Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;MUERTE SUBITA EN LA MIOCARDIOPATIA HIPERTROFICA

Revista Espanola de Cardiologia

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 288-304

  Alfonso, Fernando ^a  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNICO SAN CARLOS   (Spain)

Author keywords

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; sudden death; ventricular arrhythmias

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIGITALIS; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DISOPYRAMIDE; DIURETIC AGENT;

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; REVIEW; SUDDEN DEATH; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; FOLLOW UP; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ARRHYTHMIA; CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, AMBULATORY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEMODYNAMIC PROCESSES; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0030118069     PISSN: 03008932     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. McKenna WJ, Alfonso F. Arryhthmias in the cardiomyopathies and mitral valve prolapse. En: Zipes DP, Rowlands DJ, editores. Progress in Cardiol 1/2. Filadelfia: Lea & Febiger, 1988; 59-75.
2. Maron BJ, Henry WL, Clark CE et al. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in childhood Circulation 1976; 3: 9-14.
3. McKenna WJ, Deanfield JE, Faruki A et al. Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: role of age and clinical electrocardiographic and heniodynamic features. Am J Cardiol 1981; 47: 532-537.
4. Shah PM, Adelman AG, Wigle ED et al. The natural (and unnatural) history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 1974; 34: 179-184.
5. Frank S, Braunwald E. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Clinical analysis of 126 patients with emphasis on the natural history. Circulation 1986; 37: 759-788.
6. Spirito LM, Chiarella F, Carratino L, Berisso MZ, Bellotti P, Vecchio C. Clinical course and prognosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an outpatient population. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 794-798.
7. Koflard MJ, Waldstein DJ, Vos J, TenCate FG. Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy observed in a large clinical population. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 939-943.
8. Shapiro LM, Zezulka A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a common disease with a good prognosis. Five years experience of a district general hospital. Br Heart J 1983; 50: 530-534.
9. Maron BJ, Kraegel AH, Roberts WC. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with normal left ventricular mass. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 308-310.
10. McKenna WJ, Stewart JT, Nihoyannopoulos P, McGinty F, Davies MJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without hypertrophy: two families with myocardial disarray in the absence of increased myocardial mass. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 287-290.
11. Jarcho JA, McKenna WJ, Pare JAP et al. Mapping a gene for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to chromosome 14q1. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1.372-1.378.
12. Watkins H, Rosenzweig A, Hwang DS et al. Characteristics and prognostic implications of myosin missense mutations in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1.108-1.111.
13. Watkins H, McKenna WJ, Thierfelder L et al. Mutations in the genes for cardiac troponin T and alfa-tropomyosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1.058-1.064.
14. Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Cannon III RO, Leon MB, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Interrelations of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology and therapy (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 780-789.
15. Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Cannon III RO, Leon MB, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Interrelations of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology and therapy (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 844-852.
16. Alfonso F, Macaya C, Goicolea J et al. Muerte súbita en la miocardiopatía hipertrófica. En: Sáenz de la Calzada C, editor. Avances y Dilemas en Cardiología. Sociedad Castellana de Cardiología. Barcelona: Editorial CEA, 1992; 308-319.
17. Alfonso F. Tratamiento de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica: conceptos y controversias. En: Iñíguez A, editor. Tratado de terapéutica cardiológica. Madrid: Editorial Libro del Año, 1994; 115-131.
18. Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J 1958; 20: 1-8.
19. Brock RC. Functional obstruction of the left ventricle. Guy's Hosp Rep 1959; 108: 126-143.
20. Goodwin JF. The frontiers of cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1982; 48: 1-18.
21. Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Recent observations regarding the specificity of three hallmarks of the disease: asymmetric septal hypertrophy, septal disorganisation and systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45: 141-154.
22. Zarco P, Alfonso F. Enfermedades del miocardio: lecciones del pasado y perspectivas futuras. Rev Esp Cardiol 1995; 48: 616-627.
23. a ed.). Nueva York: McGraw Hill, 1995; 4.253-4.272.
24. Epstein ND, Cohn GM, Cyran F, Fananapazir L. Differences in clinical expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with 2 distinct mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain gene: a 908Leu→ Val mutation and a 403Arg→ Gln mutation. Circulation 1992; 86: 345-352.
25. Solomon S, Wolff S, Watkins H et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and morphology in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with mutations of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 498-505.
26. Anan R, Greve G, Thierfelder L et al. Prognostic implications of novel beta cardiac myosin heavy chain gene mutations that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 280-285.
