Hereditary intermediate phenotypes in African American hypertension

Ethnicity and Health

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 117-128

  Kailasam, Mala T ^a   O'Connor, Daniel T ^a,b   Parmer, Robert J ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; Ethnicity; Genetics; Hypertension

Indexed keywords

AROUSAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CAUCASIAN; ETHNOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NEGRO; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AROUSAL; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MODELS, GENETIC; PHENOTYPE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0030132782     PISSN: 13557858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13557858.1996.9961778     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Kurtz TW, Spence MA. Genetics of essential hypertension. Am J Med 1993; 94: 77-84.
2. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ et al. Definition of genetic factors in hypertension: a search for major genes, polygenes, and homogeneous subtypes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988; 12: S7-20.
3. Williams RR. Will gene markers predict hypertension? Hypertension 1989; 14: 610-3.
4. Lifton RP. Genetic factors in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 258-64.
5. Stamler J, Stamler R, Riedlinger WF, Algera G, Roberts RH. Hypertension screening of 1 million Americans: Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic (CHEC) program, 1973 through 1975. JAMA 1976; 235: 2299-306.
6. Levy SB, Talner LB, Coel MN, Holle R, Stone RA. Renal vasculature in essential hypertension: racial differences. Ann Intern Med 1978; 88: 12-6.
7. Entwistle G, Apostolides AY, Hebel JR, Henderson MM. Target organ damage in black hypertensives. Circulation 1977; 55: 792-6.
8. Gillum RF. Pathophysiology of hypertension in blacks and whites: a review of the basis of racial blood pressure differences. Hypertension 1979; 1: 468-75.
9. Hall WD. Hypertension in blacks. In: Wollam GL, Hall WD, Eds. Hypertension Management: Clinical Practice and Therapeutic Dilemmas. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc; 1988: 103-41.
10. Grim CE, Wilson TW, Nicholson GD et al. Blood pressure in blacks: twin studies in Barbados. Hypertension 1990; 15: 803-9.
11. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ et al. Multigenic human hypertension: evidence for subtypes and hope for haplotypes. J Hypertens 1990; 8: S39-46.
12. Canessa M, Adragna N, Solomon HS, Connolly TM, Tosteson DC. Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in red cells of patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 772-6.
13. Lifton RP, Hopkins PN, Williams RR, Hollenberg NK, Williams GH, Dluhy RG. Evidence for heritability of nonmodulating essential hypertension. Hypertension 1989; 13: 884-9.
14. Williams GH, Dluhy RG, Lifton RP et al. Nonmodulation as an intermediate phenotype in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1992; 20: 788-96.
15. Lalouel JM, Morton NE. Complex segregation analysis with pointers. Hum Hered 1985; 31: 312-21.
16. Ott J. A short guide to linkage analysis. In: Davies KE, Ed. Human Genetic Diseases: a practical approach. Oxford, UK: IRL Press; 1986: 19-32.
17. Lander ES. Mapping complex genetic traits in humans. In: Davies KE, Ed. Genome Analysis: a practical approach. Oxford, UK: IRL Press; 1988: 171-87.
18. Voors AW, Webber LS, Berenson GS. Racial contrasts in cardiovascular response tests for children from a total community. Hypertension 1980; 2: 686-94.
19. Hohn AR, Riopel DA, Keil JE et al. Childhood familial and racial differences in physiologic and biochemical factors related to hypertension. Hypertension 1983; 5: 56-70.
20. Murphy JK, Alpert BS, Moes DM, Somes GW. Race and cardiovascular reactivity: a neglected relationship. Hypertension 1986; 8: 1075-83.
21. Murphy JK, Alpert BS, Walker SS, Willey ES. Race and cardiovascular reactivity: a replication. Hypertension 1988; 11: 308-11.
22. Light KC, Obrist PA, Sherwood A, James SA, Strogatz DS. Effects of race and marginally elevated blood pressure on responses to stress. Hypertension 1987; 10: 555-63.
