Transgenic modeling of neuropsychiatric disorders

Molecular Psychiatry

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 105-120

  Campbell, I L ^a   Gold, L H ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Behavior; Dementia; Neuropathology; Targeted gene disruption

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MOUSE; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MODELS, GENETIC;

EID: 0030133621     PISSN: 13594184     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Rutter M. Psychiatric genetics: research challenges and pathways forward. Am J Med Genet 1994; 54: 185-198.
2. Schellenberg GD. Genetic dissection of Alzheimer's disease, a heterogenous disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 8552-8559.
3. Prusiner SB. Biology and genetics of prion diseases. Annu Rev Microbiol 1994; 48: 655-686.
4. Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell 1993; 72: 971-983.
5. Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 1993; 262: 578-580.
6. Sutcliffe JG, Travis GH, Danielson P et al. Molecular approaches to genes of the CNS. In: Anderson VE, Hauser WA, Leppik IE, Noebels JL, Rich SS (eds). Genetic Strategies in Epilepsy Research (Epilepsy Res Suppl 4). Elsevier: New York, 1991, pp 213-223.
7. Jaenisch R. Transgenic animals. Science 1988; 240: 1468-1472.
8. Muller U, Cristina N, Li Z-W et al. Behavioral and anatomical deficits in mice homozygous for a modified β-amyloid precursor protein gene. Cell 1994; 79: 755-765.
9. Forss-Petter S, Danielson PE, Catsicus S et al. Transgenic mice expressing beta-galactosidase in mature neurons under neuron-specific enolase promoter control. Neuron 1990; 5: 187-197.
10. Gow A, Friedrich JVL, Lazzarini RA. Myelin basic protein gene contains separate enhancers for oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell expression. J Cell Biol 1992; 119: 605-616.
11. Mucke L, Oldstone MBA, Morris JC, Nerenberg MI. Rapid activation of astrocyte-specific expression of GFAP-lacZ transgene by focal injury. New Biol 1991; 3: 465-474.
12. Allison J, Campbell IL, Morahan G, Mandel TE, Harrison LC, Miller JFAP. Diabetes in transgenic mice resulting from over-expression of class I histocompatibility molecules in pancreatic: β cells. Nature 1988; 333: 529-533.
13. 2-microglobulin in transgenic mouse islet β cells results in defective insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 2070-2074.
14. Turnley AM, Morahan G, Okano H et al. Dysmyelination in transgenic mice resulting from expression of class I histocompatibility molecules in oligodendrocytes. Nature 1991; 353: 566-569.
15. Campbell IL, Abraham CR, Masliah E et al. Neurologic disease induced in transgenic mice by the cerebral overexpression of interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 10061-10065.
16. Chiang C-S, Powell HC, Gold L, Samimi A, Campbell IL. Macrophage/microglial-mediated primary demyelination and motor disease induced by the central nervous system production of interleukin-3 in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 1512-1524.
17. Palmiter RD, Brinster RL. Germ-line transformation of mice. Ann Rev Genet 1986; 20: 465-499.
18. Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J et al. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science 1995; 268: 1763-1766.
19. Campbell IL. Neuropathogenic actions of cytokines assessed in transgenic mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 1994; 13: 275-284.
20. Toggas SM, Masliah E, Rockenstein EM, Rall GF, Abraham CR, Mucke L. Central nervous system damage produced by expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gp120 in transgenic mice. Nature 1994; 367: 188-193.
21. Furth PA, St Onge L, Boger H et al. Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 9302-9306.
22. Shockett P, Difilippantonio M, Hellman N, Schatz DG. A modified tetracycline-regulated system provides autoregulatory, inducible gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 6522-6526.
23. Gossen M, Freundlieb S, Bender G, Muller G, Hillen W, Bujard H. Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells. Science 1995; 268: 1766-1769.
24. Capecchi M. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 1989; 244: 1288-1292.
25. Forrest D, Yuzaki M, Soares HD et al. Targeted disruption of NMDA receptor 1 gene abolishes NMDA response and results in neonatal death. Neuron 1994; 13: 325-338.
