Organizing integrity: American science and the creation of public interest organizations, 1955-1975

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 101, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 1592-1627

  Moore, Kelly ^a  

^a Barnard College of Columbia University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HISTORY; PUBLIC OPINION; SCIENCE; UNITED STATES;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; PUBLIC OPINION; SCIENCE; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0030136312     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/230868     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 1962. Committee on Science in the Promotion of Human Welfare."The Integrity of Science." Pamphlet. Barry Commoner Papers. Library of Congress. Box 437.
2. Allen, Jonathan. 1970. Introduction to March 4: Students, Scientists, and Society, edited by Jonathan Allen. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
3. "APS to Consider Whether It Should Discuss Public Issues." 1967 Physics Today 20 (November): 81.
4. Arditti, Rita. 1974. "Women as Objects: Science and Sexual Politics." Science for the People 6 (5): 8, 31.
5. Armor, David J., Joseph B. Ganquinta, R. Gordon McIntosh, and Diana E. H. Russell. 1967. "Professors' Attitudes toward the Vietnam War." Public Opinion Quarterly 31:159-75.
6. "Atomic Information Group Is Organized." 1958. St. Louis Post Dispatch, April 22.
7. Axelrod, Carol, and Ruth Crocker. 1974. "The Natural Birth of a Women's Group." Science for the People 6 (5): 15.
8. Beckwith, Jonathan. 1986. "The Radical Science Movement in the United States." Monthly Review 3:118-28.
9. Boyer, Paul. 1994. By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age, 2d ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
10. Breines, Wini. 1989. Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962-1968, 2d ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
11. Cahn, Anne Hessing. 1971. Eggheads and Warheads: Scientists and the ABM. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, Science and Public Policy Program, Department of Political Science.
12. Callon, Michel, and Bruno Latour. 1981. "Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: How Actors Macro-Structure Reality and How Sociologists Help Them to Do So." Pp. 277-303 in Advances in Social Theory and Methodology, edited by Karin Knorr-Cetina and Aaron V. Cicourel. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
13. Callon, Michel, John Law, and Arie Rip. 1986. "How to Study the Force of Science." Pp. 3-15 in Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology, edited by Michel Callon, John Law, and Arie Rip. London: MacMillan.
14. Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
15. Clemens, Elisabeth S. 1993. "Organizational Repertoires and Institutional Change: Women's Groups and the Transformation of U.S. Politics, 1890-1920." American Journal of Sociology 98:755-98.
16. CNI (Greater St. Louis Committee for Nuclear Information). 1958a. "Membership of the Group That Has Decided to Establish the Committee for Nuclear Information." Barry Commoner Papers. Library of Congress. Box 435.
17. _. 1958b. Public Relations and Executive Committee. Memo. January 3. Barry Commoner Papers. Library of Congress. Box 435.
18. _. 1963. "The Greater St. Louis Citizen's Committee for Nuclear Information." Barry Commoner Papers. Library of Congress. Box 435.
19. Collins, Harry M. 1988. "Public Experiments and Displays of Virtuosity." Social Studies of Science 18:725-48.
20. Commoner, Barry. 1958. "The Fallout Problem." Science 127:1023-26.
21. CUSC (Columbia University Strike Committee). 1968. "Why We Strike." Columbiana Archives. Columbia University.
22. Dauber, Kenneth. 1990. "Pueblo Pottery and the Politics of Regional Identity." Journal of the Southwest 32:576-96.
23. _. 1995. "Bureaucratizing the Ethnographer's Magic." Current Anthropology 36:75-95.
24. DeBendetti, Charles D. 1990. An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
25. Dickson, David. 1988. The New Politics of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. 1983. "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields." American Sociological Review 48:147-60.
27. Downey, Gary L. 1988. "Reproducing Cultural Identity in Negotiating Nuclear Power: The Union of Concerned Scientists and Emergency Core Cooling." Social Studies of Science 18:231-64.
28. Ebbin, Steven, and Raphael Kaspar. 1974. Citizen Groups and the Nuclear Power Controversy: Uses of Scientific and Technological Information. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
29. Ellul, Jacques. 1964. The Technological Society, translated by John W. Wilkinson. New York: Knopf.
30. Epstein, Steven. 1995. "The Construction of Lay Expertise: AIDS Activism and the Forging of Credibility in the Reform of Clinical Trials." Science, Technology and Human Values 20:408-37.
31. Ezrahi, Yaron. 1990. The Descent of Icarus: Science and the Transformation of Contemporary Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Fairfax, Sally. 1978. "A Disaster for the Environmental Movement." Science 199: 743-47.