27. Nienaber CA, Hiller S, Spielmann RP, Geiger M, Kuck KH. Syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: multivariate analysis of prognostic determinants. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 948-955.
28. Spirito P, Rapezzi C, Autore C et al. Prognosis of asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1994; 90: 2.743-2.747.
29. Maron WJ, Roberts WC, Epstein SE. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a profile of 78 patients. Circulation 1982; 65: 1.388-1.394.
30. Maron BJ, Roberts WJ, McAllister HA, Rosing DR, Epstein SE. Sudden death in young athletes. Circulation 1980; 62: 218-229.
31. Pellicia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A et al. The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 295-301.
32. Spirito P, Maron BJ. Relation between extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and occurrence of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 1.521-1.526.
33. Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Clinical significance and therapeutic implications of the left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58: 1.093-1.096.
34. McKenna WJ, Harris L, Deanfield J. Syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1982; 47: 177-179.
35. Nishiyama S, Yamaguchi H, Shiratori K el al. Two dimensional echocardiographic findings during syncopal attack due to obstruction in the outflow tract of the left ventricle in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol 1981; 11: 439-441.
36. Klues H, Leuner C, Kuhn H. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: increase in gradient after exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19. 527-531.
37. Hayashida W, Kumada T, Kohno F et al. Left ventricular regional relaxation and its nonuniformity in hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991; 84: 1.496-1.504.
38. Spirito P, Maron BJ, Chiarella F et al. Diastolic abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy relation to magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1985; 72: 310-316.
39. Chikamori T, Dickie S, Poloniecki JD, Myers MJ, Lavender JP, McKenna WJ. Prognostic significance of radionuctide-assessed diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 478-482.
40. Frenneaux MP, Portei A, Caforio AL, Odawara H, Counihan PJ, McKenna WJ. Determinants of exercise capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 13: 1.521-1.526.
41. Frenneaux MP, Counihan PJ, Caforio AL, Chikamori T, McKenna WJ. Abnormal blood pressure response during exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1990; 82: 1.995-2.002.
42. Counihan PJ, Frenneaux MP, Webb DJ, McKenna WJ, Abnormal vascular responses to supine exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991; 84: 686-696.
43. Gill JS, Counihan P, McKenna WJ. Atrial natriuretic peptide release in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): association with abnormal peripheral vascular responses [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 328.
44. Lardani H, Serrano JA, Villamil RJ. Hemodynamics and coronary angiography in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1978; 41: 476-480.
45. Maron BJ, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and transmural myocardial infarction without significant atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1979; 43: 1.086-1.102.
46. Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural (≪small vessel≫) coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8: 545-557.
47. Tanaka M, Fujiwara H, Onodera T, Wu DJ, Hamashima Y, Kawai C. Quantitative analysis of myocardial fibrosis in normals, hypertensive hearts and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1986.55:575-581.
48. Canon III RO, Rosing DR, Maron BJ et al. Myocardial ischemia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: contribution of inadequate vasodilator reserve and elevated left ventricular filling pressures. Circulation 1985; 71: 234-243.
49. Camici P, Chiriatti G, Lorenzoni R et al. Coronary vasodilation is impaired in both hypertrophied and nonhypertrophied myocardium of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a study with nitrogen-13 ammonia and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 879-886
50. Brugada P, Bar FH, Zwaan C, Roy D, Green M, Wellns HJ. ≪swaflsh≫ systolic anterior narrowing of the left anterior descending coronary artery: an angiographic sign of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1982; 66: 800-803.
51. Pichard AD, Meller J, Teicholz LE, Lipnik S, Gorlin R, Hermann MV. Septal perforation compression (narrowing) in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40: 310-314.
52. Navarro-López F, Soler J, Magriña J et al. Systolic compression of coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 1986; 12: 309-313.
53. Dohlen TW, Prisant LM, Frank MJ. Significance of positive or negative Thalium-201 scintigraphy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 498-503.
54. Maron BJ, Kogan J, Proschan MA, Panza JA. Circadian variation in the occurrence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 184.
55. Hardarson TS, De la Calzada C, Curiel R, Goodwin JF. Prognosis and mortality of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1973; 2: 1.462-1.472.
56. Furlan AJ, Cracium AR, Raju NR, Hart N Cerebrovascular complications associated with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Stroke 1984; 15: 282-284.
57. Palacios J. Historia natural de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica: influencia de las arritmias supraventriculares y ventriculares sobre el pronóstico [tesis doctoral]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Medicina, 1990.
