Mixing and matching lower-level codes for object displays: Evidence for two sources of proximity compatibility

Human Factors

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-22

  Carswell, C Melody ^a,b   Wickens, Christopher D ^b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^c University of Kentucky ^*

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONJUNCTION IDENTIFICATION; INFORMATION INTEGRATION; LOWER LEVEL CODE MATCHING; LOWER LEVEL CODE MIXING; OBJECT DISPLAY; PROXIMITY COMPATIBILITY PRINCIPLE; VALUE COMPARISON;

CODES (SYMBOLS); COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN; COMPUTER GRAPHICS; ERGONOMICS;

IMAGE PROCESSING;

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT; VISUAL INFORMATION; VISUAL MEMORY;

EID: 0030111112     PISSN: 00187208     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1518/001872096778940750     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Anderson, E. (1960). A semigraphical method for the analysis of complex problems. Technometrics, 2, 387-391.
2. Barnett, B. J., & Wickens, C D. (1988). Display proximity in multicue information judgments. The benefit of boxes. Human Factors, 30, 15-24.
3. Beniger, J. R., & Robyn, D. L. (1978). Quantitative graphics in statistics: A brief history. American Statistician, 32, 1-11.
4. Bennett, K. B., & Flach, J. M. (1992). Graphical decision support for process control: A critical review. Human Factors, 34, 513-534.
5. Bennett, K. B., Toms, M. L., & Woods, D. D. (1993). Emergent features and configural elements: Designing more effective configural displays. Human Factors, 35, 71-98.
6. Boles, D., & Wickens, C. D. (1987). Display formatting in information integration and nonintegration tasks. Human Factors, 20, 395-406.
7. Buttigieg, M. A., & Sanderson, P. M. (1991). Emergent features in visual display design for two types of failure detection tasks. Human Factors, 33, 631-651.
8. Carswell, C. M. (1992a). Choosing specifiers: An evaluation of the basic tasks model of graphical perception. Human Factors, 34, 535-554.
9. Carswell, C. M. (1992b). Reading graphs: Interactions of processing requirements and stimulus structure. In B. Burns (Ed.), Percepts, concepts, and categories (pp. 605-645). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
10. Carswell, C. M., & Wickens, C. D. (1987). Information integration and the object display: An interaction of task demands and display superiority. Ergonomics, 30, 511-528.
11. Carswell, C. M., & Wickens, C. D. (1990). The perceptual interaction of graphical attributes: Configurality, stimulus homogeneity, and object integration. Perception & Psychophysics, 47, 157-168.
12. Chambers, J. M., Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B., & Tukey, P. A. (1983). Graphical methods for data analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
13. Chernoff, H. (1973). The use of faces to represent points in K-dimensional space graphically. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 68, 361-368.
14. Cleveland, W. S. (1985). The elements of graphing data. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
15. Cleveland, W. S., & McGill, R. (1984). Graphical perception: Theory, experimentation, and application to the development of graphic methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, 531-554.
16. Cleveland, W. S., & McGill, R. (1985). Graphical perception and graphical methods for analyzing scientific data Science, 229, 828-833.
17. Cleveland, W. S., & McGill, R. (1986). An experiment in graphical perception. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 25, 491-500.
18. Coury, B. G., & Boulette, M. D. (1992). Time stress and the processing of visual displays. Human Factors, 34, 707-726.
19. Coury, B. G., Boulette, M. D., & Smith, R. A. (1989). Effect of uncertainty and diagnosticity on classification of multidimensional data with integral and separable displays of system status. Human Factors, 31, 551-569.
20. Coury, B. G., & Purcell, J. A. (1988). The bar graph as a configural and separated display. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting (pp. 1361-1365). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
21. Duncan, J. (1984). Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 501-517.
22. Edgell, S. E., & Morrissey, J. M. (1992). Separable and unitary stimuli in nonmetric multiple-cue probability learning. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 51, 118-132.
23. Eriksen, C. W., & Yeh, Y. Y. (1985). Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 583-597.
24. Fienberg, S. E. (1979). Graphical methods in statistics. American Statistician, 33, 165-178.
25. Goldsmith, T., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1984). Facilitating multicue judgments with integral information displays. In J. Thomas and M. Schneider (Eds.), Human factors in computer systems (pp. 243-270). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
26. Hollands, J. G., & Spence, I. (1992). Judgments of change and proportion in graphical perception. Human Factors, 34, 313-334.
27. Jacob, R. J. K., Egeth, H. E., & Bevan, W. (1976). The face as a data display. Human Factors, 18, 189-200.
28. Kahneman, D., & Treisman, A. M. (1984). Changing views of attention and automaticity. In R. Parasuraman, R. Davies, and J. Beatty (Eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 29-61). New York: Academic.
29. Liu, Y., & Wickens, C. D. (1992). Use of computer graphics and cluster analysis in aiding relational judgments. Human Factors, 34, 165-178.
30. Mersey, J. E. (1990). Color and thematic map design. Cartographica, 27 (monograph 41), 1-182.
31. Merwin, D. H., & Wickens, C. D. (1991). Two-d vs. 3-d displays for multidimensional data visualization. The relationship between task integrality and display proximity. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting (pp. 388-392). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
32. Munsell book of color. (1976). Baltimore, MD: Koll Morgan Corp., MacBeth Division.
33. Pomerantz, J R., & Kubovy, M. (1986). Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization. In K. Boff, L. Kaufmann, and J. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance (pp. 36.1-36.46). New York: Wiley.
34. Pomerantz, J. R., & Pristach, E. A. (1989). Emergent features, attention, and perceptual glue in visual form perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 635-649.
35. Rosenthal, R. (1984). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
36. Sanderson, P. M., Flach, J. M., Buttigieg, M. A., & Casey, E. J (1989). Object displays do not always support better integrated task performance. Human Factors, 31, 183-198.
37. Schutz, H. G. (1961). An evaluation of formats for graphic trend displays. Human Factors, 3, 95-107.
38. Seigel, J. H., Goldwyn, R. M , & Friedman, H. P. (1971). Pattern and process in the evolution of human septic shock. Surgery, 70, 232-243.
39. Treisman, A M. (1986). Properties, parts, and objects. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance (pp. 35.1-35.70). New York: Wiley.
40. Wickens, C. D. (1986). The object display: Principles and a review of experimental findings (Tech. Report CPL-86-6). Champaign: University of Illinois, Cognitive Psychophysiology Laboratory.
41. Wickens, C. D., & Andre, A. D. (1990). Proximity compatibility and information display: Effects of color, space, and objectness of information integration. Human Factors, 32, 61-77.
42. Wickens, C. D., & Carswell, C. M. (1995). The proximity compatibility principle: Its psychological foundation and its relevance to display design. Human Factors, 37, 473-494.
43. Woods, D. D., Wise, J. A., & Hanes, L. F. (1981). An evaluation of nuclear power plant safety parameter display systems. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 25th Annual Meeting (pp. 110-114). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.