The frontier and identities of exclusion in European history

History of European Ideas

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 93-103

  Delanty, Gerard ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030102897     PISSN: 01916599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0191-6599(95)00077-1     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. 1. For a fuller account of some of the ideas presented here see my Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality (London: Macmillan/New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
2. 2. F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II (London: Fontana, 1990), p. 190. This is also argued by G. Barraclough, History in a Changing World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955) and European Unity in Thought and Practice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1963); and E. Morin, Penser L'Europe (Paris: Gallimard, 1987).
3. 2. F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II (London: Fontana, 1990), p. 190. This is also argued by G. Barraclough, History in a Changing World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955) and European Unity in Thought and Practice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1963); and E. Morin, Penser L'Europe (Paris: Gallimard, 1987).
4. 2. F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II (London: Fontana, 1990), p. 190. This is also argued by G. Barraclough, History in a Changing World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955) and European Unity in Thought and Practice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1963); and E. Morin, Penser L'Europe (Paris: Gallimard, 1987).
5. 2. F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II (London: Fontana, 1990), p. 190. This is also argued by G. Barraclough, History in a Changing World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955) and European Unity in Thought and Practice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1963); and E. Morin, Penser L'Europe (Paris: Gallimard, 1987).
6. 3. F. Turner's, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, 1921).
7. 4. Turner, ibid., p. 41.
8. 5. C. Hays, 'The American Frontier - Frontier of What?', American Historical Review 51, 2 (1946), pp. 199-216.
9. 6. See D. Gerhard 'The Frontier in Comparative View', Studies in Comparative History and Society 1 (1958), pp. 205-29.
10. 7. Gerhard, ibid, p. 218.
11. 8. O. Lattimore, 'The Frontier in History,' in Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 476-7.
12. 9. W.P. Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952). See also P. Marshall, 'The Great Frontier', Past and Present 7 (1955), 54-62.
13. 9. W.P. Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952). See also P. Marshall, 'The Great Frontier', Past and Present 7 (1955), 54-62.
14. 10. For a critique see W.H. Truettner, ed., The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920 (London: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1991).
15. 11. See R. Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Radical Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
16. 12. See H. James, A German Identity, 1770-1990 (New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 267; G. Weinberg, 'Hitler's Image of the United States,' American Historical Review 4 (1964), 1006-21.
17. 12. See H. James, A German Identity, 1770-1990 (New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 267; G. Weinberg, 'Hitler's Image of the United States,' American Historical Review 4 (1964), 1006-21.
18. 13. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974).
19. 14. A. Palmer, The Lands Between: A History of East-Central Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970).
20. 15. Gerhard, op. cit., p. 207.
21. 16. T. Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (London: Fontana, 1988), p. 13.
22. 17. See R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (London: Allen Lane, 1993), particularly the important analysis of the 'long frontier of Catholic Europe', pp. 295-306. See also P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London: Verso, 1974) and Lineages of the Absolute State (London, Verso, 1974).
23. 17. See R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (London: Allen Lane, 1993), particularly the important analysis of the 'long frontier of Catholic Europe', pp. 295-306. See also P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London: Verso, 1974) and Lineages of the Absolute State (London, Verso, 1974).
24. 17. See R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (London: Allen Lane, 1993), particularly the important analysis of the 'long frontier of Catholic Europe', pp. 295-306. See also P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London: Verso, 1974) and Lineages of the Absolute State (London, Verso, 1974).
25. 18. O. Halecki, The Limits and Divisions of European History (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1950).
26. 19. J. Scüzs, 'Three Historical Regions of Europe', in J. Keane, ed., Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1988).
27. 20. Scüzs ibid., p. 294.
28. 21. Scüzs ibid., p. 293.
29. 22. See A.N.J. Den Hollander, 'The Great Hungarian Plain: A European Frontier Area', Comparative Studies in Society and History 3 (1960/61), 74-88 and 15-69.
30. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
31. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
32. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
33. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
34. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
35. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
36. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
37. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
38. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
39. 23. F. Barker et al. eds, Europe and its Others, vols. I & II (Colchester: University of Essex, 1985); M.W. Davies et al., Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto, 1993); S. Hall, 'The West and the Rest of Us', in S. Hall and B. Gieben, eds., Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); A.G. Hargreaves, 'European Identity and the Colonial Frontier', Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), 66-79; V. Harle, 'European Roots of Dualism and its Alternatives in International Relations', in V. Harle, ed., European Values in International Relations (London: Pinter, 1990); I.B. Neumann, 'Review Essay: Identity and Security', Journal of Peace Research 29, 2 (1992), 221-6; I.B. Neumann, 'Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other', East European Politics and Societies 7 (1993), 348-69; I.B. Neumann and J.M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17 (1991), 327-48; E. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979). R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1991).
