메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 84, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 379-391

The effect of externally applied electrical fields on myocardial tissue

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANODES; CARDIOLOGY; CATHODES; CELL MEMBRANES; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION; FUNCTIONAL ELECTRIC STIMULATION; IONS; MAGNETIC FIELDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MUSCLE;

EID: 0030109342     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.486741     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0017370379 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of ventricular myocardial fibers
    • G. W. Beeler and H. Reuter, Reconstruction of ventricular myocardial fibers, J. Pliysiol., vol. 268, pp. 177-210, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Pliysiol. , vol.268 , pp. 177-210
    • Beeler, G.W.1    Reuter, H.2
  • 2
    • 33646905432 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular muscle as a functionally continuous medium for electrical propagation: Experiments and simulations
    • S. Sideman and R. Beyar, Eds. London: Freund
    • J. W. Buchanan and T. Fujino, Ventricular muscle as a functionally continuous medium for electrical propagation: experiments and simulations," in Imaging, Analysis and Simulation of the Cardiac System, S. Sideman and R. Beyar, Eds. London: Freund, 1990, pp. 699-717.
    • (1990) Imaging, Analysis and Simulation of the Cardiac System , pp. 699-717
    • Buchanan, J.W.1    Fujino, T.2
  • 3
    • 0002842304 scopus 로고
    • Models of the spreading of excitation in myocardial tissue
    • T. C. Pilkington et al., Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
    • P. Colli-Franzone and L. Guerri, Models of the spreading of excitation in myocardial tissue," in High-Peifonnance Computing in Biomédical Research, T. C. Pilkington et al., Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1993, pp. 359-401.
    • (1993) High-Peifonnance Computing in Biomédical Research , pp. 359-401
    • Colli-Franzone, P.1    Guerri, L.2
  • 4
    • 0019940745 scopus 로고
    • Potential fields generated by oblique dipole layers modeling excitation wavefronts in the anisotropic myocardium
    • P. Colli-Franzone et al., "Potential fields generated by oblique dipole layers modeling excitation wavefronts in the anisotropic myocardium," Circ. Res., vol. 51, pp. 330-346, 1982.
    • (1982) Circ. Res. , vol.51 , pp. 330-346
    • Colli-Franzone, P.1
  • 5
    • 0017372408 scopus 로고
    • The canine heart as an electrocardiographic generator: Dependence on cardiac cell orientation
    • L. V. Corbin II and A. M. Scher, The canine heart as an electrocardiographic generator: Dependence on cardiac cell orientation, Circ. Res., vol. 41, pp. 58-67, 1977.
    • (1977) Circ. Res. , vol.41 , pp. 58-67
    • Corbin II, L.V.1    Scher, A.M.2
  • 7
    • 0014873466 scopus 로고
    • Direct current make and break thresholds for pacemaker electrodes on the canine ventricle
    • E. Dekker, Direct current make and break thresholds for pacemaker electrodes on the canine ventricle, Circ. Res., vol. 27, pp. 811-823, 1970.
    • (1970) Circ. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 811-823
    • Dekker, E.1
  • 8
    • 0018382290 scopus 로고
    • Electrical properties of spherical syncytia
    • R. S. Eisenbcrg, V. Barcilon, and R. T. Mathias, Electrical properties of spherical syncytia, Biophys. J., vol. 25, pp. 151-180, 1979.
    • (1979) Biophys. J. , vol.25 , pp. 151-180
    • Eisenbcrg, R.S.1    Barcilon, V.2    Mathias, R.T.3
  • 9
    • 0027423450 scopus 로고
    • Microscopic conduction in cultured strands of neonatal rat heart cells measured with voltage-sensitive dyes
    • V. G. Fast and A. Kleber, Microscopic conduction in cultured strands of neonatal rat heart cells measured with voltage-sensitive dyes, Circ. Res., vol. 73, pp. 914-925, 1993.
    • (1993) Circ. Res. , vol.73 , pp. 914-925
    • Fast, V.G.1    Kleber, A.2
  • 10
    • 0347931229 scopus 로고
    • A comparative analysis of the eccentric double layer representation of the human heart
    • E. Frank, A comparative analysis of the eccentric double layer representation of the human heart, Amer. Heart J., vol. 46, pp. 364-378, 1953.