23. Anderson NB, Lane JD, Muranaka M, Williams RB Jr, Houseworth SJ. Racial differences in blood pressure and forearm vascular responses to the cold face stimulus. Psychosom Med 1988; 50: 57-63.
24. Anderson NB, Lane JD, Taguchi F, Williams RB Jr, Houseworth SJ. Race, parental history of hypertension, and patterns of cardiovascular reactivity in women. Psychophysiology 1989; 26: 39-47.
25. Anderson NB, Williams RB Jr, Lane JD, Houseworth S, Muranaka M. Parental history of hypertension and cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress in young black women. J Psychosom Res 1987; 31: 723-9.
26. Anderson NB, Myers HF, Pickering T, Jackson JS. Hypertension in blacks: psychosocial and biological perspectives. J Hypertens 1989; 7: 161-72.
27. Anderson NB. Racial differences in stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension: current status and substantive issues. Psychol Bull 1989; 105: 89-105.
28. Calhoun DA, Mutinga ML, Collins AS, Wyss JM, Oparil S. Normotensive blacks have heightened sympathetic response to cold pressor test. Hypertension 1993; 22: 801-05.
29. Anderson NB, McNeilly M. Autonomic reactivity and hypertension in blacks: toward a contextual model. In: Fray JCS, Douglas JG, Eds. Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Blacks. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993: 107-39.
30. West MJ, Korner PI. The baroreceptor-heart rate reflex in renal hypertension in the rabbit. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1974; 1: 231-9.
31. Aars H. Aortic baroreceptor activity in normal and hypertensive rabbits. Acta Physiol Scand 1968; 72: 298-309.
32. Bristow JD, Honour AJ, Pickering GW, Sleight P, Smyth HS. Diminished baroreflex sensitivity in high blood pressure. Circulation 1969; 39: 48-54.
33. Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, Peto R. Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 1971; 29: 424-31.
34. Takeshita A, Tanaka S, Kuroiwa A, Nakamura M. Reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in borderline hypertension. Circulation 1975; 51: 738-42.
35. Eckberg DL. Carotid baroreflex function in young men with borderline blood pressure elevation. Circulation 1979; 59: 632-6.
36. Goldstein DS, Horwitz D, Keiser HR. Comparison of techniques for measuring baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circulation 1982; 66: 432-9.
37. Parmer RJ, Cervenka JH, Stone RA, O'Connor DT. Autonomic function in hypertension: are there racial differences? Circulation 1990; 81: 1305-11.
38. McCubbin JW, Green JH, Page IH. Baroreceptor function in chronic renal hypertension. Circ Res 1956; 4: 205-10.
39. Randall OS, Esler MD, Bulloch GF et al. Relationship of age and blood pressure to baroreflex sensitivity and arterial compliance in man. Clin Sci Mol Med 1976; 3: 357-60s.
40. Andresen MC, Krauhs JM, Brown AM. Relationship of aortic wall and baroreceptor properties during development in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res 1978; 43: 728-38.
41. Gordon FJ, Matsuguchi H, Mark AL. Abnormal baroreflex control of heart rate in prehypertensive and hypertensive Dahl genetically salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 1981; 1135-41.
42. Gordon FJ, Mark AL. Mechanism of impaired baroreflex control in prehypertensive Dahl salt sensitive rats. Circ Res 1984; 54: 378-87.
43. Parmer RJ, Cervenka JH, Stone RA. Baroreflex sensitivity and heredity in essential hypertension. Circulation 1992; 85: 497-503.
44. Greene MA, Boltax AJ, Lustig GA, Rogow E. Circulatory dynamics during the cold pressor test. Am J Cardiol 1965; 16: 54-60.
45. Esler MD, Julius S, Randall OS, Ellis CN, Kashima T. Relation of renin status to neurogenic vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1975; 36: 708-15.