40. 24. See R. Okey, Eastern Europe, 1740-1985, 2nd ed. (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), p. 20.
41. 25. Bartlett, op. cit., p. 197.
42. 26. M. Todorova, 'The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention', Slavic Review 53, 2 (1994), 453-82.
43. 27. A. Liakos, 'Centres and Peripheries in European Identity', Working Paper, European University Institute, Florence (1995).
44. 28. See D. Hay, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1957) and J. Fischer, Oriens-Occident-Europa: Begriff und Gedanke 'Europa' in der Späten Antike und im Frühen Mittelalter (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1957).
45. 28. See D. Hay, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1957) and J. Fischer, Oriens-Occident-Europa: Begriff und Gedanke 'Europa' in der Späten Antike und im Frühen Mittelalter (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1957).
46. 29. E. Hall, Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition Through Tragedy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).
47. 30. See H. Baudet, Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of NonEuropean Man (Westport: Greenwood, 1976), p. 15.
48. 31. M. Bernal, The Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. Vol. 1. The Fabrication of Ancient Greece, 1785-1985 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987).
49. 32. H.C. Baldery, The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).
50. 33. A. Al-Azmeh, 'Barbarians in Arab Eyes', Past and Present 134 (1992), 10.
51. 34. M. Tanner, The Last Descendants of Aeneas: The Habsburgs and the Mythic Image of the Emperor (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).
52. 35. Hay, op. cit., p. 5.
53. 36. E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusade: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier, 1100-1525 (London: Macmillan, 1980).
54. 37. W.H. McNeil, Europe's Steppe Frontier, 1500-1800 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1964).
55. 38. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West, 400-1000 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985), p. 151.
56. 39. H. Seton-Watson, 'What is Europe, Where is Europe? From Mystique to Politique', in G. Schöpflin and N. Wood, eds., In Search of Central Europe (Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1989), p. 39.
57. See also G. Barraclough, The Crucible of Europe: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries in European History (Berkeley: California University Press, 1976), p. 18.
58. 40. See W.J. Cahnman, 'Frontiers Between East and West', Geographical Review 49 (1952), 605-24, especially p. 610.
59. 41. G.E. Rothenberg, The Military Border in Croatia, 1740-1881 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966).
60. 42. J.A. Armstrong, The Nation State before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 91.
61. 43. A. Mackay, Spain in the Middle Ages: Frontier to Empire, 1000-1500 (London: Macmillan, 1977).
62. 44. Braudel, op. cit., p. 824.
63. 45. A. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
64. 46. J.R.S. Phillips, The Medieval Expansion of Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 248/9.
65. 47. A. Toynbee, 'Islam and the West', in The World and the West (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 21.
66. 48. See S. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London: Routledge, 1991).
67. 49. A.B. Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 135; H. Dubs, 'The Concept of Unity in China', in S. Parellis, ed., The Quest for Political Unity in World History (American Historical Association, 1944); J.F. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 5. However, we should not naively believe that other civilizations were more unified than Europe. It may quite well be that the notion of unity is itself a European invention. For a discussion on how Europe invented the myth of the unity of Asia, see J.M. Steadman, The Myth of Asia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969).
68. 49. A.B. Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 135; H. Dubs, 'The Concept of Unity in China', in S. Parellis, ed., The Quest for Political Unity in World History (American Historical Association, 1944); J.F. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 5. However, we should not naively believe that other civilizations were more unified than Europe. It may quite well be that the notion of unity is itself a European invention. For a discussion on how Europe invented the myth of the unity of Asia, see J.M. Steadman, The Myth of Asia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969).
69. 49. A.B. Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 135; H. Dubs, 'The Concept of Unity in China', in S. Parellis, ed., The Quest for Political Unity in World History (American Historical Association, 1944); J.F. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 5. However, we should not naively believe that other civilizations were more unified than Europe. It may quite well be that the notion of unity is itself a European invention. For a discussion on how Europe invented the myth of the unity of Asia, see J.M. Steadman, The Myth of Asia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969).
70. 49. A.B. Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 135; H. Dubs, 'The Concept of Unity in China', in S. Parellis, ed., The Quest for Political Unity in World History (American Historical Association, 1944); J.F. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 5. However, we should not naively believe that other civilizations were more unified than Europe. It may quite well be that the notion of unity is itself a European invention. For a discussion on how Europe invented the myth of the unity of Asia, see J.M. Steadman, The Myth of Asia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969).
71. 50. See H.D. Schmidt, 'The Establishment of "Europe" as a Political Expression', Historical Journal 9 (1966), 172-8.
72. 51. M. Mollat du Jourdin, Europe and the Sea (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993); L. Benevolo, The European City (Oxford: Blackwell; 1993); C. Tilly, European Revolutions, 1492-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).
73. 51. M. Mollat du Jourdin, Europe and the Sea (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993); L. Benevolo, The European City (Oxford: Blackwell; 1993); C. Tilly, European Revolutions, 1492-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).
74. 51. M. Mollat du Jourdin, Europe and the Sea (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993); L. Benevolo, The European City (Oxford: Blackwell; 1993); C. Tilly, European Revolutions, 1492-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).