-
1
-
-
12044253075
-
-
(1993) and references therein
-
[1] See for instance D.L. Bertsch et al., Astrophys. J. 416 (1993) 587 (1993) and references therein.
-
(1993)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.416
, pp. 587
-
-
Bertsch, D.L.1
-
2
-
-
0002199260
-
-
[2] C.E. Fichtel et al., Astrophys. J. 217 (1977) L9; C.E. Fichtel, G.A. Simpson and D.J. Thompson, Astrophys. J. 222 (1978) 833; D.J. Thompson and C.E. Fichtel, Astron. and Astrophys. 109 (1982) 352.
-
(1977)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.217
-
-
Fichtel, C.E.1
-
3
-
-
0000343430
-
-
[2] C.E. Fichtel et al., Astrophys. J. 217 (1977) L9; C.E. Fichtel, G.A. Simpson and D.J. Thompson, Astrophys. J. 222 (1978) 833; D.J. Thompson and C.E. Fichtel, Astron. and Astrophys. 109 (1982) 352.
-
(1978)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.222
, pp. 833
-
-
Fichtel, C.E.1
Simpson, G.A.2
Thompson, D.J.3
-
4
-
-
0000445376
-
-
[2] C.E. Fichtel et al., Astrophys. J. 217 (1977) L9; C.E. Fichtel, G.A. Simpson and D.J. Thompson, Astrophys. J. 222 (1978) 833; D.J. Thompson and C.E. Fichtel, Astron. and Astrophys. 109 (1982) 352.
-
(1982)
Astron. and Astrophys.
, vol.109
, pp. 352
-
-
Thompson, D.J.1
Fichtel, C.E.2
-
9
-
-
85029962849
-
-
in press
-
[7] C. Von Montigny, et al., Astrophys. J. 1995 (in press), see also S.D. Hunter, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 38 (1995) 447.
-
(1995)
Astrophys. J.
-
-
Von Montigny, C.1
-
10
-
-
21844495138
-
-
[7] C. Von Montigny, et al., Astrophys. J. 1995 (in press), see also S.D. Hunter, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 38 (1995) 447.
-
(1995)
Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)
, vol.38
, pp. 447
-
-
Hunter, S.D.1
-
11
-
-
0000376046
-
-
[8] C.D. Dermer and R. Schlickeiser, Science 257 (1992) 1642 P. Padovani et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 260 (1992) L21; F.W. Stecker, M.H. Salamon, and M.A. Malkan, Astrophys. J. 410 (1993) L71; M.H. Salomon and F.W. Stecker, Astrophys. J. 430 (1994) L21.
-
(1992)
Science
, vol.257
, pp. 1642
-
-
Dermer, C.D.1
Schlickeiser, R.2
-
12
-
-
0002803329
-
-
[8] C.D. Dermer and R. Schlickeiser, Science 257 (1992) 1642 P. Padovani et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 260 (1992) L21; F.W. Stecker, M.H. Salamon, and M.A. Malkan, Astrophys. J. 410 (1993) L71; M.H. Salomon and F.W. Stecker, Astrophys. J. 430 (1994) L21.
-
(1992)
Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.
, vol.260
-
-
Padovani, P.1
-
13
-
-
0013033022
-
-
[8] C.D. Dermer and R. Schlickeiser, Science 257 (1992) 1642 P. Padovani et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 260 (1992) L21; F.W. Stecker, M.H. Salamon, and M.A. Malkan, Astrophys. J. 410 (1993) L71; M.H. Salomon and F.W. Stecker, Astrophys. J. 430 (1994) L21.
-
(1993)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.410
-
-
Stecker, F.W.1
Salamon, M.H.2
Malkan, M.A.3
-
14
-
-
12044256142
-
-
[8] C.D. Dermer and R. Schlickeiser, Science 257 (1992) 1642 P. Padovani et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 260 (1992) L21; F.W. Stecker, M.H. Salamon, and M.A. Malkan, Astrophys. J. 410 (1993) L71; M.H. Salomon and F.W. Stecker, Astrophys. J. 430 (1994) L21.
-
(1994)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.430
-
-
Salomon, M.H.1
Stecker, F.W.2
-
15
-
-
85029968171
-
-
1990
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
(1990)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.356
-
-
David, L.P.1
-
16
-
-
85076883976
-
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
(1992)
Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc.