    • (1953) Amer. Heart J. , vol.46 , pp. 364-378
    • Frank, E.1
  • 11
    • 0023921306 scopus 로고
    • Extracellular field required for excitation in three-dimensional anisotropic canine myocardium
    • D. W. Frazier et al., "Extracellular field required for excitation in three-dimensional anisotropic canine myocardium," Circ. Res., vol. 63, pp. 147-164, 1988.
    • (1988) Circ. Res. , vol.63 , pp. 147-164
    • Frazier, D.W.1
  • 12
    • 0021076732 scopus 로고
    • A bidomain model for anisotropic cardiac muscle
    • D. Geselowitz and W. T. Miller III, A bidomain model for anisotropic cardiac muscle, Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 11, pp. 191-206, 1983.
    • (1983) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.11 , pp. 191-206
    • Geselowitz, D.1    Miller III, W.T.2
  • 13
    • 0342890954 scopus 로고
    • Approximate analytical solutions to the bidomain equations describing electrical activity in cardiac tissue
    • V. Goel and B. J. Roth, Approximate analytical solutions to the bidomain equations describing electrical activity in cardiac tissue," in Proc. 13th South. Biomed. Eng. Conf., 1994, pp. 967-970.
    • (1994) Proc. 13th South. Biomed. Eng. Conf. , pp. 967-970
    • Goel, V.1    Roth, B.J.2
  • 14
    • 0027447573 scopus 로고
    • Simulating the electrical behavior of cardiac tissue using the bidomain model
    • C. S. Henriquez, Simulating the electrical behavior of cardiac tissue using the bidomain model, Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 21, pp. 1-77, 1993.
    • (1993) Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. , vol.21 , pp. 1-77
    • Henriquez, C.S.1
  • 15
    • 0025483034 scopus 로고
    • Simulation of propagation along a cylindrical bundle of cardiac tissue-II: Results of simulation
    • C. S. Henriquez and R. Plonsey, Simulation of propagation along a cylindrical bundle of cardiac tissue-II: results of simulation, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 37, pp. 861-875, 1990.
    • (1990) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.37 , pp. 861-875
    • Henriquez, C.S.1    Plonsey, R.2
  • 16
    • 0027806217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conduction in a 3D bidomain representation of cardiac tissue with unequal anisotropy ratios
    • C. S. Henriquez and A. A. Papazoglou, Conduction in a 3D bidomain representation of cardiac tissue with unequal anisotropy ratios," in Proc. Aiinti. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, 1993, vol. 15, pp. 748-749.
    • Proc. Aiinti. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, 1993 , vol.15 , pp. 748-749
    • Henriquez, C.S.1    Papazoglou, A.A.2
  • 17
    • 0023917665 scopus 로고
    • Potential and current distributions in a cylindrical bundle of cardiac tissue
    • C. S. Henriquez, N. Trayanova, and R. Plonsey, Potential and current distributions in a cylindrical bundle of cardiac tissue, Biophys. J., vol. 53, pp. 907-918, 1988.
    • (1988) Biophys. J. , vol.53 , pp. 907-918
    • Henriquez, C.S.1    Trayanova, N.2    Plonsey, R.3
  • 19
    • 0002099466 scopus 로고
    • Dimensional comparison of the sawtooth pattern in transmembrane potential
    • Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE
    • S. P. Juhlin and J. B. Ponnann, Dimensional comparison of the sawtooth pattern in transmembrane potential," in Computers in Cardiology. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE, 1994, pp. 413-416.
    • (1994) Computers in Cardiology , pp. 413-416
    • Juhlin, S.P.1    Ponnann, J.B.2
  • 20
    • 0028820322 scopus 로고
    • Transmembrane voltage changes during unipolar stimulation of rabbit ventricle
    • S. B. Knisley, Transmembrane voltage changes during unipolar stimulation of rabbit ventricle, Circ. Res., vol. 77, pp. 1229-1239, 1995.
    • (1995) Circ. Res. , vol.77 , pp. 1229-1239
    • Knisley, S.B.1
  • 21
    • 0025978965 scopus 로고
    • Interstitial potential during propagation in bathed ventricular muscle
    • S. B. Knisley, T. Maruyama, and J. Buchanan, Jr., Interstitial potential during propagation in bathed ventricular muscle, Biophys. J., vol. 59, pp. 509-515, 1991.