26. Gu H, Marth JD, Orban PC, Mossmann H, Rajewsky K. Deletion of a DNA polymerase β gene segment in T cells using type-specific gene targeting. Science 1994; 265: 103-106.
27. Kuhn R, Schwenk F, Aguet M, Rajewsky K. Inducible gene targeting in mice. Science 1995; 269: 1427-1429.
28. Bocci V. Central nervous system toxicity of interferons and other cytokines. J Biol Regulators Homeostat Agents 1988; 2: 107-118.
29. Cotton P. Constellation of risks and processes seen in search for Alzheimer's clues. J Am Med Assoc 1994; 271: 89-91.
30. Spencer DC, Price RW. Human immunodeficiency virus and the central nervous system. Ann Rev Microbiol 1992; 46: 655-693.
31. Selkoe DJ. The molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 1991; 6: 487-498.
32. Prusiner SB. Molecular biology of prion diseases. Science 1991; 252: 1515-1522.
33. Geleziunas R, Schipper HM, Wainberg MA. Pathogenesis and therapy of HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. AIDS 1992; 6: 1411-1426.
34. Epstein LG, Gendelman HE. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the nervous system: pathogenetic mechanisms. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 429-436.
35. Benveniste EN. Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: sources, function, and mechanism of action. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: C1-C16.
36. Merrill JE. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 and related cytokines in brain development: normal and pathological. Dev Neurosci 1992; 14: 1-10.
37. The Dutch-Belgian Fragile X Consortium. Fmr1 knockout mice: a model to study fragile X mental retardation. Cell 1994; 78: 23-33.
38. Grant SGN, Silva A. Targeting learning. Trends Neurosci 1994; 17: 71-75.
39. Zheng H, Jiang M, Trumbauer ME et al. β-amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice show reactive gliosis and decreased locomotor activity. Cell 1995; 81: 525-531.
40. Mattiace LA, Davies PY S-H, Dickson DW. Microglia in cerebellar plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathologica 1990; 80: 493-498.
41. Kalaria RN. The immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease and some related disorders. Brain Pathol 1993; 3: 333-347.
42. McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Kawamata T, Yamata T, Akiyama H. Reactions of the immune system in chronic degenerative diseases. Can J Neurol Sci 1991; 18: 376-379.
43. Wisniewski H, Wisniewski HM, Wen GY. Occurrence of neuropathological changes and dementia of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol 1985; 17: 278-282.
44. Rockenstein EM, McConologue L, Tan H, Power M, Masliah E, Mucke L. Levels and alternative splicing of amyloid β protein precursor (APP) transcripts in brains of APP transgenic mice and humans with Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 1-11.
45. Johnson SA, McNeill T, Cordell B, Finch CE. Relation of neuronal APP-751/APP-695 mRNA ratio and neuritic plaque density in Alzheimer's disease. Science 1990; 248: 854-857.
46. Sisodia SS, Martin LJ, Walker LG, Borchelt DR, Price DL. Cellular and molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease and animal models. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1995; 5: 59-68.
47. Krzanowski JJ. Modeling Alzheimer's disease in transgenic mice. J Florida Med Assoc 1994; 91: 625-628.
48. Lannfeldt L, Folkesson R, Mohammed AH et al. Alzheimer's disease: molecular and transgenic animal models. Behav Brain Res 1993; 57: 207-213.
49. Quon D, Wang YRC, Scardina JM, Murakami K, Cordell B. Formation of β-amyloid protein deposits in brains of transgenic mice. Nature 1991; 352: 239-241.
50. Higgins LS, Catalano R, Quon D, Cordell B. Transgenic mice expressing human β-APP751, but not mice expressing β-APP695, display early Alzheimer's disease-like histopathology. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 695: 224-227.
51. Higgins LS, Holtzman DM, Rabin J, Mobley WC, Cordell B. Transgenic mouse brain histopathology resembles early Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1994; 35: 598-607.
