Aspectos fisiopatológicos do refluxo gastroesofágico na criança

Arquivos de Gastroenterologia

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 102-114

  Goldani, Helena Ayako Sueno ^a   Fernandes, Maria Inez Machado ^a,b   De Vicente, Yvone Avalloni Morals Villela De Andrade ^c   Dantas, Roberto Oliveira ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b FMRP USP

^c FMRP USP

^d Disciplina Gastroenterologia Clin

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMAN; INFANT; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; MANOMETRY; NEWBORN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRESSURE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MANOMETRY; PRESSURE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0030112516     PISSN: 00042803     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Adamek RJ Wegener M, Wienbeck M, Gielen B. Long-term esophageal manometry in healthy subjects. Evaluation of normal values and influence of age. Dig Dis Sci, 39:2069, 1994.
2. Allen ML, McIntosh DL, Robinson MG. Healing or amelioration of esophagitis does not result in increased lower esophageal sphincter or esophageal contractile pressure. Am J Gastroenterol, 85:1331, 1990.
3. Altorki NK, Skinner DB. Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Med, 86:685, 1989.
4. Altschuler SM, Boyle JT, Nixon TE, Pack AI. Cohen S. Simultaneous reflex inhibition of lower esophageal sphincter and crural diaphragm in cats. Am J Physiol, 249:G586, 1985.
5. Anggiansah A, Taylor G, Bright N, Wang J, Owen WA, Rokkas T, Jones AR, Owen WJ. Primary peristalsis is the major acid clearance mechanism in reflux patients. Gut, 35:1536, 1994.
6. Baer M, Maki M, Nurminen J, Turjanmaa V, Pukander J, Vesikari T. Esophagitis and findings of long-term esophageal pH recording in children with repeated lower respiratory tract symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 5:187, 1986.
7. Baldi F, Ferrarini F, Balestra R, Borioni D, Longanesi A, Miglioli M, Barbara L. Oesophageal motor events at the ocurrence of acid reflux and during endogenous acid exposure in healthy subjects and in patients with oesophagitis. Gut, 26:336, 1985.
8. Baldi F, Ferrarini F, Longanesi A, Angeloni M, Ragazzini M, Miglioli M, Barbara L. Oesophageal function before, during, and after healing of erosive oesophagitis. Gut, 29:157, 1988.
9. Behar J, Ramsby G. Gastric emptying and antral motility in reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology, 74:253, 1978.
10. Biancani P, Spiro HM, Bejar J. Pressure diameter characteristics of competent and incompetent human lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Gastroenterology, 64:A-15/698, 1973.
11. Boix-Ochoa J. Address of honored guest: The physiologic approach to the management of gastric esophageal reflux. J Pediatr Surg, 21:1032, 1986.
12. Boix-Ochoa J, Canals J. Maturation of the lower esophagus. J Pediatr Surg, 11:749, 1976.
13. Botha GS. The gastroesophageal region in infants. Observations of the anatomy with special reference to the closing mechanism and partial thoracic stomach. Arch Dis Child, 33:78, 1958.
14. Boyle JT. Gastroesophageal reflux in the pediatrie patient. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 18:315, 1989.
15. Boyle JT, Cohen S. Does intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter increase as an adaptative response to increased intraabdominal pressure? Dig Dis Sci, 29:760, 1984.
16. Brueton MJ, Clarke GS, Sandhu BK. Gastroesophageal reflux in infancy. In: Milla PJ, ed. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility in childhood. New York, John Wiley, 1988.
17. Buts JP, Barudi C, Moulin D, Claus D, Cornu G, Otte JB. Prevalence and treatment of silent gastroesophageal reflux in children with recurrent respiratory disorders. Eur J Pediatr, 145:396, 1986.
18. Butterfield DG, Struthers JE, Showalter JP. A test of gastroesophageal sphincter competence. The common cavity test. Am J Dig Dis, 17:415, 1972.
