Candida albicans: A review of its history, taxonomy, epidemiology virulence attributes, and methods of strain differentiation

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 136-144

  McCullough, M J ^a   Ross, B C ^a   Reade, P C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Candida albicans

Indexed keywords

FUNGAL DNA; FUNGAL PROTEIN; MYCOTOXIN;

CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDIASIS; CELL ADHESION; CLASSIFICATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; PATHOGENICITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; THRUSH; VIRULENCE;

CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDIASIS; CANDIDIASIS, ORAL; CELL ADHESION; DNA, FUNGAL; FUNGAL PROTEINS; HUMANS; MYCOLOGICAL TYPING TECHNIQUES; MYCOTOXINS; PREVALENCE; VIRULENCE;

EID: 0030122157     PISSN: 09015027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0901-5027(96)80060-9     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. ARENDORF TM, WALKER DM. The prevalence and intra-oral distribution of Candida albicans in man. Arch Oral Biol 1980: 25: 1-10.
2. ASAKURA K, IWAGUCHI S, MOMMA M, SUKAI T, HIGASHIDE K, TANAKAK K. Electrophoretic karyotypes of clinically isolated yeast of Candida albicans and C. glabrata. J Gen Microbiol 1991: 137: 2531-8.
3. AUGER P, DUMAS C, JOLY J. A study of 666 strains of Candida albicans: correlation between serotype and susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine. J Infect Dis 1979: 139: 590-4.
4. BARNETT JA, PAYNE RW, YARROW D. Yeasts: characteristics and identification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
5. BEACHEY EH. Bacterial adherence: adhesin-receptor interaction mediating the attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces. J Infect Dis 1981: 143: 325-45.
6. BORROMEO GL, MCCULLOUGH MJ, READE PC. Quantitation and morphotyping of Candida albicans from healthy mouths and from mouths affected by erythematous candidosis. J Med Vet Mycol 1992: 30: 477-80.
7. BOSTOCK A, KHATTAK M, MATTHEWS R, BURNIE J. Comparison of PCR fingerprinting, by random amplification of polymorphic DNA, with other molecular typing methods for Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 1993: 139: 2179-84.
8. BRAWNER DL, ANDERSON GL, YUEN KY. Serotype prevalence of Candida albicans from blood culture isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1992: 30: 149-53.
9. BRUNEAU SM, GUINET RM. Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis antigens studied by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot. Mykosen. 1987: 30: 271-80.
10. BURNIE JP, MATTHEWS R, LEE W, et al. Four outbreaks of nosocomial systemic candidiasis. Epidemiol Infect 1987: 99: 201-11.
11. CALDERONE RA, BRAWN PC. Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans. Microbiol Rev 1991: 55: 1-20.
12. CHILDRESS CM, HOLDER IA, NEELY AN. Modifications of a Candida albicans biotyping system. J Clin Microbiol 1989: 27: 1392-4.
13. CUTLER JE, GLEE PM, HORN HL. Candida albicans- and Candida stellatoidea-specific DNA fragment. J Clin Microbiol 1988: 26: 1720-4.
14. DE BERNARDIS F, AGATENSI L, Ross IK, et al. Evidence for a role for secreted aspartate proteinase of Candida albicans in vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1990: 161: 1276-83.
15. DOI M, MIZUGUCHI I, MOMMA M, TANAKA K. Electrophoretic karyotypes of isolates of Candida albicans from hospitalised patients. J Med Vet Mycol 1994: 32: 133-40.
16. DOUGLAS LJ. Candida proteinases and candidosis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1988: 8: 121-9.
17. FOX BC, MOBLEY HLT, WADE JC. The use of a DNA probe for epidemiological studies of candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts. J Infect Dis 1989: 159: 488-94.
18. GARZON S, MARQUIS G, MONTPLAISIR S, KURSTAK E. Antigenic structure of Candida albicans: electron microscope localisation of polysaccharide and immunodeterminants in the cell wall. In: Immunology of fungal diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989: 3-36.
19. GHANNOUM M, ASU-ELTEEN K. Correlative relationship between proteinase production, adherence and pathogenicity of various strains of Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol 1986: 24: 407-13.
20. GHANNOUM MA, MOTAWY MS, AL-MUSAREK AL, AL-AWADHI HA. Candida albicans strain differentiation in cancer patients undergoing therapy. Mykosen 1985: 28: 388-93.