58. Sáenz de la Calzada C, Palacios J, Cassinello C, Tello R, Antón M, Gómez-Pajuelo C et al Embolias en las miocardiopatías dilatada e hipertrófica. En: Pérez-Gómez J, López-Sendón JL, Roldán I, editores. Trombosis Cardiovascular. 1990, 109-114.
59. Maron BJ, Epstein SE, Morrow AG. Symptomatic status and prognosis of patients after operation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: efficacy of ventricular septal myotomy and myectomy. Eur Heart J 1983; 4 (Supl F): 175-185.
60. Klein RM, Schwartzkopff B, Schulte HD, Lowe B, Strauer BE. Hemodynamic findings in patients with left bundle branch block after myectomy in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Eur J Card Thorac Surg 1993; 7: 528-532.
61. James TN, Marshall TK. De subitaneis mortibus XII Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart. Circulation 1975; 51: 1.149-1.166.
62. Gavrilescu S, Gavrilescu M, Streian C. Luca C. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with complete heart block. Pathological correlations. Acta Cardiol Brux 1974; 29: 24.
63. Chjmielewski CA, Riley RS, Mahendran A, Most AS. Complete heart block as a cause of syncope in asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Am Heart J 1977; 93: 91-93.
64. Matlof HJ, Jener JC, Harrison DC. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis complicated by high degree heart block. Cicle to cicle variation as a function of alterations in preload and afterload. Am J Cardiol 1973; 32: 719-722.
65. Joseph S, Balcon R, McDonald L. Syncope in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy due to asystole. Br Heart J 1972; 34: 974-976.
66. Johnson AD, Daily PO. Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis complicated by high degree heart block: successful treatment with an atrial syncrhonous ventricular pacemaker. Chest 1975; 67: 491-494.
67. Ingham RE, Mason JW, Rossen RM, Harrison DC. Electrophisiologic findings in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1978; 41: 811-816.
68. Watson RM, Schwatz JL, Maron BJ, Tucker E, Rosing DR, Josephson ME. Inducible polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in a subgroup of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at high risk for sudden death. J Am Coll 1987; 10: 761-774.
69. Geibel A, Brugada P, Zehende M, Stevenson W, Waldecker B, Wellens HJ. Value of programed electrical stimulation using a standardized ventricular stimulation protocol in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 738-739.
70. Kuck KH, Kunze KP, Schluter M et al. Programed electrical stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Results in patients with and without cardiac arrest or syncope. Eur Heart J 1988; 9: 177-185.
71. Fananapazir L, Tracy CM, Leon MB et al. Electrophisiologic abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A consecutive analysis in 155 patients. Circulation 1989; 80: 1.259-1.268.
72. Tajik AJ, Giuliani ER, Frye RL, McGoon DC, Nunn SL. Muscular subaortic stenosis associated with complete heart block. Am J Cardiol 1973; 31: 101-104.
73. Spilkin S, Mitha AS, Matisonn RE, Chesler E. Complete heart block in a case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Non invasive correlates with the timing of atrial systole. Circulation 1977; 55: 418-422
74. Maron BJ, Connor TM, Roberts WC. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and complete heart block in infancy. Am Heart J 1981; 101: 857-860.
75. Louie EK, Maron BJ. Familial spontaneous complete heart block in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1986; 55: 469-474.
76. Alfonso F, Ayuso C, Renedo G, Rey M, Farre J, McKenna WJ. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 1.099-1.101.
77. McKenna WJ. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Identification of the high risk patient. En: Brugada P, Wellens HJ, editores. Cardiac arrhythmias. Where to go from here? Nueva York: Futura Publishing, 1987; 353-365.
78. Alfonso F, Counihan P, Dickie S, McKenna WJ. Implicaciones clínicas del bloqueo completo de rama izquierda en los pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica. Rev Esp Cardiol 1991; 44: 24.
79. Savage DD, Seides SF, Maron BJ, Myers DJ, Epstein SE. Prevalence of arrhythmias during 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring and exercise testing in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1979; 59: 866-875.
80. McKenna WJ, Chetty S, Oakley CM, Goodwin JF. Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: exercise and 48 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic assessment with and without beta adrenergic blocking therapy. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45: 1-5.
81. Maron BJ, Spirito P, Green KJ, Wesley YE, Bonow RO, Arce J. Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 10: 733-742.
82. Bonow RO, Frederick TM, Bacharach SL, Green MV, Goose PW, Maron BJ et al. Atrial systole and left ventricular filling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51: 1.386-1.391.