52. Moran PM, Higgins LS, Cordell B, Moser PC. Age-related learning deficits in transgenic mice expressing the 751-amino acid isoform of human β-amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 5341-5345.
53. Games D, Adams D, Alessandrini R et al. Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice ovorexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein. Nature 1995; 373: 523-527.
54. LaFerla FM, Tinkle BT, Bieberich GJ, Haudenschild CC, Jay G. The Alzheimer's Aβ peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice. Nature Genet 1995; 9: 21-30.
55. Hsiao KK, Borchelt DR, Olson K et al. Age-related CNS disorder and early death in transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins. Neuron 1995; 15: 1203-1218.
56. Selkoe DJ. Physiological production of β-amyloid protein and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 1993; 16: 403-409.
57. Marotta CA, Majocha RE, Tate B. Molecular and cellular biology of Alzheimer amyloid. J Mol Neurosci 1992; 3: 111-125.
58. Masliah E, Mallory M, Ge N, Alford M, Veinbergs I, Roses AD. Neurodegeneration in the central nervous system of apoE-deficient mice. Exp Neurol 1995; 136: 107-122.
59. Gotz J, Probst A, Spillantini MG et al. Somatodendritic localization and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in transgenic mice expressing the longest human brain tau isoform. EMBO J 1995; 14: 1304-1313.
60. Griffin WST, Stanley LC, Ling C et al. Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoroactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 7611-7615.
61. Friend WC, Clapoff S, Landry C et al. Cell-specific expression of high levels of human SlOOb in transgenic mouse brain is dependent on gene dosage. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 4337-4346.
62. Gerlai R, Wojtowicz JM, Marks A, Roder A. Overexpression of a calcium-binding protein, S100β, in astrocytes alters synaptic plasticity and impairs spatial learning in mice. Learning and Memory 1995; 2: 26-39.
63. Prusiner SB. Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science 1982; 216: 136-144.
64. Kocisko DA, Come JH, Priola SA et al. Cell-free formation of protease resistant priori protein. Nature 1994; 370: 471-474.
65. Oesch B, Westaway D, Walchli M et al. Acellular gene encodes scrapie PrP 27-30 protein. Cell 1985; 40: 735-746.
66. Hsiao KK, Scott M, Foster D, Groth DF, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB. Spontaneous neurodegeneration in transgenic mice with mutant prion protein. Science 1990; 250: 1587-1590.
67. Hsiao KK, Groth D, Scott M et al. Serial transmission in rodents of neurodegeneration from transgenic mice expressing mutant prion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 9126-9130.
68. Bueler H, Fischer M, Lang Y et al. Normal development and behaviour of mice lacking the neuronal cell-surface PrP protein. Nature 1992; 356: 577-582.
69. Collinge J, Whittington MA, Sidle KCL et al. Prion protein is necessary for normal synaptic function. Nature 1994; 370: 295-297.
70. Whittington MA, Sidle KCL, Gowland I et al. Rescue of neurophysiological phenotype seen in PrP null mice by transgene encoding human prion protein. Nature Med 1995; 9: 197-201.
71. Prusiner SB, Groth D, Serban A et al. Ablation of the prion protein (PrP) gene in mice prevents scrapie and facilitates production of anti-PrP antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 10608-10612.
72. Bueler H, Aguzzi A, Sailer A, Greiner R-A, Autenried P, Weissmann C. Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie. Cell 1993; 73: 1339-1347.
73. Prusiner SB, Scott M, Foster D et al. Transgenetic studies implicate interactions between homologous PrP isoforms in scrapie prion replication. Cell 1990; 63: 673-686.
74. Westaway D, DeArmond SJ, Cayetano-Canias J et al. Degeneration of skeletal muscle, peripheral nerves, and the central nervous system in transgenic mice overexprossing wild-type prion proteins. Cell 1994; 76: 117-129.
75. Scott M, Foster D, Mirenda C et al. Transgenic mice expressing hamster prion protein produce species-specific scrapie infectivity and amyloid plaques. Cell 1989; 59: 847-857.