21. GHEZZI MC, TRANCASSINI M, CIPRIANT P, MANCINI C, BRENCIAGLIA MI. Comparison between adherence of C. albicans and Candida spp. to human epithelial cells. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1986: 65: 436-9.
22. HASENCLEVER HF, MITCHELL WO. Antigenic studies of Candida. I. Observation of two groups in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol 1961: 82: 570-3.
23. HASENCLEVER HF, MITCHELL WO. Antigenic studies of Candida. III. Comparative pathogenicity of Candida albicans group A, Group B and Candida stellatoideu. J Bacteriol 1961: 82: 578-81.
24. HAZEN KC. Participation of yeast cell surface hydrophobicity in adherence of Candida albicans to human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1989: 57: 1894-1900.
25. HEIDENREICH F, DIERICH MP. Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea, in contrast to other Candida species, bind iC3b and C3d but not C3b. Infect Immun 1985: 50: 598-600.
26. HELLYAR AG. The frequency distribution and consistency of assimilation biotypes of Candida albicans. J Hyg Lond 1986 96: 89-93.
27. HOLMES AR, CANNON RD, SHEPHERD MG, JENKINSON HF. Detection of Candida albicans and other yeast in the blood by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994: 32: 228-31.
28. HOLMSTRUP P, BESSERMAN M. Clinical, therapeutic and pathogenic aspects of chronic oral multiple candidosis. Oral Surg 1983: 56: 388-95.
29. HUBE B, MONOD M, SCHOFIELD D, BROWN AJP, GOW NAR. Differential regulation of six genes encoding secretory aspartyl proteinase in Candida albicans. Abstract no. P04.6. Adelaide: ISHAM, 1994.
30. HUBE B, TURVER CJ, ODDS FC, et al. Sequence of the Candida albicans gene encoding the secretory aspartyl proteinase. J Med Vet Mycol 1991: 29: 129-31.
31. HUNTER PR, FRASER C. Use of modified resistogram to type Candida albicans isolated from cases of vaginitis and from faeces in the same geographical area. J Clin Pathol 1987: 40: 1159-61.
32. HUNTER PR, FRASER CAM. Application of a numerical index of discriminatory power to a comparison of four physiochemical typing methods for Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1989: 27: 2156-60.
33. HUNTER PR, FRASER CA, MACKENZIE DW. Morphotype markers of virulence in human candidal infections. J Med Microbiol 1989: 28: 85-91.
34. HUNTER PR, HARRISON GA, FRASER CA. Cross-infection and diversity of Candida albicans strain carriage in patients and nursing staff on an intensive care unit. J Med Vet Mycol 1990: 28: 317-25.
35. KANDEL JS, STERN TA. Killer phenomenon in pathogenic yeast. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979: 15: 568-71.
36. KRAUSE W, MATHEIS H, WULF K. Fungemia and funguria after oral administration of Candida albicans. Lancet 1969: 1: 598-9.
37. KROGH P, HOEMSTRUP P, THORN JJ, VEDTOFTE P, PINDBORG JJ. Yeast species and biotypes associated with oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. Oral Surg 1987: 63: 48-54.
38. KWON-CHUNG KJ, LEHMAN D, GOOD C, MAGEE PT. Genetic evidence for the role of extracellular proteinase in virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1985: 49: 571-6.
39. KWON-CHUNG KJ, RIGGSBY WS, UPHOFF RA, et al. Genetic differences between type 1 and type 2 Candida stellatoidea. Infect Immun 1989: 57: 527-32.
40. KWON CHUNG KJ, WICKES BL, MERZ WG. Association of electrophoretic karyotype of Candida stellatoidea with virulence for mice. Infect Immun 1988: 56: 1814-19.
41. LASKER BA, PAGE LS, LOTT TJ, KOBAYASHI GS. Isolation, characterization, and sequencing of Candida albicans repetitive element 2. Gene 1992: 116: 51-7.
42. LEE W. BURNIE J. MARRHEWS R. Fingerprinting Candida albicans. J Immunol Methods 1986: 93: 177-82.
43. LEHMANN PF, COWAN LE, JONES RM, FERENCAK WJ. Use of killer fungi and anti-fungal chemicals in characterization of yeast species and biotypes. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1987: 88: 199-206.
44. LEHMANN PF, HSIAO CB, SALKIN IF. Protein and enzyme electrophoresis profiles of selected Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1989: 27: 400-4.
45. LEHNER T. Oral candidosis. Dent Prac 1967: 17: 209-16.
46. MACDONALD F, ODDS FC. Inducible proteinase of Candida albicans in diagnostic serology and in the pathogenesis of systemic candidosis. J Med Microbiol 1980: 13: 423-35.
