Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L) dominance in the great basin desert. History, persistence, and influences to human activities

Global Environmental Change

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 37-52

  Knapp, Paul A ^a  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BROMUS TECTORUM; BOS TAURUS; EQUUS CABALLUS; OVIS ARIES; POACEAE;

CHEATGRASS; INTRODUCED PLANT;

USA, (WEST), GREAT BASIN;

EID: 0030111898     PISSN: 09593780     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0959-3780(95)00112-3     Document Type: Article

References (169)

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42. 28 Ibid
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53. 36 Ibid
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56. 39 Ibid
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98. 67 West, op cit, Ref 49
99. 68 G Melgoza and R S Nowak, 'Competition between Cheatgrass and two native species after fire: Implications from observations and measurements of root distribution', Journal of Range Management, Vol 44, 1991, pp 27-33
100. 69 Young and Tipton, op cit, Ref 18
101. 70 Ibid
102. 71 M J Crawley, 'Life history and environment', in M J Crawley (ed) Plant Ecology, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1986, pp 253-290;
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106. 73 C L Powell, 'Mycorrhizal infectivity of eroded soils', Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol 12, 1980, pp 247-250; E B Allen and M F Allen, 'Competition between plants of different successional stages: mycorrhizae as regulators', Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol 62, 1984, pp 2625-2629; E B Allen and M F Allen, 'Facilitation of succession by the nonmycotrophic colonizer Salsola kali (Chenopodiaceae) on a harsh site: Effects of mycorrhizal fungi', American Journal of Botany, Vol 75, 1988, pp 257-266
107. 73 C L Powell, 'Mycorrhizal infectivity of eroded soils', Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol 12, 1980, pp 247-250; E B Allen and M F Allen, 'Competition between plants of different successional stages: mycorrhizae as regulators', Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol 62, 1984, pp 2625-2629; E B Allen and M F Allen, 'Facilitation of succession by the nonmycotrophic colonizer Salsola kali (Chenopodiaceae) on a harsh site: Effects of mycorrhizal fungi', American Journal of Botany, Vol 75, 1988, pp 257-266
108. 74 E B Allen, 'Some trajectories of succession in Wyoming sagebrush grassland: implications for restoration', in E B Allen (ed) The Reconstruction of Disturbed Arid Lands, Westview Press, Boulder, 1988, pp 89-112
109. 75 Ibid
110. 76 Stewart and Hull, op cit, Ref 50
111. 77 M Hironaka and E W Tisdale, 'Secondary succession in annual vegetation in southern Idaho', Ecology, Vol 44, 1963, pp 810-812
112. 78 M Hironaka, 'Piemeisel exclosures', Rangelands, Vol 8, 1986, pp 221-223
113. 79 D A Pyke, 'Demographic responses of Bromus tectorum and seedlings of Agropyron spicatum to grazing by small mammals: Occurrence and severity of grazing', Journal of Ecology, Vol 74, 1986, pp 739-754; D A Pyke, 'Demographic responses of Bromus tectorum and seedlings of Agropyron spicatum to grazing by small mammals: The influence of grazing frequency and plant age', Journal of Ecology, vol 75, 1987, pp 825-835
114. 79 D A Pyke, 'Demographic responses of Bromus tectorum and seedlings of Agropyron spicatum to grazing by small mammals: Occurrence and severity of grazing', Journal of Ecology, Vol 74, 1986, pp 739-754; D A Pyke, 'Demographic responses of Bromus tectorum and seedlings of Agropyron spicatum to grazing by small mammals: The influence of grazing frequency and plant age', Journal of Ecology, vol 75, 1987, pp 825-835
115. 80 Whisenant, op cit, Ref 57