33. Farber, David R. 1994. The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s. New York: Hill & Wang.
34. Fox, Stephen. 1985. The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
35. Fujimura, Joan H. 1992. "Crafting Science: Standardized Packages, Boundary Objects, and 'Translation.'" Pp. 168-211 in Science as Practice and Culture, edited by Andrew Pickering. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
36. Gailbraith, John Kenneth. 1967. The New Industrial State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
37. Gieryn, Thomas F. 1983. "Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Science from Nonscience: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists." American Sociological Review 48:781-95.
38. _. 1988. "Distancing Science from Religion in Seventeenth-Century England." Isis 79:582-93.
39. _. 1994. "Boundaries of Science." Pp. 393-443 in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, edited by Shiela Jasanoff, Gerald Markle, Trevor Pinch, and James Peterson. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
40. Gitlin, Todd. 1993. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. New York: Bantam.
41. Goffman, Erving. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Anchor Books.
42. Goldhaber, Michael, Martin Perl, Marc Ross, and Charlie Schwartz. 1969. "Announcing the Formation of a New Organization of Scientists Dedicated to Vigorous Social and Political Action." February. Author's files. Photocopied flyer.
43. Greenberg, Daniel S. 1971. The Politics of Pure Science. New York: New American Library.
44. Guston, David H. 1994. "The Demise of the Social Contract for Science: Misconduct in the Nonmodern World." Centennial Review 38:215-48.
45. Hirsch, Paul M. 1972. "Processing Fads and Fashion: An Organization-Set Analysis of Cultural Industry Systems." American Journal of Sociology 77:639-59.
46. Hodes, Elizabeth. 1982. "Precedents for Social Responsibility among Scientists: The American Association of Scientific Workers and the Federation of American Scientists, 1938-1948." Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of History.
47. Hollander, W. F. 1969. Letter to the editor. Science 127:1349.
48. "How Harvard Rules Women." 1970. Chicago: New University Conference.
49. Jasanoff, Sheila. 1987. "Contested Boundaries in Policy-Relevant Science." Social Studies of Science. 17:195-230.
50. _. 1990. The Fifth Branch: Scientists as Policymakers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
51. Jencks, Christopher. 1987. "Who Gives to What?" Pp. 321-39 in The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, edited by Walter W. Powell. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
52. Katz, Milton S. 1986. Ban the Bomb: A History of SANE, the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, 1957-1985. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
53. Kevles, Daniel J. 1978. The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America. New York: Knopf.
54. Kleidman, Robert. 1993. Organizing for Peace: Neutrality, the Test Ban, and the Freeze. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
55. Kleinman, Daniel Lee. 1995. Politics on the Endless Frontier: Postwar Research Policy in the United States. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
56. Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory. 1976. The Formation of the American Scientific Community: The American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1848-1860. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
57. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Kuznick, Peter J. 1987. Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. _. 1994. "The Ethical and Political Crisis of Science: The AAAS Confronts the War in Vietnam." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the History of Science, New Orleans, October.
60. Ladd, Everett Carll, and Seymour Martin Lipset. 1974. The Divided Academy: Professions and Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
61. Lapp, Ralph. 1965. The New Priesthood: The Scientific Elite and the Uses of Power. New York: Harper & Row.
62. Latour, Bruno. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
63. Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
64. Law, John. 1991. A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology, and Domination. Boston: Routledge.
65. Leslie, Stuart W. 1993. The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press.
66. Lewenstein, Bruce V. 1991. "The AAAS and Scientific Perspectives on Public Understanding, 1945-1985." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.
67. _. 1992. "The Meaning of 'Public Understanding of Science' in the United States after World War II." Public Understanding of Science 1:45-68.
68. Lilley, William, and James C. Miller III. 1977. "The New 'Social Regulation.'" Public Interest 47:49-61.
69. Luker, Kristin. 1984. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
70. Lynch, Michael. 1985. Art and Artifact in Laboratory Science: A Study of Shop Work and Shop Talk in a Research Laboratory. New York: Routledge.
71. March, James G., and Herbert A. Simon. 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley.
72. Marcuse, Herbert. 1964. One Dimensional Man. Boston: Beacon.
73. McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
74. McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1973. The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press.
75. _. 1977. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory." A merican Journal of Sociology 82:1212-41.
76. Merton, Robert R. 1973. "The Normative Structure of Science." Pp. 266-78 in The Sociology of Science, edited by Norman W. Stover. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
77. MIT SDS (MIT Students for a Democratic Society). 1969. M.I.T. and the Warfare State. Cambridge, Mass.: War Research Subcommittee of the MIT SDS. Author's files. Pamphlet.
78. Moore, Kelly, and Elisabeth S. Clemens. 1994. "Scientists, Constituencies, and Political Action." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Social Study of Science, New Orleans, October 15.