83. Robinson K, Frenneaux M, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki ID, McKenna WJ. Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 1.279-1.285.
84. McKenna WJ, Borggrefe M, England D, Deanfield J, Oakley CM, Goodwin JF. The natural history of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an electrocardiographic study. Circulation 1982; 66: 1.233-1.240.
85. Cosío FG, Sánchez A, Vidal JM, Iglesias J, García-Martínez J. Preexcitation patterns in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1981; 101:233-234.
86. Krikler DM, Davies MJ, Rowland E, Goodwin JF, Evans RC, Shaw DB. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: associated accessory atrioventricular pathways. Br Heart J 1980; 43: 245-251.
87. Stafford WJ, Trohman RG, Bilsker M, Zaman L, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Cardiac arrest in an adolescent with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 701-704.
88. Fananapazir L, Epstein SE. Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic evaluation of patterns with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy surviving cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 280-287.
89. Madariaga I, Carmona JR, Mateas FR, Lezaun R, De los Arcos E. Supraventricular arrhytmias as the cause of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 134-137.
90. McKenna WJ, England D, Doy YL, Deanfield JE, Oakley CM, Goodwin JF. Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy I: influence of prognosis. Br Heart J 1981; 46: 168-172.
91. Maron BJ, Savage DD, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE. Prognosis significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective study. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48: 252-257.
92. Mulrow JP, Healy MJ, McKenna WJ. Variability of ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and implications for treatment. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58: 615 618.
93. Maron BJ, Spirito P. Impact of patient selection biases on the perception of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its natural history. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 970-972.
94. Hecht GM, Panza JA, Maron BJ. Clinical course of middleaged asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic eardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 935-940.
95. McKenna WJ, Sadoul N, Slade AK, Saumarez RC. The prognostic significance of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1994; 90: 3.115-3.117.
96. Spirito P, Watson RM, Maron BJ. Relations between the extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and occurrence of ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1.137-1.142.
97. Lazzeroni E, Domenicicci S, Finardi A et al. Severity of arrhytmias and extent of hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyo-pathy. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 734-738.
98. Yamaguchi H, Ishimura T, Nishiyama S et al. Hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy with giant negative T waves (apical hypertrophy); ventnculography and echocardiographic features in 30 patients. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44:401-412.
99. Alfonso F, Nihoyannopoulos P, Stewart J, Dickie S, Lemery R, McKenna WJ. Clinical significance of giant negative T waves in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 965-971.
100. Alfonso F, Frenneaux MP, McKenna WJ. Clinical sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: association with left ventricular apical aneurysm. Br Heart J 1989; 61: 178-181.
101. McKenna WJ, Franklin RC, Nihoyannopoulos P, Robinson KC, Deanfield JE. Arrhythmias and prognosis in infants, children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 11: 147-153.
102. Nicod P, Polikar R, Peterson KL. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1.255-1.257.
103. Buckingham TA, Gosh S, Homan SM et al. Independent value of signal-averaged electrocardiography and left ventricular function in identifying patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 568-572.
104. Fananapazir J, Barbour DJ, Winkler JB. Signal-averaged electrocardiographic identification of patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1988; 78: 51.
105. Fauchier JP, Cosnay P, Moquet B, Balleh H, Rouesnel P. Late ventricular potentials and spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhytmias in dilated or hypertrophie cardiomyopathies: a prospective study in 83 patients. PACE 1988; 111: 974-983.
106. Cripps TR, Counihan PJ, Frenneaux MP, Ward DE, Camm AJ, McKenna WJ. Signal averaged electrocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 956-961.
107. Barbour DJ, Winkler JB, Maron BJ, Fananapazir L. Signal Averaged electrocardiographic abnormalities in non affected first-degree relatives of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 13: 190
108. Epstein ND, Lin HJ, Fananapazir L. Genetic evidence of dissociation (generational skips) of electrical from morphologic forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 627-631.
109. Wellens JH, Bar FW, Vanagt EJ. Death after ajmaline administration [carta]. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45: 905.
110. Fananapazir L, Chang A, Epstein SE, McAreavey D. Prognostic determinants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prospective evaluation of a therapeutic strategy based on clinical, Holter, hemodynamic and electrophysiological findings. Circulation 1992, 86: 730-740.
111. Saumarez RC, Camm AJ, Panagos A et al. Ventricular fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased electrogram fractionation. Circulation 1992; 86: 467-474.
112. Saumarez RC, Slade AK, Grace AA, Sadoul N, Camm AJ, McKenna WJ. The significance of paced electrogram fractionation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A prospective study. Circulation 1995. En prensa.