47. MACDONALD F, ODDS FC. Virulence in mice of a proteinase-secreting strain of Candida albicans and a proteinase deficient mutant. J Gen Microbiol 1983: 129: 431-8.
48. MACFARLANE TW, HELNARSKA SJ. The microbiology of angular chelitis. Br Dent J 1976: 140: 403-6.
49. MAGEE BB, D'SOUZA TM, MAGEE PT. Strain and species identification by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the ribosomal DNA repeat of Candida species. J Bacteriol 1987: 169: 1639-43.
50. MAGEE PT, BOWDIN L, STAUDINGER J. Comparison of molecular typing methods for Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1992: 30: 2674-9.
51. MARTIN MV, LAMB DJ. Frequency of Candida albicans serotypes in patients with denture-induced stomatitis and in normal denture wearers. J Clin Pathol 1982: 35: 888-91.
52. MATTHEWS R. BURNIE J. Assessment of DNA fingerprints for rapid identification of outbreaks of systemic candidiasis. BMJ 1989: 298: 354-7.
53. MCCREIGHT MC, WARNOCK DW. Enhanced differentiation of isolates of Candida albicans using a modified resistogram method. Mykosen 1982: 25: 589-98.
54. MCCREIGHT MC, WARNOCK RW, WATKINSON AC. Prevalence of different strains of Candida albicans in patients with denture-induced stomatitis. J Med Vet Mycol 1984: 22: 83-5.
55. MCCULLOUGH MJ, HUMES S. A longitudinal study of the change in resistance patterns and genetic relationship of oral Candida albicans from HIV-infected patients. J Med Vet Mycol 1995: 33: 33-7.
56. MCCULLOUGH MJ, ROSS BC, READE PC. Genotype and phenotype of oral Candida albicans from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Microbiology 1994: 140(5): 1195-1202.
57. MCCULLOUGH MJ, ROSS BC, READE PC. Genetic differentiation of Candida albicans strains by mixed-linker polymerase chain reaction. J Med Vet Mycol 1995: 33: 77-80.
58. MERZ WG. Candida albicans strain delineation. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990: 3: 321-34.
59. MERZ WG, CONNELLY C, HIETER P. Variation of electrophoretic karyotypes among clinical isolates of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1988: 26: 842-5.
60. MEYER SA, AHEARN DG, YARROW DG. The genus Candida. In: The yeasts: a taxonomic study. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984: 585-844.
61. MIYASAKI SH, HICKS JB, GREENSPAN D, et al. The identification and tracking of Candida albicans isolates from oral lesions in HIV-seropositive individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992: 5: 1039-46.
62. MONOD M, PORCHET S, BAUDRAZ-ROSSELET F. FRENK E. The identification of pathogenic yeast strains by electrophoretic analysis of their chromosomes. J Med Microbiol 1990: 32: 123-9.
63. ODDS FC. Candida infections: an overview. Crit Rev Microbiol 1987: 15: 1-5.
64. ODDS FC, ABBOTT AB. A simple system for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans and differentiation of strains within the species. Sabour 1980: 18: 301-17.
65. ODDS FC, ABBOTT AB, STILLER RL, SCHOLER HJ, POLAK A, STEVENS DA. Analysis of Candida albicans phenotypes from different geographical and anatomical sources. J Clin Microbiol 1983: 18: 849-57.
66. ODDS FC, AUGER P, KROCH P, NEELY AN, SEGAL E. Biotyping of Candida albicans: results of an international collaborative survey. J Clin Microbiol 1989: 27: 1506-9.
67. ODDS FC, KIBBLER CC, WALKER E, BHAMRA A, PRENTICE HG, NOONE P. Carriage of Candida species and C. albicans biotypes in patients undergoing chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation for haematological disease. J Clin Pathol 1989: 42: 1259-66.
68. OLIVER AJ, READE PC. Morphotypes of oral isolates of Candida albicans from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Vet Mycol 1993: 31: 289-97.
69. OREN I, MANAVATHU E, LERNER A. Isolation and characterization of a species-specific DNA probe for Candida albicans. Nucleic Acids Res 1991: 19: 7113-16.
70. PHONGPAITCHIT S, MACKENZIE D, FRASER C. Strain differentiation of Candida albicans by morphotyping. Epidemiol Infect 1987: 99: 421-8.
71. POLONEEEI L, ARCHIBUSACCI C, SESTITO M, MORACE G. Killer system: a simple method for differentiating Candida albicans strains. J Clin Microbiol 1983: 17: 774-80.
72. POWDERLY WG, ROBINSON K, KEATH EJ. Molecular typing of Candida albicans isolated from oral lesions of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 1992: 6: 81-4.
73. PUGH D, CAWSON RA. The surface layer of Candida albicans. Microbios 1979: 23: 19-23.