76. Race RE, Priola SA, Bessen RA et al. Neuron-specific expression of a hamster prion protein minigene in transgenic mice induces susceptibility to hamster scrapie agent. Neuron 1995; 15: 1183-1191.
77. Telling GC, Scott M, Mastrianni J et al. Prion propagation in mice expressing human and chimeric PrP transgenes implicates the interaction of cellular PrP with another protein. Cell 1995; 83: 79-90.
78. Collinge J, Palmer MS, Sidle KCL et al. Unaltered susceptibility to BSE in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. Nature 1995; 378: 779-783.
79. Wigdhal B, Kunsch C. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and neurologic dysfunction. Prog Med Virol 1990; 37: 1-46.
80. McArthur JC. Neurologic manifestations of AIDS. Medicine 1987; 66: 407-437.
81. Navia BA, Barry BD, Price RW. The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol 1986; 19: 517-524.
82. Dal Canto MC. AIDS and the nervous system: current status and future perspectives. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 410-417.
83. Sharer LR. Pathology of HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1992; 51: 3-11.
84. Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA, Lambert PW, Oldstone MBA. Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency virus syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7089-7093.
85. Koenig S, Gendelman HE, Orenstein JM et al. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 1986; 233: 1089-1093.
86. Benveniste EN. Cytokine circuits in the brain: implications for AIDS dementia complex. In: Price RW, Perry SW (eds). HIV, AIDS and the Brain. Raven Press: New York, 1994, pp 71-87.
87. Epstein LG, Sharer LR, Goudsmit J. Neurological and neuropathological features of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children. Ann Neurol 1988; 23 (Suppl): S19-S23.
88. Merrill JE, Chen IY. HIV-1, macrophages, glial cells, and cytokines in AIDS nervous system disease. FASEB J 1991; 5: 2391-2396.
89. Lipton SA. HIV-related neurotoxicity. Brain Pathol 1991; 1: 193-199.
90. Berrada F, Ma D, Michaud J, Doucet G, Giroux L, Kessous-Elbaz A. Neuronal expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env proteins in transgenic mice: distribution in the central nervous system and pathological alterations. J Virol 1995; 69: 6770-6778.
91. Thomas FP, Chalk C, Lalonde R, Robitaille Y, Jolicoeur P. Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the nervous system of transgenic mice leads to neurological disease. J Immunol 1994; 68: 7099-7107.
92. 1 induces distinct neuropathology in transgenic mice. Soc Neurosci 1993; 19 (Abstr): 225.
93. Galbreath E, Kim S-J, Park K, Brenner M, Messing A. Overexpression of TGF-β1 in the central nervous system of transgenic mice results in hydrocephalus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995; 54: 339-349.
94. Wyss-Coray T, Feng L, Masliah E et al. Increased central nervous system production of extracellular matrix components and development of hydrocephalus in transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor-β1. Am J Pathol 1995; 147: 53-67.
95. Gold LH, Heyser CJ, Roberts AJ et al. Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of CNS expression of cytokines in transgenic mice. In: Sharp B, Eisenstein C, Friedman H (eds). In: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on AIDS, Drugs of Abuse and the Neuroimmune Axis. Plenum Press: New York, 1996 (in press).
96. Brett FM, Mizisin AP, Powell HC, Campbell IL. Evolution of neuropathologic abnormalities associated with blood-brain barrier breakdown in transgenic mice expressing interleukin-6 in astrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995; 54: 766-775.
97. Mucke L, Masliah E, Campbell IL. Transgenic models to assess the neuropathogenic potential of HIV-1 proteins and cytokines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994; 202: 187-205.
98. Campbell IL, Eddleston M, Kemper P, Oldstone MBA, Hobbs MV. Activation of cerebral cytokine gene expression and its correlation with onset of reactive astrocyte and acute-phase response gene expression in scrapie. J Virol 1994; 68: 2383-2387.