113. Frank JM, Abdulla AM, Canedo MI, Saylors RE. Long-term medical management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42: 993-1.001.
114. Adelman AG, Shah PM, Gramiak R, Wigle ED. Long-term propranolol therapy in muscular subdortic stenosis. Br Heart J 1970; 70: 301-303.
115. Sáenz de la Calzada C, Ziady GM, Hardarson T, Curiel R, Goodwin JF. Effect of acute administration of propranolol on ventricular function in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy measured by non-invasive techniques. Br Heart J 1976; 38: 798-803.
116. Speiser KW, Krayenbuehl HP. Reappraisal of the effect of acute beta-blockade on left ventricular filling dynamics in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1981; 2: 21-29.
117. Stewart JT, McKenna WJ. Influence of treatment on natural history. En: Zipes DP, Rowlands DJ, editores. Progress in Cardiology 2/2. Filadelfia: Lea and Febiger, 1989; 183-194.
118. Kaltenbach M, Hopf R, Kober G et al. Treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with verapamil. Br Heart J 1979; 42: 35-42.
119. Haberer T, Hess OM, Jenni R, Krayenbuhl HP. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: spontaneous course in comparison to long-term therapy with propranolol and verapamil. Z Cardiol 1983; 72: 487-491.
120. Lorell BH. Use of calcium channel blockers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Med 1985; 78 (Supl 2B): 43-53.
121. Rosing DR, Indapaan-Heikkila U, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Use of calcium channel blocking drugs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 185B-195B.
122. Pollick C, Kimball B, Henderson M, Wigle D. Dysopiramide in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy II. Noninvasive assessment after oral administration. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 1.252-1.255.
123. Alfonso F. Miocardiopatía hipertrófica asintomática. Argumentos en contra de su tratamiento. Rev Esp Cardiol 1995; 48: 514-521.
124. Ten Cate FJ, Roelandt J. Progression of the left ventricular dilatation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1979; 97: 762-765.
125. Beder SD, Gutgessel HP, Mullins CE, McNamara DG. Progression from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy to congestive cardiomyopathy in a child. Am Heart J 1982; 104: 155-156.
126. Gillan DM, Chan WL, Stewart R, Joshi J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Oakley CM. Cardiac responses assess by echocardiography to changes in preload in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 312-315.
127. Shirani J, Maron BI, Cannon III RO, Shahin S, Roberts WC. Clinopathologic features of hipertrophic cardiomyopathy managed by cardiac transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 434-440.
128. McKenna WJ, Oakley CM, Krikler DM, Goodwin IF. Improved survival with amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia. Br Heart J 1985; 53: 412-417.
129. McKenna WJ, Harris I, Pérez G, Krikler DM, Oakley CM, Goodwin IF. Arrythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy II: comparison of amiodarone and verapamil treatment. Br Heart J 1981; 46: 173-177.
130. Kuck KH, Dernedde J, Geiger M, Kunze KP. Inefficacy and adverse effects of sotalol on arrythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 450.
131. Miyajima S, Aizawa Y, Matsuoka A et al. Danger of use of dysopiramide in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Jpn Heart J 1985; 29: 115-117.
132. Epstein SE, Rosing DR. Verapamil: its potential for causing serious complications in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1981; 64: 437-441.
133. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Supression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia supression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 406-412.
134. McKenna WJ, Hams L, Rowland E et al. Amiodarone for long-term management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54: 802-805.
135. McKenna WJ, Adams KM, Poloniecki JD, Dickie S. Oakley CM, Krikler DM, Goodwin JF. Long term survival with amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1989; 80: 6.
136. Gilligan DM, Missouris CG, Boyd MJ, Oakley CM. Sudden death due to ventricular tachycardia during amiodarone therapy in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991: 69:971-973.
137. Fananapazir L, Leon MB, Bonow RO, Tracy CM, Cannon RO, Epstein SE. Sudden death during empiric amiodarone therapy in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 169-174.
138. Hassenstein P, Storch HH, Schmitz W. Erfahrungen mit der schrittmacherdauerbehandlung bei patienten mit obstrucktiver kardiomyopathie. Thoraxchirurgie 1975; 23: 496-499.
139. Jeanrenaud X, Goy JJ, Kappenberger L. Effects of dual chamber pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1992; 339: 1.318-1.323.
140. McDonald KM, Maurer B. Permanent pacing as treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 108-110.
141. Nishimura RA, Danielson GK. Dual chamber pacing for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: has its time come? Br Heart J 1993; 70: 301-303.