, vol.252
, pp. 428
-
-
Edge, A.1
-
17
-
-
0002313528
-
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
(1992)
Astr. and Astrophys.
, vol.259
-
-
Briel, U.G.1
-
18
-
-
0002508442
-
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
(1993)
Nature
, vol.363
, pp. 51
-
-
Ponman, T.J.1
Bertram, D.2
-
19
-
-
0027753998
-
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
(1993)
Nature
, vol.366
, pp. 429
-
-
White, S.D.M.1
-
20
-
-
0028279163
-
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
(1994)
Nature
, vol.368
, pp. 828
-
-
Bohringer, H.1
-
21
-
-
0001891618
-
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
(1995)
Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc.
, vol.273
, pp. 72
-
-
White, D.A.1
Fabian, A.C.2
-
22
-
-
85029961244
-
-
(submitted), and references therein
-
[9] L.P. David et al., Astrophys. J. 356 (1990) (1990); A. Edge et al., Mont. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 252 (1992) 428; U.G. Briel et al., Astr. and Astrophys. 259 (1992) L31; T.J. Ponman and D. Bertram, Nature 363 (1993) 51; S.D.M. White et al., Nature 366 (1993) 429; H. Bohringer et al., Nature 368, (1994) 828; D.A. White and A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 273 (1995) 72; D.A. Buote and C.R. Canizares, Astrophys. J. (submitted), and references therein.
-
Astrophys. J.
-
-
Buote, D.A.1
Canizares, C.R.2
-
24
-
-
0004159475
-
-
North Holland
-
[11] For a general discussion of high energy neutrino production by cosmic accelerators see for instance V.S. Berezinskii et al., "Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays" (North Holland 1990).
-
(1990)
Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays
-
-
Berezinskii, V.S.1
-
25
-
-
0000118560
-
-
[12] A. Dar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983) 227; Technion Report PHYS-84-41 (1984 unpublished).
-
(1983)
Phys. Rev. Lett.
, vol.51
, pp. 227
-
-
Dar, A.1
-
26
-
-
0000118560
-
-
unpublished
-
[12] A. Dar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983) 227; Technion Report PHYS-84-41 (1984 unpublished).
-
(1984)
Technion Report PHYS-84-41
-
-
-
28
-
-
3042592625
-
-
[14] See e.g., A.W. Strong et al., J. Phys. A 9 (1976) 1553; G.F. Bignami et al., Astrophys. J. 232 (1979) 649; Ref. [6] and references therein.
-
(1976)
J. Phys. A
, vol.9
, pp. 1553
-
-
Strong, A.W.1
-
29
-
-
3042592625
-
-
Ref. [6] and references therein
-
[14] See e.g., A.W. Strong et al., J. Phys. A 9 (1976) 1553; G.F. Bignami et al., Astrophys. J. 232 (1979) 649; Ref. [6] and references therein.
-
(1979)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.232
, pp. 649
-
-
Bignami, G.F.1
-
30
-
-
0001740262
-
-
[15] B.N. Swanenburg et al., Nature 275 (1978) 298; W. Hermsen et al., 17th ICRC, 1 (1981) 230.
-
(1978)
Nature
, vol.275
, pp. 298
-
-
Swanenburg, B.N.1
-
31
-
-
33645671846
-
-
[15] B.N. Swanenburg et al., Nature 275 (1978) 298; W. Hermsen et al., 17th ICRC, 1 (1981) 230.
-
(1981)
17th ICRC
, vol.1
, pp. 230
-
-
Hermsen, W.1
-
32
-
-
58149324225
-
-
and references therein
-
[16] For a recent review of high energy neutrino production by AGN see for instance V.S. Berezinsky, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 38 (1995) 363 and references therein.
-
(1995)
Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)
, vol.38
, pp. 363
-
-
Berezinsky, V.S.1
-
36
-
-
3042592625
-
-
and Ref. [6]
-
[20] See for instance A.W. Strong et al., J. Phys. A. 9 (1976) 1553 and Ref. [6].
-
(1976)
J. Phys. A.
, vol.9
, pp. 1553
-
-
Strong, A.W.1
-
37
-
-
4243330608
-
-
8 years of their early life and this bright phase enhanced their gamma ray emissivity and produced the presently observed GBR. This explanation seems ad hoc and relies on rather little observational evidence.
-
8 years of their early life and this bright phase enhanced their gamma ray emissivity and produced the presently observed GBR. This explanation seems ad hoc and relies on rather little observational evidence.