46. Esler M, Julius S, Zweifler A et al. Mild high-renin essential hypertension: neurogenic human hypertension. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 405-11.
47. Drayer JI, Weber MA, Atlas SA, Laragh JH. Phentolamine testing for alpha adrenergic participation in hypertensive patients: independence from renin profiles. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 22: 286-92.
48. Parmer RJ, O'Connor DT. Enkephalins in human phaeochromocytomas: localization in immunoreactive, high molecular weight form to the soluble core of chromaffin granules. J Hypertens 1988; 6: 187-98.
49. O'Connor DT, Bernstein KN. Radioimmunoassay of chromogranin A in plasma as a measure of exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity in normal subjects and patients with pheochromocytoma phechromocytoma. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 764-70.
50. O'Connor DT, Parmer RJ, Deftos LJ. Chromogranin A: studies in the endocrine system. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1984; 97: 242-50.
51. Takiyyuddin MA, Cervenka JH, Hsiao RJ, Barbosa JA, Parmer RJ, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin A: storage and release in hypertension. Hypertension 1990; 15: 237-46.
52. Takiyyuddin MA, Cervenka JH, Sullivan PA et al. Is physiologic sympathoadrenal catecholamine release exocytotic in humans? Circulation 1990; 81: 185-95.
53. Parmer RJ, Koop AH, Handa MT, O'Connor DT. Molecular cloning of chromogranin A from rat pheochromocytoma cells. Hypertension 1989; 14: 435-44.
54. Wu HJ, Rozansky DJ, Parmer RJ, Gill BM, O'Connor DT. Structure and function of the chromogranin A gene: clues to evolution and tissue-specific expression. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 13130-4.
55. Huttner WB, Gerdes HH, Rosa P. The granin (chromogranin/secretogranin) family. Trends Biochem Sci 1991; 16: 27-30.
56. Parmer RJ, Xi X-P, Wu H-J, Helman LJ, Petz LN. Secretory protein traffic: chromogranin A contains a dominant targeting signal for the regulated pathway. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1042-54.
57. Simon J-P, Bader M-F, Aunis D. Secretion from chromaffin cells is controlled by chromogranin A-derived peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 1712-16.
58. Galindo E, Rill A, Bader M-F, Aunis D. Chromostatin, a 20 amino acid peptide derived from chromogranin A, inhibits chromaffin cell secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 1426-30.
59. Parmer RJ, Miles LA, Xi X-P, Gill BM, Wu H-J, O'Connor DT. Processing of chromaffin granule proteins: a profusion of proteases? Neurochem Int 1993; 22: 361-7.
60. Hsiao RJ, Parmer RJ, Takiyyuddin MA, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin A storage and secretion: sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 1991; 70: 33-15.
61. O'Connor DT. Chromogranin A: implications for hypertension. J Hypertens 1984; 2: S147-50.
62. O'Connor DT. Plasma chromogranin A: initial studies in human hypertension. Hypertension 1985; 7: 176-9.
63. O'Connor DT, Cervenka JH, Stone RA et al. Chromogranin A immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid: properties, relationship to noradrenergic neuronal activity, and variation in neurologic disease. Neuroscience 1993; 56: 999-1007.
64. Modi WS, Levine MA, Seuanez HN, Dean M, O'Brien SJ. The human chromogranin A gene: chromosomal assignment and RFLP analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1989; 45: 814-18.
65. O'Connor DT, Frigon RP, Stone RA. Human pheochromocytoma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: purification and molecular parameters of the tetramer. Mol Pharmacol 1979; 16: 529-38.
66. Powers RE, O'Connor DT, Price DL. Noradrenergic innervation of human inferior olivary complex. Brain Res 1990; 523: 151-5.
67. Voors AW, Berenson GS, Dalferes ER, Webber LS, Shuler SE. Racial differences in blood pressure control. Science 1979; 204: 1091-4.