    • (1991) Biophys. J. , vol.59 , pp. 509-515
    • Knisley, S.B.1    Maruyama, T.2    Buchanan, J.3
  • 22
    • 0028288750 scopus 로고
    • Virtual electrode effects in myocardial fibers
    • S. B. Knisley, B. C. Hill, and R. E. Ideker, Virtual electrode effects in myocardial fibers, Biophvs. J., vol. 66, pp. 719-728, 1994.
    • (1994) Biophvs. J. , vol.66 , pp. 719-728
    • Knisley, S.B.1    Hill, B.C.2    Ideker, R.E.3
  • 23
    • 33646947624 scopus 로고
    • Membrane polarization during point stimulation in perfused rabbit hearts
    • S. B. Knisley and C. T. Davis, Membrane polarization during point stimulation in perfused rabbit hearts, Circ., vol. 90, pp. 1-176, 1994.
    • (1994) Circ. , vol.90 , pp. 1-176
    • Knisley, S.B.1    Davis, C.T.2
  • 24
    • 0023378410 scopus 로고
    • Periodic conductivity as a mechanism for cardiac stimulation and defibrillation
    • W. Krassowska, T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker, Periodic conductivity as a mechanism for cardiac stimulation and defibrillation, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 34, pp. 555-560, 1987.
    • (1987) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.34 , pp. 555-560
    • Krassowska, W.1    Pilkington, T.C.2    Ideker, R.E.3
  • 25
    • 0026604852 scopus 로고
    • Pacing thresholds for cathodal and anodal high-frequency monophasic pulses
    • W. Krassowska et al., "Pacing thresholds for cathodal and anodal high-frequency monophasic pulses," J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., vol. 3, pp. 64-76, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. , vol.3 , pp. 64-76
    • Krassowska, W.1
  • 26
    • 0028334466 scopus 로고
    • Effective boundary conditions for syncytial tissues
    • W. Krassowska and J. Neu, Effective boundary conditions for syncytial tissues, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 41, pp. 143-150, 1994.
    • (1994) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.41 , pp. 143-150
    • Krassowska, W.1    Neu, J.2
  • 27
    • 0017154984 scopus 로고
    • Repetitive extrasystole as an index of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation
    • R. J. Malta, R. L. Verrier, and B. Lown, Repetitive extrasystole as an index of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation, Amer. J. Physiol., vol. 230, pp. 1469-1473, 1976.
    • (1976) Amer. J. Physiol. , vol.230 , pp. 1469-1473
    • Malta, R.J.1    Verrier, R.L.2    Lown, B.3
  • 28
    • 0017386386 scopus 로고
    • Electrical properties of anisotropic nerve-muscle syncytia - I. Distribution of the electrotonic potential
    • A. L. Muler and V. S. Markin, Electrical properties of anisotropic nerve-muscle syncytia - I. Distribution of the electrotonic potential, Biofizika, vol. 22, pp. 307-312, 1977.
    • (1977) Biofizika , vol.22 , pp. 307-312
    • Muler, A.L.1    Markin, V.S.2
  • 29
    • 0027155019 scopus 로고
    • Homogenization of syncytial tissues
    • J. C. Neu and W. Krassowska, Homogenization of syncytial tissues, Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 21, pp. 137-199, 1993.
    • (1993) Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. , vol.21 , pp. 137-199
    • Neu, J.C.1    Krassowska, W.2
  • 30
    • 0028124557 scopus 로고
    • Optical recordings of ventricular excitability of frog heart by an extracellular stimulating point electrode
    • M. Neunlist and L. Tung, Optical recordings of ventricular excitability of frog heart by an extracellular stimulating point electrode, PACE, vol. 17, pp. 1641-1654, 1994.
    • (1994) PACE , vol.17 , pp. 1641-1654
    • Neunlist, M.1    Tung, L.2
  • 31
    • 0028744372 scopus 로고
    • Optical recordings of cardiac transmembrane potential around an extracellular electrode in electrically anisotropic bullfrog atrium
    • Optical recordings of cardiac transmembrane potential around an extracellular electrode in electrically anisotropic bullfrog atrium," in Proc. Anna. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, 1994, vol. 16, pp. 43-44.