116. 81 S C Bunting, B M Kilgore, and C L Bushey, 'Guidelines for prescribed burning sagebrush-grass rangelands in the northern Great Basin', USDA General Technical Report INT 231. Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, 1987; L D Mahaffey, National fuels and smoke management specialist, Bureau of Land Management, Boise Interagency Fire Center, Boise, ID 83705, Personal communication, December, 1993
117. 81 S C Bunting, B M Kilgore, and C L Bushey, 'Guidelines for prescribed burning sagebrush-grass rangelands in the northern Great Basin', USDA General Technical Report INT 231. Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, 1987; L D Mahaffey, National fuels and smoke management specialist, Bureau of Land Management, Boise Interagency Fire Center, Boise, ID 83705, Personal communication, December, 1993
118. 82 L Findley, personal communication, January, 1994
119. 83 Ibid
120. 84 Robert Clark, State fire management officer, Idaho Bureau of Land Management, Boise, personal communication, January, 1994
121. 85 Morrow and Stahlman, op cit, Ref 42; G D Pickford, 'The influence of continued heavy grazing and promiscuous burning on spring-fall ranges in Utah', Ecology, Vol 13, 1932, pp 159-171; Cottam, op cit, Ref 3
122. 85 Morrow and Stahlman, op cit, Ref 42; G D Pickford, 'The influence of continued heavy grazing and promiscuous burning on spring-fall ranges in Utah', Ecology, Vol 13, 1932, pp 159-171; Cottam, op cit, Ref 3
123. 85 Morrow and Stahlman, op cit, Ref 42; G D Pickford, 'The influence of continued heavy grazing and promiscuous burning on spring-fall ranges in Utah', Ecology, Vol 13, 1932, pp 159-171; Cottam, op cit, Ref 3
124. 86 Clark, op cit, Ref 84
125. 87 Ibid
126. 88 Ibid
127. 89 DeFlon, op cit, Ref 16; Young et al, op cit, Ref 16; Devine, op cit, Ref 16
128. 89 DeFlon, op cit, Ref 16; Young et al, op cit, Ref 16; Devine, op cit, Ref 16
129. 89 DeFlon, op cit, Ref 16; Young et al, op cit, Ref 16; Devine, op cit, Ref 16
130. 90 R B Murray, H F Mayland, and P J Van Soest, Growth and Nutritional Value to Cattle of Grasses on Cheatgrass Range in Southern Idaho. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-199. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, 1978
131. 91 DeFlon, op cit, Ref 16
132. 92 Ibid
133. 93 T C Roberts, 'Cheatgrass: Management implications for the 90's', Rangelands, Vol 13, 1991, pp 70-72
134. 94 Young et al, op cit, Ref 16
135. 95 Roberts, op cit, Ref 93
136. 96 G Stewart and A E Young, 'The hazard of basing permanent grazing capacity on Bromus tectorum', Agronomy Journal, Vol 31, 1939, pp 1002-1015
137. 97 Morrow and Stahlman, op cit, Ref 42; Devine, op cit, Ref 16;
138. 97 Morrow and Stahlman, op cit, Ref 42; Devine, op cit, Ref 16;
139. Young et al, op cit, Ref 16
140. 98 Young and Tipton, op cit, Ref 18
141. 99 C R Groves and K Steenhof, 'Responses of small mammals and vegetation to wildfire in shadscale communities of southwestern Idaho', Northwest Science, Vol 62, 1988, pp 205-210
142. 100 E Yensen, D L Quinney, K Johnson, K Timmerman and K Steenhof, 'Fire, vegetation changes, and population fluctuations of Townsend's ground squirrels', American Midland Naturalist, Vol 128, 1992, pp 299-312
143. 1001 S L Pimm, H L Jones, and J M Diamond, 'On the risk of extinction', American Naturalist, Vol 132, 1988, pp 757-785
144. 102 Roberts, op cit, Ref 93
145. 103 P R Ehrlich, 'Extinctions and ecosystem functions: Implications for humankind', in R J Hoage (ed) Animal Extinctions: What Everyone Should Know, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1985, pp 159-173
146. 104 N Myers, 'A look at the present extinction spasm and what it means for the future evolution of species', in R J Hoage, op cit, Ref 103, pp 47-57
147. 105 Billings, op cit, Ref 15
148. 106 Young et al, op cit, Ref 16