68. Horwitz D, Alexander RW, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR. Human serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: relationship to hypertension and sympathetic activity. Circ Res 1973; 32: 594-9.
69. Levy SB, Frigon RF, Stone RA. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure variability in hypertensive man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1979; 11: 187-99.
70. O'Connor DT, Levine GL, Frigon RP. Homologous radioimmunoassay of human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: analysis of homospecific activity, circulating plasma pool, and intergroup differences based on race, blood pressure, and cardiac function. J Hypertens 1983; 1: 227-33.
71. Frigon RP, O'Connor DT, Levine GL. Human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: comparison of the enzyme from plasma, adrenal medulla, and pheochromocytoma by radioimmunoassay. Mol Pharmacol 1981; 19: 444-50.
72. Ross SB, Wetterberg L, Myrhed M. Genetic control of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Life Sciences 1973; 12: 529-32.
73. Gelernter J, Gejman PV, Bisighini S, Kidd KK. Sequence tagged site (STS) TaqI RFLP at dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 1957.
74. Perry SE, Phillips JA III, Robertson D. FnuD II RFLP at the human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) locus. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 1162.
75. Schuback DE, Ozelius L, Hu G et al. RFLP for human DBH (dopamine beta-hydroxylase). Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18: 387.
76. Cooper RS, Borke JL. Intracellular ions and hypertension in blacks. In: Fray JCS, Douglas JG, Eds. Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Blacks. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993: 181-213.
77. Hasstedt SJ, Wu LL, Ash KO, Kuida H, Williams RR. Hypertension and sodium-lithium countertransport in Utah pedigrees: evidence for major-locus inheritance. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 43: 14-22.
78. Redgrave J, Canessa M, Gleason R, Hollenberg NK, Williams GH. Red blood cell lithium-sodium countertransport in nonmodulating essential hypertension. Hypertension 1989; 13: 721-26.
79. Cooper R, Aina O, Chaco L, Achilihu A, Feinberg H. Cell cations and blood pressure in US whites, US blacks, and West African blacks. J Hum Hypertens 1990; 4: 477-84.
80. Cooper R LeGrady D, Nanas S et al. Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in college students with elevated blood pressure. JAMA 1983; 249: 1030-4.
81. + antiporter as a candidate gene in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 1991; 17: 8-14.
82. Smith JB, Wade MB, Fineberg NS, Weinberger MH. Influence of race, sex, and blood pressure on erythrocyte sodium transport in humans. Hypertension 1988; 12: 251-8.
83. Weder AB, Torretti BA, Julius S. Racial differences in erythrocyte cation transport. Hypertension 1984; 6: 115-23.
84. Weinberger MH, Smith JB, Fineberg NS, Luft FC. Red-cell sodium-lithium countertransport and fractional excretion of lithium in normal and hypertensive humans. Hypertension 1989; 13: 206-12.
85. Weder AB. Red-cell lithium-sodium countertransport and renal lithium clearance in hypertension. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 198-201.
86. Berry TD, Hasstedt SJ, Hunt SC et al. A gene for high urinary kallikrein may protect against hypertension in Utah kindreds. Hypertension 1989; 13: 3-8.
87. Warren SE, O'Connor DT. Does a renal vasodilator system mediate racial differences in essential hypertension? Am J Med 1980; 69: 425-9.
88. O'Connor DT, Preston RA, Mitas JA II, Frigon RP, Stone RA. Urinary kallikrein activity and renal vascular resistance in the antihypertensive response to thiazide diuretics. Hypertension 1981; 3: 139-47.
89. Olshan AR, O'Connor DT, Preston RA, Frigon RP, Stone RA. Involvement of kallikrein in the antihypertensive response to furosemide in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1981; 3: 161-7.
90. Warren SE, O'Connor DT. The antihypertensive mechanism of sodium restriction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1981; 3: 781-90.
91. O'Connor DT, Barg AP, Amend W, Vincenti F. Urinary kallikrein excretion after renal transplantation: relationship to hypertension, graft source, and renal function. Am J Med 1982; 73: 475-81.