19. Byrne PJ, Euler AR, Campbell M. Body position and esophageal sphincter pressure in infants. Am J Dis Child, 136:523, 1982.
20. Byrne PJ, Stuart RC, Lawlor P, Walsh TN, Hennessy TPJ. A new technique for measuring lower oesophageal sphincter competence in patients. Ir J Med Sci, 162:351, 1993.
21. Cannon RA, Staldanik RC. Postprandial gastric motility in infants with gastroesophageal reflux and delayed gastric emptying. J Nucl Med, 34:2120, 1993.
22. Carrè U. The natural history of the partial thoracic stomach (hiatus hernia) in children. Arch Dis Child, 34:344, 1959.
23. Catto-Smith AG, Machida H, Butzner JD, Gall DG, Scott RB. The role of gastroesophageal reflux in pediatrie dysphagia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 12:159, 1991.
24. Christie DL, O'Grady LR, Mack DV. Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter and gastroesophageal reflux in recurrent acute pulmonary disease of infancy and childhood. J Pediatr, 93:23, 1978.
25. Cohen S, Harris LD. Lower esophageal sphincter as an index of lower esophageal sphincter strength. Gastroenterology, 58:157, 1970.
26. Cohen S, Harris LD. The lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology, 63:1066, 1972.
27. Csendes A, Guiraldes E, Bancalari A, Braghetto I, Ayala M. Relation of gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and esophageal contractile waves to age in man. Scand J Gastroenterol, 13:443, 1978.
28. Cucchiara S, Staiano A, Di Lorenzo C, D'Ambrosio R, Andreotti MR, Prata M, De Filippo P, Auricchio S. Esophageal motor abnormalities in children with gastroesophageal reflux and peptic esophagitis. J Pediatr, 108:907, 1986.
29. Cucchiara S, Staiano A, Di Lorenzo C, De Luca G, Delia Rocca A, Auricchio S. Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux and distal esophageal motility in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 7:830, 1988.
30. Cucchiara S, Bortolotti M, Minella R, Auricchio S. Fasting and postprandial mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci, 38:86, 1993.
31. Dahms BB, Rothstein FC. Barrett's esophagus in children: a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 86:318, 1984.
32. Darling DB, Fisher JH, Gellis SS. Hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: analysis of the incidence in North American children. Pediatrics, 54:450, 1974.
33. Dellert SF, Hyams JS, Treem WR, Geertsma A. Feeding resistance and gastroesophageal reflux in infancy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 17:66, 1993.
34. DeMeester TR, Jonhson LF, Joseph GJ, Toscano MS, Hall AW, Skinner DB. Patterns of gastroesophageal reflux in health and disease. Ann Surg, 184:459, 1976.
35. DeMeester TR, Wernly JA, Bryant GH, Little AG, Skinner DB. Clinical and in vitro analysis of determinants of gastroesophageal competence. Am J Surg, 137:39, 1979.
36. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Friedman RH, Sekiguchi T, Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC, Petrie DJ. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects. J Clin Invest, 65:256, 1980.
37. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Sekiguchi T, Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC. Interdigestive phasic contractions of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology, 84:453, 1983.
38. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Toouli J. Factors that influence induction of gastroesophageal reflux in normal human subjects. Dig Dis Sci, 33:270, 1988.
39. Dent J, Holloway RH, Toouli J, Dodds, WJ. Mechanisms of lower oesophageal sphincter incompetence in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Gut, 29:1020, 1988.
40. Dev NB, Boyle JT. Phasic contraction of the diafragm during respiration impedes its role in the gastroesophageal antireflux barrier. Gastroenterology, 96:A 120, 1989.
41. Di Lorenzo C, Piepsz A, Ham H, Cadranel S. Gastric emptying with gastroesophageal reflux. Arch Dis Child, 62:449, 1987.
42. Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Miller WN, Stef JJ, Arndorfer RC, Lydon SB. Effect of increased intraabdominal pressure on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Am J Dig Dis, 20:298, 1975.
43. Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan WJ, Helm JF, Hauser R, Patel GK, Egide MK. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med, 307:1547, 1982.
44. Eastwood GL, Castell DO, Higgs RH. Experimental esophagitis in cats impairs lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Gastroenterology, 69:146, 1975.
45. Eckdart VF. Does healing of esophagitis improve esophageal motor function? Dig Dis Sci, 33:161, 1988.
46. Espinoza J, Heitmann, P. The gastroesophageal sphincter in the first year of life. Gastroenterology, 60:773, 1971.
47. Euler AR, Ament ME. Value of manometric studies in the gastroesophageal reflux of infancy. Pediatrics, 59:58, 1977.
48. Euler AR, Ament ME. Decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure in children with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Dis Child, 132:528, 1978.
49. Fahmy N, King JF. Barren's esophagus: an acquired condition with genetic predisposition. Am J Gastroenterol, 88:1262, 1993.
50. Fisher RS, Malmud LS, Roberts GS, Lobis IF. The lower esophageal sphincter as a barrier to gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 72:19, 1977.
51. Fleshier B, Hendrix TR, Kramer P, Ingelfinger FJ. Resistance and reflux function of the lower esophageal sphincter. J Appl Physiol, 12:339, 1958.
52. Freidin N, Fisher M, Boyd D, Taylor W, Sluss J, McCallum R, Mittal R. Patterns of sleep and acid reflux in normal subjects and gastroesophageal reflux patients. Gastroenterology, 96:A158, 1989.
53. Gerhardt DC, Shuck TJ, Bordeaux RA, Winship DH. Human upper esophageal sphincter. Response to volume, osmotic and acid stimuli. Gastroenterology, 75:268, 1978.
54. Gill RC, Bowes KL, Murphy PD, Kingma YJ. Esophageal motor abnormalities in gastroesophageal reflux and the effects of fundoplication. Gastroenterology, 91:364, 1986.
55. Goldani HAS. Estudo rnanométrico do esôfago distal mediante compressão abdominal extrmseca em crianças com manifestaçõedes clínicas de refluxo gastro-esofágico patológico e assintomáticas. Ribeirão Preto, 1995. [Dissertação (Mestrado) - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo].
56. Gotley DC, Ball D, Cooper MJ. Enzymatic activity in the refluxate of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology, 96:A178, 1989.
57. Gryboski J. The swallowing mechanism of the neonate. I. Esophageal and gastric motility. Pediatrics, 35:445, 1965.
58. Gryboski J, Thayer WR, Spiro HM. Esophageal motility in infants and children. Pediatrics, 31:382, 1963.
59. Haddad JK. Relation of gastroesophageal reflux to yield sphincter pressures. Gastroenterology, 58:175, 1970.
60. Hassall E, Israel DM, Davidson AGF, Wong LTK. Barren's esophagus in children with cystic fibrosis: not a coincidental association. Am J Gastroenterol, 88:1934, 1993.
61. Helm JF, Dodds WJ, Pelc LR, Palmer DW, Hogan WJ, Teeter BC. Effect of esophageal emptying and saliva on clearance of acid from the esophagus. N Engl J Med, 310:284, 1984.
62. Helm JF, Dodds WJ, Riedel DR, Teeter BC. Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC. Determinants of esophageal acid clearance in normal subjects. Gastroenterology, 85:607, 1983.
63. Herbst JJ, Minton SD, Book LS. Gastroesophageal causing respiratory distress and apnea in newborn infants. J Pediatr, 95:763, 1979.
64. Hillemeier AC, McCallum R, Gryboski J. Delayed gastric emptying in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr, 98:190, 1981.
65. Hillemeier AC, Grill BB, McCallum R, Gryboski J. Esophageal and gastric motor abnormalities in gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. Gastroenterology, 84:741, 1983.