149. 107 J E Ellis and D M Swift, 'Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development', Journal of Range Management, Vol 41, 1988, pp 450-459; M B Westoby, B Walker, and I Noy-Meir, 'Opportunistic management for rangelands not at an equilibrium', Journal of Range Management, Vol 42, 1989, pp 265-274; W A Laycock, 'Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands: a viewpoint', Journal of Range Management, Vol 44, 1991, pp 427-433; J L Dodd, 'Desertification and degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. The Role of livestock', BioScience, Vol 44, 1994, pp 28-34
150. 107 J E Ellis and D M Swift, 'Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development', Journal of Range Management, Vol 41, 1988, pp 450-459; M B Westoby, B Walker, and I Noy-Meir, 'Opportunistic management for rangelands not at an equilibrium', Journal of Range Management, Vol 42, 1989, pp 265-274; W A Laycock, 'Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands: a viewpoint', Journal of Range Management, Vol 44, 1991, pp 427-433; J L Dodd, 'Desertification and degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. The Role of livestock', BioScience, Vol 44, 1994, pp 28-34
151. 107 J E Ellis and D M Swift, 'Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development', Journal of Range Management, Vol 41, 1988, pp 450-459; M B Westoby, B Walker, and I Noy-Meir, 'Opportunistic management for rangelands not at an equilibrium', Journal of Range Management, Vol 42, 1989, pp 265-274; W A Laycock, 'Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands: a viewpoint', Journal of Range Management, Vol 44, 1991, pp 427-433; J L Dodd, 'Desertification and degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. The Role of livestock', BioScience, Vol 44, 1994, pp 28-34
152. 107 J E Ellis and D M Swift, 'Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development', Journal of Range Management, Vol 41, 1988, pp 450-459; M B Westoby, B Walker, and I Noy-Meir, 'Opportunistic management for rangelands not at an equilibrium', Journal of Range Management, Vol 42, 1989, pp 265-274; W A Laycock, 'Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands: a viewpoint', Journal of Range Management, Vol 44, 1991, pp 427-433; J L Dodd, 'Desertification and degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. The Role of livestock', BioScience, Vol 44, 1994, pp 28-34
153. 108 Westoby et al, op cit, Ref 107
154. 109 Laycock, op cit, Ref 107; Dodd, op cit, Ref 107
155. 109 Laycock, op cit, Ref 107; Dodd, op cit, Ref 107
156. 110 Westoby, op cit, Ref 107
157. 111 M H Friedel, 'Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds: A viewpoint', Journal of Range Management, Vol 44, 1991, pp 422-426; Laycock, op cit, Ref 107
158. 111 M H Friedel, 'Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds: A viewpoint', Journal of Range Management, Vol 44, 1991, pp 422-426; Laycock, op cit, Ref 107
159. 112 Ellis and Swift, op cit, Ref 107
160. 113 Dodd, op cit, Ref 107
161. 114 M Pellant and C Hall, 'Distribution of two exotic grasses on intermountain rangelands: Status in 1992', in S B Monsen, op cit, Ref 24, pp 109-112
162. 115 P A Knapp, 'Intermountain West lightning-caused fires: Climatic predictors of area burned', Journal of Range Management, Vol 48, 1995, pp 85-91
163. 116 M Barbour, B Pavlik, F Drysdale and S Lindstrom California's Changing Landscapes, California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California, 1993
164. 117 Ibid
165. 118 Ibid
166. 119 M R George, 'Annual rangeland management principles and practices: The California experience', in S B Monsen, op cit, Ref 24, pp 392-395
167. 120 Bahre, op cit, Ref 7
168. 121 Ibid
169. 122 H E Anderson, Aids to Determining Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior, US Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report INT 122, Intermountain Research Station, USFF, Ogden, Utah, 1982