone of the Van Allen Radiation Belt. J. Geophys. Res. 65, 3117-3130.
58. Reames D. V., Cane H. V. and voin Rosenvinge T. T. (1990) Energetic Particle Abundances in Solar Electron Events, Astrophysical Journal, 357, 259.
59. Reeves G., Cayton T. E., Gary S. P. and Belian R. D. (1992) The Great Solar Energetic Particle Events of 1989 Observed from Geosynchronous Orbit. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 6219-6226.
60. Riley P. and Wolf R. A. (1992) Comparison of Diffusion and Particle Drift Descriptions of Radial Transport in the Earth's Inner Magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 16865-16876.
61. Roederer J, G. (1970) Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation. Springer-Verlag, New York.
62. Rosenbluth M. N., McDonald W. M. and Judd D. L. (1957) Fokker-Planck Equation for an Inverse-Square Force. Phys. Rev. 107, 1.
63. Schulz M. and Lanzerotti L. J. (1974) Particle Diffusion in the Radiation Belts. Springer Verlag, New York.
64. + Ions in the Magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1844.
65. Sharp R. D., Johnson R. G. and Shelley E. G. (1974b) Satellite Measurement of Auroral Alpha Particles, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 5167.
66. + Ions During Two Magnetic Storms: Temporal Variations, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3283,
67. + Ions During Two Magnetic Storms: Latitudinal Variations, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3292.
68. Sharp R. D., Shelley E. G. and Johnson R. G. (1977a) A Search for Helium Ions in the Recovery Phase of a Magnetic Storm, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 2361.
69. Sharp R. D., Johnson R. G. and Shelley E. G. (1977b) Observation of an Ionospheric Acceleration Mechanism Producing Energetic (KeV) Ions Primarily Normal to the Geomagnetic Field Direction, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3324.
70. Sheldon R. B. and Hamilton D. C. Ion Transport and Loss in the Earth's Quiescent Ring Current: I. Data and Standard Model, J. Geophys. Res., in press.
71. Sheldon R. B. Ion Transport and Loss in the Earth's Ring Current: II. Diffusion and Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling, submitted to J. Geophys. Res.
72. Shelley E. G., Johnson R. G. and Sharp R. D. (1972) Satellite Observations of Energetic Heavy Ions During a Geomagnetic Storm, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 6104.
73. + Ions in the Magnetosphere, p. 135 in: Magnetospheric Physics, B. M. McCormac, ed., D. Reidel Publisher, Dortrecht-Holland.
74. Shelley E. G., Sharp R. D. and Johnson R. G. (1976a) Satellite Observations of an Ionospheric Acceleration Mechanism, Geophys. Res. Letters, 3, 654,
75. + Flux Measurements in the Dayside Cusp: Estimates of Convection Electric Field, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2363.
76. Shelley E. G., Sharp R. D. and Johnson R. G. (1977) Ion Composition in the Quiet Time Magnetosphere, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 58, 1217.
77. Smith P. H. and Bewtra N. K. (1978) Charge Exchange Lifetimes for Ring Current Ions, Space Science Reviews, 22, 301,
78. Spjeldvik W. N. (1977) Equilibrium Structure of Equatorially Mirroring Radiation Belt Protons. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 2801-2808.
79. Spjeldvik W. N. (1979) Expected Charge States of Energetic Ions in the Magnetosphere. Space Science Reviews 23, 499-538.
80. Spjeldvik W. N. and Fritz T. A. (1978a) Energetic Ionized Helium in the Quiet Time Radiation Belts: Theory and Comparison with Observation. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 654-662.
81. Spjeldvik W. N. and Fritz T. A. (1978b) Theory for Charge States of Energetic Oxygen Ions in the Earth's Radiation Belts. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1583-1594.
82. Spjeldvik W. N. and Fritz T. A. (1978c) Composition of the Hot Plasma in the Inner Magnetosphere: Observations and Theoretical Analysis of Protons, Helium Ions and Oxygen Ions, Space Research, XVIII, 317-320.