    • (1994) Proc. Anna. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS , vol.16 , pp. 43-44
  • 32
    • 0029002292 scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of cardiac transmembrane potentials around an extracellular electrode: Dependence on fiber orientation
    • Spatial distribution of cardiac transmembrane potentials around an extracellular electrode: dependence on fiber orientation, Biophys. J., vol. 68, pp. 2310-2322, 1995.
    • (1995) Biophys. J. , vol.68 , pp. 2310-2322
  • 33
    • 0021396767 scopus 로고
    • Current flow patterns in two-dimensional anisotropic bisyncytia with normal and extreme conductivities
    • R. Plonsey and R. C. Barr, Current flow patterns in two-dimensional anisotropic bisyncytia with normal and extreme conductivities, Biophys. J., vol. 45, pp. 557-571, 1984.
    • (1984) Biophys. J. , vol.45 , pp. 557-571
    • Plonsey, R.1    Barr, R.C.2
  • 34
    • 0022691559 scopus 로고
    • Effect of microscopic and macroscopic discontinuities on the response of cardiac tissue to defibrillating (stimulating) currents
    • Effect of microscopic and macroscopic discontinuities on the response of cardiac tissue to defibrillating (stimulating) currents, Med. Biol. Eng. Compiit., vol. 24, pp. 130-136, 1986.
    • (1986) Med. Biol. Eng. Compiit. , vol.24 , pp. 130-136
  • 35
    • 0023319474 scopus 로고
    • Interstitial potentials and their changes with depth into cardiac tissue
    • Interstitial potentials and their changes with depth into cardiac tissue, Biophys. J., vol. 51, pp. 547-555, 1987.
    • (1987) Biophys. J. , vol.51 , pp. 547-555
  • 37
    • 0023817949 scopus 로고
    • The electrical potential produced by a strand of cardiac muscle: A bidomain analysis
    • B. J. Roth, The electrical potential produced by a strand of cardiac muscle: A bidomain analysis, Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 16, pp. 609-637, 1988.
    • (1988) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.16 , pp. 609-637
    • Roth, B.J.1
  • 38
    • 0026057714 scopus 로고
    • Action potential propagation in a thick strand of cardiac muscle
    • Action potential propagation in a thick strand of cardiac muscle, Circ. Res., vol. 68, pp. 162-173, 1991.
    • (1991) Circ. Res. , vol.68 , pp. 162-173
  • 39
    • 85047690449 scopus 로고
    • How the anisotropy of the intracellular and extracellular conductivities influences stimulation of cardiac muscle
    • How the anisotropy of the intracellular and extracellular conductivities influences stimulation of cardiac muscle, J. Math. Biol., vol. 30, pp. 633-646, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Math. Biol. , vol.30 , pp. 633-646
  • 40
    • 0010239798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bidomain model of cardiac tissue: Predictions and experimental verification
    • N. V. Thakor and Y. I. Kirn, Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, to be published
    • The bidomain model of cardiac tissue: predictions and experimental verification," in Neural Engineering, N. V. Thakor and Y. I. Kirn, Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, to be published.
    • Neural Engineering
  • 41
    • 0028666257 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for electrical stimulation of excitable tissue
    • Mechanisms for electrical stimulation of excitable tissue, Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 22, pp. 253-305, 1994.
    • (1994) Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. , vol.22 , pp. 253-305
  • 42
    • 0029411937 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model of make and break electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue by a unipolar anode or cathode
    • A mathematical model of make and break electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue by a unipolar anode or cathode, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 42, pp. 1174-1184, 1995.
    • (1995) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.42 , pp. 1174-1184
  • 44
    • 0013519471 scopus 로고
    • The formation of a re-entrant action potential in tissue with unequal anisotropy ratios
    • B. J. Roth and J. M. Saypol, The formation of a re-entrant action potential in tissue with unequal anisotropy ratios, Int. J. Bifur. Chaos, vol. 1, pp. 927-928, 1991.
    • (1991) Int. J. Bifur. Chaos , vol.1 , pp. 927-928
    • Roth, B.J.1    Saypol, J.M.2
  • 45
    • 0028200608 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue: A bidomain model with active membrane properties
    • B. J. Roth and J. P. Wikswo, Jr., Electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue: A bidomain model with active membrane properties, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 41, pp. 232-240, 1994.