66. Holloway RH, Hongo M, Berger K, McCallum RW. Gastric distention: a mechanism for postprandial gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 89:779, 1985.
67. Holloway RH, Bryant Wyman J, Dent J. Failure of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation in response to gastric distension in patients with achalasia: evidence for neural mediation of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations. Gut, 30:762, 1989.
68. Holloway RH, Kocyan P, Dent J. Meals provoke gastroesophageal reflux by increasing the rate of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations. Gastroenterology, 96:A214, 1989.
69. Horowitz M, Dent J, Fraser F, Sun W, Herbard G. Role of integration of mechanisms controlling gastric emptying. Dig Dis Sci, 39:7S, 1994.
70. Howard JM, Reynolds RPE, Frei JV, Flowers MA, McDonald TJ, Tube K, Bondy DC. Macroscopic healing of esophagitis does not improve esophageal motility. Dig Dis Sci, 39:648, 1994.
71. Hyams JS, Ricci Jr, A, Leichtner AM. Clinical and laboratory correlates of esophagitis in young children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 7:52, 1988.
72. Ingelfinger FJ. The sphincter that is a sphinx. N Engl J Med, 28:1095, 1971.
73. Jackson PT, Glasgow JFT, Thomas PS, Carre IJ. Children with gastroesophageal reflux with or without partial thoracic stomach (hiatal hernia) have normal gastric emptying. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 8:37, 1989.
74. Jamieson GG, Duranceau AC. The defense mechanisms of the esophagus. Surg Clin North Am, 63:787, 1983.
75. Jolley SG, Herbst JJ, Johnson DG, Matlak ME, Book LS. Esophageal pH monitoring during sleep identifies children with respiratory symptoms from gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 80:1501, 1981.
76. Jolley SG, Herbst JJ, Johnson DG, Matlak ME, Book LS, Pena AP. Postcibal gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Pediatr Surg, 16:487, 1981.
77. Jolley SG, Johnson DG, Herbst JJ, Matlak ME. The significance of gastroesophageal reflux patterns in children. J Pediatr Surg, 16:859, 1981.
78. Jolley SG, Leonard JC, Tunell WP. Gastric emptying in children with gastroesophageal reflux. I. An estimate effective gastric emptying. J Pediatr Surg, 22:923, 1987.
79. Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Kern M, Arndorfer RC, Reece A. Esophageal peristaltic dysfunction in peptic esophagitis. Gastroenterology, 91:897, 1986.
80. Kahrilas PJ, Sloan S, Rademaker AW. Hiatal hernia and gastro esophageal reflux: another attempt to resolve the controversy. Gastroenterology, 105:941, 1993.
81. Kasapidis P, Xynos E, Mantides A, Crhysos E, Demonakou M, Nikolopoulos N, Vassilakis JS. Differences in manometry and 24-h ambulatory pH-metry between patients with and without endoscopic or histological esophagitis in gastroesophageal disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 88:1893, 1993.
82. Kau PO, Knuff TE, Benjamin SB, Castell DO. Abnormal esophageal pressures in reflux esophagitis: cause or effect? Am J Gastroenterol, 81:744, 1986.
83. Kaye MD, Showalter JP. Pyloric incompetence in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. J Lab Clin Med., 83:198, 1974.
84. Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Jansen JMBJ, Festen HPM, Weuwissen SGM, Lamers CBHW. Double-blind multicentre comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis. Lancet, 1:349, 1987.
85. Landers BR, Jamieson GG. Response of porcine lower esophageal sphincter to increasing intraabdominal pressure. Dig Dis Sci, 32:272, 1987.
86. Libermann-Meffert D, Allgower M, Schmid P, Math D, Blum AL. Muscular equivalent of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology, 76:31, 1979.
87. Lin CH, Tolia V, Kuhns LR, Dubois RS. Role of gastric emptying in infants with complicated gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatr Res, 25:118A, 1989.