79. Morgan, Edward P. 1991. The 60s Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
80. Mulkay, Michael. 1974. "Norms and Ideology in Science." Social Science Information 15:637-56.
81. National Research Council. 1996. Survey of Earned Doctorates.
82. Nelkin, Dorothy. 1971. The University and Military Research. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
83. Noble, David. 1977. America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Knopf.
84. NSF (National Science Foundation). 1973. Employment of Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 1950-1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
85. _. 1978. National Patterns of R and D Resources: Funds and Manpower in the United States, 1953-1977. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
86. Oertel, Goetz K. 1968. Letter to the editor. Physics Today 20 (February): 11.
87. Perl, Martin L. 1970. "The 'New Critics' in American Science." New Scientist 9: 63-65.
88. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Gerald Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations. New York: Harper & Row.
89. Powell, Walter W., and Paul DiMaggio, eds. 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
90. Primack, Joel, and Frank von Hippel. 1974. Advise and Dissent: Scientists in the Policy Arena. New York: Basic Books.
91. Roszak, Theodore. 1969. The Making of a Counterculture: Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books.
92. Rothschild-Whitt, Joyce. 1979. "The Collectivist Organization: An Alternative to Rational Bureaucratic Models." American Sociological Review 44:509-27.
93. SACC (Science Action Coordinating Committee). 1969a. Letter from Alan Chodos, Joel Feigenbaum, Jonathan Kabat, and Ira Rubenzahl with 182 MIT graduate student and faculty signatures to Lee A. DuBridge, special assistant to the president. January 17. Author's files.
94. _. 1969b. "SACC's Demands Have Not Been Met." April 15. Author's files.
95. Saletan, Eugene J. 1968. Letter to the editor. Physics Today 20 (February): 11.
96. Schuman, Howard, and Edward O. Laumann. 1967. "Do Most Professors Support the War?" Trans-Action 5:32-35.
97. Schwartz, Charles. 1968. Letter to the editor. Physics Today 20 (January): 9.
98. SDS (Students for a Democratic Society). 1962. "The Port Huron Statement." Pp. 176-96 in The Sixties Papers, edited by Judith Clavir Albert and Stewart Edward Albert. New York: Praeger.
99. Selznick, Philip. 1949. TVA and the Grassroots: A Study in the Sociology of Formal Organization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
100. Shapin, Steven. 1992. "Discipline and Bounding." History of Science 30:333-69.
101. Shapin, Steven, and Simon Schaffer. 1985. Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and Experimental Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
102. Simon, Herbert A. 1976. Administrative Behavior, 3d ed. New York: Free Press.
103. SIPI (Scientists' Institute for Public Information). 1964. SIPI Newsletter. April. Author's files.
104. _. 1980. SIPIscope. Spring. Author's files.
105. Smith, Alice Kimball. 1965. A Peril and a Hope: The Scientist's Movement in America, 1945-1947. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
106. Sokal, Michael, 1986. "Companions in Zealous Research." American Scientist 74: 486-508.
107. Spender, Stephen. 1969. The Year of the Young Rebels. New York: Random House.
108. SSPA (Scientists for Social and Political Action). 1969. Scientists for Social and Political Action Newsletter 1 (February 23): 4.
109. Star, Susan Leigh, and James R. Griesemer. 1989. "Institutional Ecology, 'Translations,' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-1939." Social Studies of Science 19:3157-420.
110. "State and Society." 1968. Physics Today. July, p. 75.
111. Strickland, Donald A. 1968. Scientists in Politics. Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press.
112. "Technical Assistance Program." 1970. Science for the People. 2:2.
113. Turner, Frank M. 1980. "Public Science in Britain, 1880-1919." Isis 71:589-608.
114. Turner, Stephen P. 1990. "Forms of Patronage." Pp. 185-211 in Theories of Science in Society, edited by Susan E. Cozzens and Thomas F. Gieryn. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
115. UCS (Union of Concerned Scientists) Papers. Archives and Special Collections, MIT.
116. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1973. Employment of Scientists and Engineers, 1950-1970. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
117. Walsh, Edward. 1988. Democracy in the Shadows: Citizen Mobilization in the Wake of the Accident at Three Mile Island. New York: Greenwood.
118. Weber, Max. 1946a. "Bureaucracy." Pp. 196-244 in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University Press.
119. _. 1946b. "Science as a Vocation." Pp. 129-56 in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University Press.
120. Wittner, Lawrence S. 1987. Rebels against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933-1983. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
121. Wolfle, Dael. 1989, Renewing a Scientific Society: The American Association for the Advancement of Science from World War II to 1970. Washington, D.C.: American Academy for the Advancement of Science.
122. Zuckerman, Harriet. 1977. "Deviant Behavior and Social Control in Science." Pp. 87-137 in Deviance and Social Change, edited by E. A. Sagarin. Beverley Hills, Calif.: Sage.