    • (1994) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.41 , pp. 232-240
    • Roth, B.J.1    Wikswo Jr., J.P.2
  • 46
    • 0026443130 scopus 로고
    • A mechanism for anisotropic reentry in electrically active tissue
    • J. M. Saypol and B. J. Roth, A mechanism for anisotropic reentry in electrically active tissue, J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., vol. 3, pp. 558-566, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. , vol.3 , pp. 558-566
    • Saypol, J.M.1    Roth, B.J.2
  • 47
    • 0023316364 scopus 로고
    • Electric and magnetic fields from two-dimensional anisotropic bisyncytia
    • N. G. Sepulveda and'J. P. Wikswo, Jr., Electric and magnetic fields from two-dimensional anisotropic bisyncytia, Biophys. J., vol. 51, pp. 557-568, 1987.
    • (1987) Biophys. J. , vol.51 , pp. 557-568
    • Sepulveda, N.G.1    Wikswo Jr., J.P.2
  • 48
    • 0028280417 scopus 로고
    • Bipolar stimulation of cardiac tissue using an anisotropic bidomain model
    • Bipolar stimulation of cardiac tissue using an anisotropic bidomain model, J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., vol. 5, pp. 258-267, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. , vol.5 , pp. 258-267
  • 49
    • 0024671008 scopus 로고
    • Current injection into a two-dimensional anisotropic bidomain
    • N. G. Sepulveda, B. J. Roth, and J. P. Wikswo, Jr., Current injection into a two-dimensional anisotropic bidomain, Biophys. J., vol. 55, pp. 987-999, 1989.
    • (1989) Biophys. J. , vol.55 , pp. 987-999
    • Sepulveda, N.G.1    Roth, B.J.2    Wikswo, J.P.3
  • 50
    • 0025407787 scopus 로고
    • Finite element analysis of cardiac defibrillation current distributions
    • N. G. Sepulveda, J. P. Wikswo, Jr., and D. S. Echt, Finite element analysis of cardiac defibrillation current distributions, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 37, pp. 354-365, 1990.
    • (1990) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.37 , pp. 354-365
    • Sepulveda, N.G.1    Wikswo, J.P.2    Echt, D.S.3
  • 51
    • 0019365075 scopus 로고
    • The discontinuous nature of propagation in normal canine cardiac muscle
    • M. S. Spach et al., "The discontinuous nature of propagation in normal canine cardiac muscle," Circ. Res., vol. 48, pp. 39-54, 1981.
    • (1981) Circ. Res. , vol.48 , pp. 39-54
    • Spach, M.S.1
  • 52
    • 0001561230 scopus 로고
    • A multidimensional model of cellular effects on the spread of electrotonic currents and on propagating action potentials
    • T. C. Pilkington et al., Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
    • M. S. Spach and J. F. Heidlage, A multidimensional model of cellular effects on the spread of electrotonic currents and on propagating action potentials," in High-Perfonnance Computing in Biomedical Research, T. C. Pilkington et al., Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1993, pp. 289-317.
    • (1993) High-Perfonnance Computing in Biomedical Research , pp. 289-317
    • Spach, M.S.1    Heidlage, J.F.2
  • 53
    • 0027555241 scopus 로고
    • High resolution SQUID imaging of octupolar currents in anisotropic cardiac tissue
    • D. J. Staton, R. N. Friedman, and J. P. Wikswo, Jr., High resolution SQUID imaging of octupolar currents in anisotropic cardiac tissue, IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconduc., vol. 3, pp. 1934-1936, 1993.
    • (1993) IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconduc. , vol.3 , pp. 1934-1936
    • Staton, D.J.1    Friedman, R.N.2    Wikswo Jr., J.P.3
  • 54
    • 0021948211 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between ventricular cells during the early part of excitation in the ferret heart
    • M. Suenson, Interaction between ventricular cells during the early part of excitation in the ferret heart, Acta. Physiol. Scand., vol. 125, pp. 81-90, 1985.