88. Lin S, Ke M, Xu J, Kahrilas J. Impaired esophageal emptying in reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 89:1003, 1994.
89. Lind JF. Responses of the gastroesophageal junction zone to increases in abdominal pressure. Can J Surg, 9:32, 1968.
90. Lipshutz W, Cohen S. Physiological determinants of lower esophageal sphincter function. Gastroenterology, 61:16, 1971.
91. Livoti G, Tulone V, Bruno R, Cataliotti F, Iacono G, Cavatio F, Balsamo V. Ultrasonography and gastric emptying: evaluation in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 14:397, 1992.
92. McCallum RW, Berkowitz DM, Lerner E. Gastric emptying in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 80:285, 1981.
93. McLean TR, Bombeck T, Nyhus LM. Distinction of lower esophageal sphincter strength from sphincter competence. Am J Surg, 153:91, 1987.
94. McNally EF, Kelly JE, Ingelfinger FG. Mechanism of belching: effects of gastric distension with air. Gastroenterology, 46:254, 1964.
95. Martin CJ. Patrikios J, Dent J. Abolition of gas reflux and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation by vagal blockade in the dog. Gastroenterology, 91:890, 1986.
96. Martinez de Haro L, Paricio PP, Escandell MAO, Cuenca GM, Troncoso DV, Tebar JC, Pelegrin VG. Antireflux mechanism of nissen fundoplication. A manometric study. Scand J Gastroenterol, 27:417, 1992.
97. Martinez de Haro L, Parrilla P, Ortiz A, Morales G, Cifuentes J, Perez D, Videla D. Correlation between esophageal motility and 24-hour pH recording in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol, 88:525, 1993.
98. Milla PJ. Introduction. In: Milla PJ, ed. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility in childhood. New York, Jonh Wiley, 1988.
99. Mittal RK, McCallurn RW Characteristics of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in humans. Am J Physiol, 252:G636, 1987.
100. Mittal RK, McCallum RW. Characteristics and frequency of transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter in patients with reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology, 95:593, 1988.
101. Mittal RK, Rochester DF, McCallum RW. Electrical and mechanical activity in the human lower esophageal sphincter during diaphragmatic contraction. J Clin Invest, 81:1182, 1988.
102. Mittal RK, Fisher M, Sluss J. Electrical and mechanical inhibition of the crural diaphragm during transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology, 96:A347, 1989.
103. Moroz SP, Espinoza J, Cumming WA, Diamant NE. Lower esophageal sphincter function in children with and without gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 71:236, 1976.
104. Moses FM. Reversible aperistalsis as a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 82:272, 1987.
105. Namiot Z, Rourk RM, Piascik R, Hetzel DP, Sarosiek J, McCallum RW. Interrelationship between esophageal challenge with machanical and chemical stimuli and salivary protective mechanisms. Am J Gastroenterol, 89:581, 1994.
106. Newell SJ, Booth IW, Morgan MEI, Durbin GM, McNeish AS. Gastroesophageal reflux in pretenn infants. Arch Dis Child, 64:780, 1989.
107. Newman LJ, Russe J, Classman MS, Berezin S, Halata MS, Medow MS, Dozor AJ, Schwarz SM. Patterns of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in patients with apparent life-threatening events. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 8:157, 1989.
108. Ogorek CP, Cohen S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: new concepts in pathophysiology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 18:275, 1989.
109. Orenstein SR. Gastroesophageal reflux. Curr Probl Pediatr, May/ June: 193, 1991.
110. Orenstein SR. Controversies in pediatric gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 14:338, 1992.
111. Orenstein SR. Gastroesophageal reflux. In: Willie R, Hyams JS, ed. Pediatric gastrointestinal disease. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1993.
112. Orr WC, Robinson MG, Johnson LF. Acid clearing during sleep in patients with esophagitis and controls. Gastroenterology, 76:1213, 1979.