-
(1994)
Astrophys. J. (Suppl.)
, vol.92
, pp. 575
-
-
Prantzos, N.1
Casse, M.2
-
41
-
-
11944273855
-
-
[25] A. Dar, Astophys. J. 449 (1995) 550.
-
(1995)
Astophys. J.
, vol.449
, pp. 550
-
-
Dar, A.1
-
42
-
-
4244043430
-
-
to argue that the high energy cosmic ray flux is not universal. However, the argument of Sreekumar et al. is limited only to electrons and low-energy nuclei (E 〈〈 10 GeV)
-
[26] The gamma ray flux from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) which was measured with EGRET was used by P. Sreekumar, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 127 to argue that the high energy cosmic ray flux is not universal. However, the argument of Sreekumar et al. is limited only to electrons and low-energy nuclei (E 〈〈 10 GeV), as noted by A. Dar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 (1993) 3394. Intergalactic magnetic fields or galactic and/or SMC winds may shield the SMC from such low energy cosmic rays. Local variations in the intensity of low energy cosmic rays in the interstellar space within galaxies and in the intergalactic space within groups and clusters are quite expected and do not exclude the possibility that the average intensity of high energy cosmic rays within groups and clusters is universal and comparable to that observed in the MW.
-
(1993)
Phys. Rev. Lett.
, vol.70
, pp. 127
-
-
Sreekumar, P.1
-
43
-
-
4244000634
-
-
Intergalactic magnetic fields or galactic and/or SMC winds may shield the SMC from such low energy cosmic rays. Local variations in the intensity of low energy cosmic rays in the interstellar space within galaxies and in the intergalactic space within groups and clusters are quite expected and do not exclude the possibility that the average intensity of high energy cosmic rays within groups and clusters is universal and comparable to that observed in the MW
-
[26] The gamma ray flux from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) which was measured with EGRET was used by P. Sreekumar, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 127 to argue that the high energy cosmic ray flux is not universal. However, the argument of Sreekumar et al. is limited only to electrons and low-energy nuclei (E 〈〈 10 GeV), as noted by A. Dar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 (1993) 3394. Intergalactic magnetic fields or galactic and/or SMC winds may shield the SMC from such low energy cosmic rays. Local variations in the intensity of low energy cosmic rays in the interstellar space within galaxies and in the intergalactic space within groups and clusters are quite expected and do not exclude the possibility that the average intensity of high energy cosmic rays within groups and clusters is universal and comparable to that observed in the MW.
-
(1993)
Phys. Rev. Lett.
, vol.71
, pp. 3394
-
-
Dar, A.1
-
44
-
-
4244099371
-
-
used the flux detected by COS-B gamma ray telescope from the direction of NGC 1275 in the Perseus cluster
-
[27] B.P. Houston et al., J. Phys. G 10 (1984) L147 used the flux detected by COS-B gamma ray telescope from the direction of NGC 1275 in the Perseus cluster (see A. Strong and G.F. Bignami, Astrophys. J. 274 (1983) 549 to argue that cluster emission could explain the extragalactic GBR. However, the flux level detected by COS-B from Perseus was not confirmed by CGRO.
-
(1984)
J. Phys. G
, vol.10
-
-
Houston, B.P.1
-
45
-
-
4244099371
-
-
to argue that cluster emission could explain the extragalactic GBR. However, the flux level detected by COS-B from Perseus was not confirmed by CGRO
-
[27] B.P. Houston et al., J. Phys. G 10 (1984) L147 used the flux detected by COS-B gamma ray telescope from the direction of NGC 1275 in the Perseus cluster (see A. Strong and G.F. Bignami, Astrophys. J. 274 (1983) 549 to argue that cluster emission could explain the extragalactic GBR. However, the flux level detected by COS-B from Perseus was not confirmed by CGRO.
-
(1983)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.274
, pp. 549
-
-
Strong, A.1
Bignami, G.F.2
-
47
-
-
0041031162
-
-
[29] Z. Barlag et al., Z. Phys. C 39 (1988) 451.
-
(1988)
Z. Phys. C
, vol.39
, pp. 451
-
-
Barlag, Z.1
-
49
-
-
0001046754
-
-
[31] R. Ammar et al. Phys. Lett. C 183B (1987) 110.
-
(1987)
Phys. Lett. C
, vol.183 B
, pp. 110
-
-
Ammar, R.1
|