83. Spjeldvik W. N. and Fritz T. A. (1978d) Quiet Time Observations of Equatorially Trapped Megaelectronvolt Radiation Belt Ions with Nuclear Charge Z > = 4. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4401-4405.
84. Spjeldvik W. N. and Fritz T. A. (1981a) Observations of Energetic Helium Ions in the Earth's Radiation Belts During a Sequence of Magnetic Storms. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 2317-2328.
85. Spjeldvik W. N. and Fritz T. A. (1981b) Energetic Heavy Ions with Nuclear Charge Z > = 4 in the Equatorial Radiation Belts of the Earth: Magnetic Storms. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 2349-2357.
86. Spjeldvik W. N. and Fritz T. A. (1982) Experimental Determination of Geomagnetically Trapped Energetic Heavy Ion Fluxes, in: Advances in Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 5 (ed. R. G. Johnson) Terra Scientific Publishers, Tokyo, Japan.
87. Spjeldvik W. N. and Rothwell P. L. (1983) The Earth's Radiation Belts, Environmental Research Paper No. 854, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, U.S. Department of the Air Force, U.S. Government Printing Office Publication AFGL-TR-83-0240, Massachusetts.
88. Spjeldvik W. N. and Rothwell P. L. (1986) Chapter 5, The Radiation Belts, Handbook of Geophysics and Space Physics, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
89. Spjeldvik W. N. (1988) Consequences of the Duration of Solar Energetic Particle Associated Geomagnetic Storms on the Intensity of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation% p. 311-317 in Space Physics Modeling, American Geophysical Union Monograph No. 44, T. Moore and J. Waite, ed., Washington, D.C.
90. Spjeldvik W. N. (1991) Diffusive Transport of Solar Origin Energetic Carbon Ions Through the Earth's Magnetosphere: Predicted Phase Space Distributions, in: Physics of Space Plasmas (1990), SPI Conference Proceedings and Reprint Series, Number 10, T. Chang, G.B. Crew and J.R. Jasperse, eds. Scientific Publisheres, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
91. Torsti J. L., Eronen T., Mahonen, M., Riihonen, E., Schultz C. G., Kudela H. and Kananen H. (1992a) Search of Peculiarities in the Flux Profiles of GLE's in 1989, Proc. International Cosmic Rays 22nd, 3, 137-140.
92. Torsti J. L., Eronen T., Mahonen, M., Riihonen, E., Schultz C. G., Kudela H. and Kananen H. (1992b) Cosmic Ray Composition Anomalies, Proc. International Cosmic Rays 22nd, 3, 141-145.
93. Tverskoy B. A. (1964) Dynamics of the Radiation Belts of the Earth, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 4, 351.
94. Tverskoy B. A. (1965) Transport and Acceleration of Charged Particles in the Earth's Magnetosphere, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 5, 617.
95. Tverskoy B. A. (1969) The Earth's Radiation Belts, Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys., 7, 219.
96. Tverskoy B. A. (1971) Dynamics of the Earth's Radiation Belt Region, NASA Technical Translation, M-635, Washington, D.C.
97. Van Allen J. A., Randall B. A. and Krimigis S. M. (1970) Energetic C, N, O Nuclei in the Earth's Outer Radiation Zone, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 6085.
98. Walt M. (1971) The Radial Diffusion of Trapped Particles Induced by Fluctuating Magnetospheric Fields, Space Science Reviews, 12, 446.
99. Wentworth R. C., McDonald W. M. and Singer S. F. (1959) Lifetimes of Trapped Radiation Belt Particles Determined by Coulomb Scattering, Physics of Fluids, 2, 499.
100. Zwickl R. D. and Kunches J. (1989) Energetic Particle Events Observed by NOAA/GOES During Solar Cycle 22. EOS Trans. American Geophys. Union 70, 1258-1258.