74. RAY TL, PAYNE CD. Scanning electron microscopy of epidermal adherence and cavitation in murine candidiasis: a role for Candida acid proteinase. Infect Immun 1988: 56: 1942-9.
75. REISS E, DE REPENTIGNY L, KUYKENDALL RJ, et al. Monoclonal antibodies against Candida tropicalis mannan: antigen detection by enzyme immunoassay and immunofluorescence. J Clin Microbiol 1986: 24: 796-802.
76. ROMAN MC, SICILIA MJL. Preliminary report of Candida albicans biovars. J Clin Microbiol 1983: 18: 430-1.
77. ROSS IK, DE BERNADIS F, EMERSON GW, CASSONE A, SULLIVAN PA. The secreted aspartate proteinase of Candida albicans: physiology of secretion and virulence of a proteinase-deficient mutant. J Gen Microbiol 1990: 136: 687-94.
78. ROTROSEN D, CALDERONE RA, EDWARDS JE Jr. Adherence of Candida species to host tissues and plastic surfaces. Rev Infect Dis 1986: 8: 73-85.
79. RUCHEL R. Cleavage of immunoglobulins by pathogenic yeast of the genus Candida. Microbiol Sci 1986: 3: 316-19.
80. SAMARANAYAKE LP, MACFARLANE TW. Oral candidosis. London: Wright, 1990: 265.
81. SAMARANAYAKE LP, YAACOB H. Classification of oral candidosis. In: Oral candidosis. London: Wright, 1990: 265.
82. SCHERER S. MAGEE PT. Genetics of Candida albicans. Microbiol Rev 1990: 54: 226-41.
83. SCHERER S. STEVENS DA. Application of DNA typing methods to epidemiology and taxonomy of Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1987: 25: 675-9.
84. SCHERER S. STEVENS DA. A Candida albicans dispersed, repeated gene family and its epidemiologic applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988: 85: 1452-6.
85. SCHMID J, VOSS E, SOLL DR. Computer-assisted methods for assessing strain relatedness in Candida albicans by fingerprinting with the moderately repetitive sequence Ca3. J Clin Microbiol 1990: 28: 1236-43.
86. SHANKLAND GS, RICHARDSON MD. Epidemiology of an outbreak of Candida endophthalmitis in heroin addicts: identification of possible source of infection by biotyping. J Med Vet Mycol 1988: 26: 199-202.
87. SHEPHERD MG, POULTER RTM, SULLIVAN PA. Candida albicans: biology, genetics, and pathogenicity. Ann Rev Microbiol 1985: 39: 579-614.
88. SHIMIZU K, KONDOH Y, TANAKA K. Proteinase production and pathogenicity of Candida albicans. I. Invasion into chorioallantoic membrane by C. albicans strains of different proteinase activity. Microbiol Immunol 1987: 31: 1045-60.
89. SMITH RA, HITCHCOCK CA, EVANS KG, LACEY CJ, ADAMS DJ. The identification of Candida albicans strains by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNA. J Med Vet Mycol 1989: 27: 431-4.
90. STEVENS DA, ODDS FC, SCHERER S. Application of DNA typing methods to Candida albicans epidemiology and correlations with phenotype. Rev Infect Dis 1990: 12: 258-66.
91. SUMMERS DF, GROLLMAN AP, HASENCLEVER HF. Polysaccharide antigens of Candida cell wall. J Immunol 1964: 92: 491-9.
92. WARNOCK DW. Typing of Candida albicans. J Hosp Infect 1984: 5: 244-52.
93. WARNOCK DW, SPELLER DCE, DAY JK, FARRELL AJ. Resistogram method for differentiation of strains of Candida albicans. J Appl Bacteriol 1979: 46: 571-8.
94. WARNOCK DW, SPELLER DCE, MILNE JD, HILTON AL, KERSHAW PI. Epidemiological investigations of patients with vulvovaginal candidosis. Application of a resistogram method for strain differentiation of Candida albicans. Br J Genet Dis 1976: 55: 357.
95. WHELAN WL, KIRSCH DR, KWON-CHUNG KJ, WAHL SM, SMITH PD. Candida albicans in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: absence of a novel hypervirulent strain. J Infect Dis 1990: 162: 513-18.
96. WILLIAMSON MI, SAMARANAYAKE LP, MACFARLANE TW. Biotypes of oral Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis isolates. J Med Vet Mycol 1986: 24: 81-4.
97. WILLIAMSON MI, SAMARANAYAKE LP, MACFARLANE TW. Phospholipase activity as a criterion for biotyping Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol 1986: 24: 415-17.
98. WILLIAMSON MI, SAMARANAYAKE LP, MACFARLANE TW. A new simple method for biotyping Candida albicans. Microbios 1987: 51: 159-67.
99. WRIGHT RJ, CARNE A, HIEBER AD, LAMONT IL, EMERSON GW, SULLIVAN PA. A second gene for a secreted aspartate proteinase in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol 1992: 174: 7848-53.
100. YAMAMOTO T, NOHARA K, UCHIDA K, YAMAGUCHI H. Purification and characterization of secretory proteinase of Candida albicans. Microbiol Immunol 1992: 36: 637-41.