99. Williams AE, Lawson LJ, Perry VH, Fraser H. Characterization of the microglial response in murine scrapie. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 1994; 20: 47-55.
100. Opitz JM, Sutherland GR. International workshop on the fragile X and X-linked mental retardation. Am J Med Genet 1984; 17: 5-94.
101. Fu Y-H, Kuhl DPA, Pizzuti A et al. Variation of the CGG repeat at the fragile X site results in genetic instability: resolution of the Sherman paradox. Cell 1991; 67: 1047-1058.
102. Oberle I, Rousseau F, Heitz D et al. Instability of a 550 base pair DNA segment and abnormal methylation in fragile X syndrome. Science 1991; 252: 1097-1102.
103. Verkerk AJMH, Oieretti M, Sutcliffe JS et al. Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a fragile X breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome. Cell 1991; 65: 904-914.
104. Yu S, Pritchard M, Kremer E et al. Fragile X genotype characterized by an unstable region of DNA. Science 1991; 252: 1179-1181.
105. Pieretti M, Zhang F, Fu Y-H et al. Absence of expression of the FMR-1 gene in fragile X syndrome. Cell 1991; 66: 817-822.
106. Sharp AH, Loev SJ, Schilling G et al. Widespread expression of Huntington's disease gene (IT15) protein product. Neuron 1995; 14: 1065-1074.
107. Joy Y-S, Myers RM. Evidence from antibody studies that the CAG repeat in the Huntington's disease gene is expressed in the protein. Hum Mol Gen 1995; 4: 465-469.
108. Nasir JSBF, O'Kusky JR et al. Targeted disruption of the Hungtington's disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes. Cell 1995; 81: 811-823.
109. Duyao MP, Auerbach AB, Ryan A et al. Inactivation of the mouse Huntington's disease gene homolog Hdh. Science 1995; 269: 407-410.
110. Zeitlin S, Liu J-P, Chapman DL, Papaioannou VE. Efstratiadis A. Increased apoptosis and early embryonic death in mice nullizygous for the Huntington's disease gene homologue. Nature Genet 1995; 11: 155-163.
111. Lin B, Nasir J, MacDonald H et al. Sequence of the murine Huntington's disease gene: evidence for conservation, alternate splicing and polymorphism in a triplet (CCG) repeat. Hum Mol Gen 1994; 3: 85-92.
112. Chen C, Rainnie D, Greene R, Tonegawa S. Abnormal fear response and aggressive behavior in mutant mice deficient for α-calcium-calmodulin kinase II. Science 1994; 266: 291-294.
113. 1b receptor. Science 1994; 265: 1875-1878.
114. Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Snyder SH. A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain: the free radical nitric oxide. Neurol Prog 1992; 32: 297-311.
115. Huang PL, Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Snyder SH, Fishman MC. Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene. Cell 1993; 75: 1273-1286.
116. O'Dell TJ, Huang PL, Dawson TM et al. Endothelial NOS and the blockade of LTP by NOS inhibitors in mice lacking neuronal NOS. Science 1994; 265: 542-546.
117. Nelson KJ, Demas MC, Huang PL et al. Behavioral abnormalities in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nature 1995; 378: 383-396.
118. Dawson TM. Nitric oxide: a brake for bad behavior. Mol Psychiat 1996; 1: 9-10.
119. Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 425-473.
120. Koob GF. Behavioral responses to stress. Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor. In: Brown MR, Koob GF, Rivier C (eds). Stress, Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology. Marcel Dekker: New York, 1991, pp 255-271.
121. Behan DP, Heinrichs SC, Troncoso J et al. Displacement of corticotropin releasing factor from its binding protein as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1995; 378: 284-287.
122. Muglia L, Jacobson L, Dikkes P, Majzoub JA. Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency reveals major fetal but not adult glucocorticoid need. Nature 1995; 373: 427-432.
123. Stenzel-Poore MP, Heinrichs SC, Rivest S, Koob GF, Vale WW. Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice: a genetic model of anxiogenic behavior. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 2579-2584.