142. Zile MR, Blaustein AS, Shimizu G. Right ventricular pacing reduces the rate of left ventricular relaxation and filling. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 10: 702.
143. Blanch P, Soto A, Tornos P, Bosh R, Evangelista A, Soler Soler J. Marcapaso VVI en el tratamiento de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva en fibrilación auricular. Rev Esp Cardiol 1993; 46: 455-457.
144. Tascón J, Albarrán A, Pérez-Carasa MA, Andreu J, Rodríguez J, Coma RF et al. Tratamiento de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva refractaria al tratamiento médico con estimulación DDD. Rev Esp Cardiol 1994; 47: 294-302.
145. Fananapazir L, Bonow RO, Dilsizian V. Dual chamber pacing relieves angina and improves myocardial perfusion abnormalities in patients with obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1992; 86: 273.
146. Slade AK, Keeling PJ, Prasad K, Page C, McKenna WJ. Acute evaluation of DDD versus DDDR mode predicts additional benefit of rate adaptative pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 10.
147. Cannon III RO, Tripodi D, Dilsiziam V, Panza J, Fananapazir L. Results of permanent dualchamber pacing in symptomatic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 571-576.
148. Fananapazir L, Cannon III RO, Tripodi D, Panza JA. Impact of dual-chamber permanent pacing in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with symptoms refractory to verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocker therapy. Circulation 1992; 85: 2.149-2.161.
149. Sadoul N, Simon JP, Bruntz JF et al. Long-term dual chamber pacing reduces left ventricular mass in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 94.
150. Jeanrenaud X, Guy JJ, Kappelberger L. Long-term effect of dual chamber pacing of left ventricular function in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1992; 86 (Supl 1): 447.
151. Sadoul N, Slade AK, Simon JP et al. Dual chamber pacing in refractory hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a two-center european experience in 34 consecutive patients [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 233.
152. Morrow AG, Reitz BA, Epstein SE et al. Operative treatment in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: techniques and results of pre and postoperative assessment in 83 pacients. Circulation 1985; 52: 88-102.
153. Maron BJ, Merrill WH, Freier PA, Kent KM, Epstein SE, Morrow AG. Long-term clinical course and symptomatic status of patients after operation for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Circulation 1978; 57: 1.205-1.213.
154. Beahrs MM, Tajik AJ, Seward JB, Giuliane ER, McGoon DC. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: ten to 21 years follow-up after partial septal myectomy. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51: 1.160-1.166.
155. Mohr R, Schaff HV, Danielson GK, Puga FJ, Pluth JR, Tajik AJ. The outcome of surgical treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: experience over 15 years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989, 97: 666-674.
156. Williams WG, Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Smallhorn J, Leblanc J, Trusler GA. Results of surgery for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1987; 75 (Supl 5): 104-108.
157. Seiler C, Hess OM, Schoenbeck M et al. Long-term follow-up of medical versus surgical therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 634-646.
158. Penas M, McKenna WJ. El tratamiento quirúrgico precoz de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva sintoḿtica. Argumentas a favor. Rev Esp Cardiol 1995; 48: 223-228.
159. Maron BJ, Koch JP, Kent KM, Epstein SE. Morrow AG. Results of surgery for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Cardiovasc Med 1980; 5: 145-150.
160. Losordo DW, Gal D, Hogan J, Brucker G, Isner JM. Laser myoplasty for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: use of thermocouple to contiuously monitor laser-fiber contact with myocardium and for dosimetry [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 184.
161. Sigwart U, Buszman P, Knight C, Sutton R, Gibson D. Non surgical septum reduction: a new treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HCOM) [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 233.
162. Caplan J, Boltwood CM, Tei C, Shah PM. Clinical improvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 797-799.
163. Chapman PD, Sagar KB, Witherbee JN, Troup PJ. Relationship of left ventricular mass to defibrillation threshold for the implantable defibrillator: a combined clinical and animal study. Am Heart J 1987; 114: 274-279.
164. Tripodi D, McAreavey D, Epstein ND, Fananapazir L. Impact of the implantable defibrillator in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with at high risk for sudden death [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 352.
165. O'Donoghue S, Platia E, Mispireta L et al. Safety of desfibrillator implantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [resumen]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 11.
166. Borggrefe M, Block CM, Haverkamp W, Hindricks G, Shenasa M, Breithardt G. The role of ICD in patients with dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PACE 1992; 15: 616-626.