92. Olshan AR, O'Connor DT, Cohen IM, Stone RA. Hypertension in adult-onset diabetes mellitus: abnormal renal hemodynamics and endogenous vasoregulatory factors. Am J Kidney Dis 1982; 2: 271-80.
93. O'Connor DT. Response of the renal kallikreinkinin system, intravascular volume, and renal hemodynamics to sodium restriction and diuretic treatment in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1982; 4: III72-8.
94. O'Connor DT, Stone RA. The renal kallikrein system: description and relationship to liver disease. In: Epstein M, Ed. The Kidney in Liver Disease. North Holland, Netherland: Elsevier; 1983: 469-77.
95. Grim CE, Luft FC, Miller JZ, Brown PL, Gannon MA, Weinberger MH. Effects of sodium loading and depletion in normotensive first-degree relatives of essential hypertensives. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 94: 764-71.
96. Luft FC, Grim CE, Higgins JT Jr, Weinberger MH. Differences in response to sodium administration in normotensive white and black subjects. J Lab Clin Med 1977; 90: 555-62.
97. Luft FC, Miller JZ, Grim CE et al. Salt sensitivity and resistance of blood pressure: age and race as factors in physiological responses. Hypertension 1991; 17: I102-8.
98. Campese VM, Parise M, Karubian F, Bigazzi R. Abnormal renal hemodynamics in black salt sensitive patients with hypertension. Hypertension 1991; 18: 805-12.
99. Parmer RJ, Stone RA, Cervenka JH. Renal hemodynamics in essential hypertension: racial differences in response to changes in dietary sodium. Hypertension 1994; 24: 752-7.
100. ++, and essential hypertension: a hypothesis. Am J Hypertens 1988; 1: 410-13.
101. Cooper R, Shansi N, Katz S. Increases in intracellular calcium and sodium in hypertensive patients compared to normotensives. Hypertension 1987; 9: 224-9.
102. ++ regulation in skin fibroblasts from blacks and whites. J Cell Physiol 1989; 138: 367-74.
103. + exchange rates in essential hypertension: application of a novel test. Lancet 1987; 1: 533-36.
104. Zentay Z, Reddi A, Raguwanshi M et al. Platelet sodium-hydrogen antiport in obese and diabetic black women. Hypertension 1992; 20: 549-54.
105. Kuriyama S, Hopp L, Tamura H, Lasker N, Aviv A. A higher cellular sodium turnover rate in cultured skin fibroblasts from blacks. Hypertension 1988; 11: 301-7.
106. + antiport activity in skin fibroblasts from blacks and whites. Hypertension 1990; 15: 140-5.
107. Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush JE, Epstein SE. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 22-7.
108. Parmer RJ, Cervenka JH, Kailsam MT, O'Connor DT. Blood pressure fall in response to exogenous nitric oxide: a bimodally distributed phenotype suggesting Mendelian inheritance in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 1993; 22: 407.
109. Goldstein DS, Grossman E, Listwak S, Folio CJ. Sympathetic reactivity during a yohimbine challenge test in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1991; 18: III40-8.
110. Facchini F, Chen YD, Clinkingbeard C, Jeppesen J, Reaven GM. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in nonobese individuals with a family history of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 694-9.
111. Falkner B, Hulman S, Tannenbaum J, Kushner H. Insulin resistance and blood pressure in young black men. Hypertension 1990; 16: 706-11.
112. Lander ES, Botstein D. Mapping Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics 1989; 121: 185-99.
113. Hudson TJ, Engelstein M, Lee MK et al. Isolation and chromosomal assignment of 100 highly informative human simple-sequence repeat polymorphisms. Genomics 1992; 13: 622-9.
114. Weissenbach J, Gyapay G, Dib C et al. A second-generation linkage map of the human genome. Nature 1992; 359: 794-801.