124. Heinrichs S, Stenzel-Poore M, Gold L et al. Learning impairment in transgenic mice with central overexpression of corticotropin-releasing factor. Neuroscience 1996; (in press).
125. Pepin M-C, Pothier F, Barden N. Impaired type II glucocorticoid-receptor function in mice bearing antisense RNA transgene. Nature 1992; 355: 725-728.
126. Beaulieu S, Rousse I, Gratton A, Barden N, Rochford J. Behavioral and endocrine impact of impaired type II glucocorticoid receptor function in a transgenic mouse model. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 746; 388-391.
127. Montkowski A, Barden N, Wotjak C et al. Long-term antidepressant treatment reduces behavioural deficits in transgenic mice with impaired glucocorticoid receptor function. J Neuroendocrinol 1995; 7: 841-845.
128. 2α serotonin receptors. Nature 1995; 374: 542-546.
129. Nestler EJ. Hard target: understanding dopaminergic neurotransmission. Cell 1994; 79: 923-926.
130. 1A dopamine receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 12564-12568.
131. Xu M, Moratalla R, Gold LH et al. Dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice are deficient in striatal expression of dynorphin and in dopamine-mediated behavioral responses. Cell 1994; 79: 729-742.
132. Xu M, Hu X, Cooper D et al. Elimination of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects in dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice. Cell 1994; 79: 945-955.
133. Miner L, Drago J, Chamberlain P, Donovan D, Uhl G. Retained cocaine conditioned place preference in D1 receptor deficient mice. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 2314-2316.
134. Baik J-A, Picetti R, Saiardi A et al. Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 1995; 377: 424-428.
135. Accili D, Fishburn C, Drago J et al. D3 dopamine receptor knock-out mice. Soc Neurosci 1995; 21 (Abstr): 364.
136. Xu M, Caine S, Copper D et al. Analyses of dopamine D3 and D1 receptor mutant mice. Soc Neurosci 1995; 21 (Abstr): 363.
137. Koeltzow T, Cooper D, Hu X, Xu M, Tonegawa S, White F. In vivo effects of dopaminergic ligands in dopamine D3 receptor deficient mice. Soc Neurosci 1995; 21 (Abstr): 364.
138. Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM, Caron MG. Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking dopamine transporter. Nature 1996; 379: 606-612.
139. Mayford M, Abel T, Kandel ER. Transgenic approaches to cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995; 5: 141-148.
140. Aiba A, Kano M, Chen C et al. Deficient cerebellar long-term depression and impaired motor learning in mGluR1 mutant mice. Cell 1994; 79: 377-388.
141. Aiba A, Chen C, Herrup K, Rosenmund C, Stevens C, Tonegawa S. Reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation and context-specific deficit in associative learning in mGluR1 mutant mice. Cell 1994; 79: 365-375.
142. Conquet F, Bashir Z, Davies G et al. Motor deficit and impairment of synaptic plasticity in mice lacking mGluR1. Nature 1994; 372: 237-243.
143. Silva AJ, Paylor R, Wehner JM, Tonegawa S. Impaired spatial learning in α-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice. Science 1992; 257: 206-211.
144. Silva AJ, Stevens CF, Tonegawa S, Wang Y. Deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation in α-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice. Science 1992; 257: 201-206.
145. Grant SGN, O'Dell TJ, Karl KA, Stein PL, Soriano P, Kandel ER. Impaired long-term potentiation, spatial learning, and hippocampal development in fyn mutant mice. Science 1992; 258: 1903-1910.
146. Abeliovich A, Paylor R, Chen C, Kim J, Wehner J, Tonegawa S. PKCγ mutant mice exhibit mild deficits in spatial and contextual learning. Cell 1993; 75: 1263-1271.
147. Wu Z-L, Thomas SA, Villacres EC et al. Altered behavior and long-term potentiation in type I adenylyl cyclase mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 220-224.
148. Bourtchuladze R, Frenguelli B, Blendy J, Cioffi D, Schutz G, Silva AJ. Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) protein. Cell 1994; 79: 59-68.