    • (1985) Acta. Physiol. Scand. , vol.125 , pp. 81-90
    • Suenson, M.1
  • 55
    • 85108460864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrete versus syncytial tissue behavior in a model of cardiac stimulation -III: Results of simulation
    • to be published
    • N. Trayanova, Discrete versus syncytial tissue behavior in a model of cardiac stimulation -III: Results of simulation, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., to be published.
    • IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
    • Trayanova, N.1
  • 56
    • 0002181613 scopus 로고
    • The use of spectral methods in bidomain studies
    • T. C. Pilkington et al, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
    • N. Trayanova and T. C. Pilkington, The use of spectral methods in bidomain studies," in High-Performance Computing in Biomédical Research, T. C. Pilkington et al, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1993, pp. 403-425.
    • (1993) High-Performance Computing in Biomédical Research , pp. 403-425
    • Trayanova, N.1    Pilkington, T.C.2
  • 57
    • 0027653546 scopus 로고
    • The response of a spherical heart to a uniform electric field: A bidomain analysis of cardiac stimulation
    • N. Trayanova, B. J. Roth, and L. J. Maiden, The response of a spherical heart to a uniform electric field: A bidomain analysis of cardiac stimulation, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 40, pp. 899-908, 1993.
    • (1993) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.40 , pp. 899-908
    • Trayanova, N.1    Roth, B.J.2    Maiden, L.J.3
  • 59
    • 0026717544 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of longitudinal versus transverse conduction by sodium channel block: Effects of sodium bolus
    • J. Turgeon et al., "Suppression of longitudinal versus transverse conduction by sodium channel block: effects of sodium bolus," Circ., vol. 85, pp. 2221-2226, 1992.
    • (1992) Circ. , vol.85 , pp. 2221-2226
    • Turgeon, J.1
  • 60
    • 0001884399 scopus 로고
    • Tissue anisotropy, the cardiac bidomain, and the virtual cathode effect
    • D. P. Zipes and J. Jalife, Eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • J. P. Wikswo, Jr., 'Tissue anisotropy, the cardiac bidomain, and the virtual cathode effect," in Cardiac Electrophysiology, From Cell to Bedside, 2nd ed., D. P. Zipes and J. Jalife, Eds. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1994, pp. 348-361.
    • (1994) Cardiac Electrophysiology, from Cell to Bedside, 2nd Ed. , pp. 348-361
    • Wikswo Jr., J.P.1
  • 61
    • 0025972699 scopus 로고
    • Virtual cathode effects during stimulation of cardiac muscle: Two-dimensional in vivo measurements
    • J. P. Wikswo, Jr. et al., "Virtual cathode effects during stimulation of cardiac muscle: Two-dimensional in vivo measurements," Circ. Res., vol. 68, pp. 513-530, 1991.
    • (1991) Circ. Res. , vol.68 , pp. 513-530
    • Wikswo Jr., J.P.1
  • 62
    • 0028857065 scopus 로고
    • Virtual electrodes in cardiac tissue: A common mechanism for anodal and cathodal stimulation
    • J. P. Wikswo, Jr., S.-F. Lin, and R. A. Abbas, Virtual electrodes in cardiac tissue: A common mechanism for anodal and cathodal stimulation, Biophys. J., vol. 69, pp. 2195-2210, 1995.
    • (1995) Biophys. J. , vol.69 , pp. 2195-2210
    • Wikswo Jr., J.P.1    Abbas, R.A.2
  • 63
    • 0000205097 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular reentry in three dimensions
    • D. P. Zipes and J. Jalife, Eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • A. T. Winfree, Ventricular reentry in three dimensions," in Cardiac Electrophysiology, From Cell to Bedside, 1st ed., D. P. Zipes and J. Jalife, Eds. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990, pp. 224-234.
    • (1990) Cardiac Electrophysiology, from Cell to Bedside, 1st Ed. , pp. 224-234
    • Winfree, A.T.1
  • 64
    • 0005142779 scopus 로고
    • Spatial changes in transmembrane potential during a shock
    • X. Zhou, W. M. Smith, D. L. Rollins, and R. E. Ideker, Spatial changes in transmembrane potential during a shock, PACE, vol. 18, part 2, p. 935, 1995.
    • (1995) PACE , vol.18 , Issue.2 PART , pp. 935
    • Zhou, X.1    Smith, W.M.2    Rollins, D.L.3    Ideker, R.E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.