113. Orr WC, Johnson LF, Robinson MG. Effect of sleep on swallowing, esophageal peristalsis and acid clearance. Gastroenterology, 86:814, 1984.
114. Pope CE. A dynamic test of sphincter strength: its application to the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology, 52:779, 1967.
115. Pope CE. Esophageal physiology. Med Clin North Am, 58:1181, 1974.
116. Rudolph CD, Heyman MB, Rose DB, Hattner RS, Thaler MM. Lack of association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and delayed gastric emptying in young children. Gastroenterology, 88:1562, 1985.
117. Sacré L, Vandenplas Y. Gastroesophageal reflux associated with respiratory abnormalities during sleep. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 9:28, 1989.
118. Schoeman MN, Holloway RH. Stimulation and characteristics of secondary oesophageal peristalsis in normal subjects. Gut, 35:152, 1994.
119. Schoeman MN, Tippett MD, Akkermans LMA, Dent J, Holloway RH. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in ambulant healthy human subjects. Gastroenterology, 108:83, 1995.
120. Schwizer W, Hinder RA. DeMeester TR. Does delayed gastric emptying contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease? Am J Surg, 157:74, 1989.
121. Shay SS, Eggli D, McDonald C, Johnson LF. Gastric emptying of solid food in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 92:459, 1987.
122. Singh P, Adamopoulos A, Taylor RH, Colin-Jones DG. Oesophageal motor function before and after healing of oesophagitis. Gut, 33:1590, 1992.
123. Singh P, Taylor RH, Colin-Jones DG. Esophageal motor dysfunction and acid exposure in reflux esophagitis are more severe if Barrett's metaplasia is present. Am J Gastroenterol, 89:349, 1994.
124. Sondheimer JM, Upper esophageal sphincter and pharyngoesophageal motor function in infants with and without gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology, 85:301, 1983.
125. Sondheimer JM. Gastroesophageal reflux: update on pathogenesis and diagnosis. Pediatr Clin North Am, 35:103, 1988.
126. Sondheimer JM. Clearance of spontaneous gastroesophageal reflux in awake and sleeping infants. Gastroenterology, 97:821, 1989.
127. Sonnenberg A, Lepsien G, Lissner SAM, Koelz HR, Siewert JR, Blum AL. When is esophagitis healed? esophageal endoscopy, histology and function before and after cimetidine treatment. Dig Dis Sci, 27:297, 1982.
128. Sonnenberg A, Steinkamp U, Weise A, Berges W, Wienbeck M, Rohner HG, Peter P. Salivary secretion in reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology, 83:889, 1982.
129. Sontag SJ, Schnell TG, Miller TQ, Nemchausky B, Serlovsky R, O'Connel S, Chejfec G, Seidel UJ, Brand L. The importance of hiatal hernia in reflux esophagitis compared with lower esophageal sphincter pressure or smoking. J Clin Gastroenterol, 13:628, 1991.
130. Staiano A, Cucchiara S, Del Giudice E, Andreotti MR, Minella R. Disorders of oesophageal motility in children with psychomotor retardation and gastroesophageal reflux. Eur J Pediatr, 150:638, 1991.
131. Stanciu C, Bennett JR. Oesophageal acid clearing: one factor in the production of reflux oesophagitis. Gut, 15:852, 1974.
132. Stewart RJ, Johnston BT, Boston VE, Dodge J. Role of hiatal hernia in delaying acid clearance. Arch Dis Child, 68:662, 1993.
133. Strawczynski H, McKenna RD, Nickerson GH. The behavior of the lower esophageal sphincter in infants and its relationship to gastroesophageal regurgitation. J Pediatr, 64:17, 1964.
134. Sutphen JL, Dillard VL. Effects of maturation and gastric acidity on gastroesophageal reflux in infants. Am J Dis Child, 140:1062, 1986.
135. Sutphen JL, Dillard VL. Effect of feeding volume on early postcibal gastroesophageal reflux in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 7:185, 1988.
136. Sutphen JL, Dillard VL. Dietary caloric density and osmolality influence gastroesophageal reflux in infants. Gastroenterology, 97:601, 1989.
137. Timmer R, Breumelhof R, Nadorp JHSM, Smout APJM. Oesophageal motility and gastro-esophageal reflux before and after healing of reflux oesophagitis. A study using 24 hour ambulatory pH and pressure monitoring. Gut, 35:1519, 1994.
138. Tolia V, Lin CH, Kuhns LR. Gastric emptying using three different formulas in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 15:297, 1992.
139. Vakil NB, Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Vanagunas A. Absence of an upper esophageal sphincter response to acid reflux. Am J Gastroenterol, 84:606, 1989.
140. Vandenplas Y, De Wolf D, Deneyer M, Sacre L. Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux in sleep, awake, fasted and postcibal periods in asymptomatic and symptomatic infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 7:177, 1988.
141. Vandenplas Y, Ashkenazi A, Belli D, Boige N, Bouquet J, Cadranel S, Cezard JP, Cucchiara S, Dupont C, Geboes K, Gottrand F, Heymans HSA, Jasinski C, Kneepkens CMF, Koletzko S, Milla P, Mougenot JF, Nussle D, Navarro J, Newell SJ, Olafsdottir E, Pecters S, Ravelli A, Polanco I, Sandhu BK, Tolboom J. A proposition for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: a report from a working group on gastroesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Pediatr, 153:704, 1993.
142. Vanderhoof JA, Rapoport PJ, Paxson Jr CL. Manometric diagnosis of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in infants: use of a small single-lumen perfused catheter. Pediatrics, 62:805, 1978.
143. Vicente YAMVA. Estudo manométrico do esôfago de crianças de 0 a 6 meses de idade, sem patologia do trato digestivo alto. Ribeirão Preto, 1986. [Dissertação (Mestrado) - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo].
144. Vicente YAMVA. Estudo manométrico do esôfago distal do gato. Ribeirão Preto, 1990. [Tese (Doutorado) - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo].
145. Walsh JK, Farrell MK, Keenan WJ, Lucas M, Kramer M. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: relation to apnea. J Pediatr, 99:197, 1981.
146. Waters PF, DeMeester TR. Foregut motors disorders and their surgical management. Med Clin North Am, 65:1235, 1981.
147. Werlin SL, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Pediatr, 97:244, 1980.
148. Weyrauch K.F. Delayed gastric emptying with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr, 99:669, 1981.
149. Williams D, Thompson DG, Heggie L, O'Hanrahan T, Bancewicz J. Esophageal clearance function following treatment of esophagitis. Gastroenterology, 106:108, 1994.
150. Willing J, Davidson GP, Dent J, Cook I. Effect of gastroesophageal reflux on upper oesophageal sphincter motility in children. Gut, 34:904, 1993.
151. Willing J, Furukawa Y, Davidson GP, Dent J. Strain induced augmentation of upper oesophageal sphincter pressure in children. Gut, 35:159, 1994.
152. Winkelstein A. Peptic esophagitis. A new clinical entity. JAMA, 104:906, 1935.
153. Winship DH. Upper esophageal sphincter: does it care about reflux? Gastroenterology, 85:470, 1983.
154. Working Group of European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. A standardized protocol for methodology of esophageal pH monitoring and interpretation of the data for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 14:467, 1992.
155. Yahav J. Development of parietal cells, acid secretion and response to secretagogues. In: Lebenthal E, ed. Human gastrointestinal development. New York, Raven Press, 1989.
156. Yahav J, Carrion V, Lee PC, Lebenthal E. Meal-stimulated pepsinogen secretion in premature infants. J Pediatr, 110:949, 1987.
157. Zaninotto G, DeMeester TR, Schwizer W, Johansson KE, Cheng SC. The lower esophageal sphincter in health and disease. Am J Surg, 155:104, 1988.