Environmental commitment among the states: Integrating alternative approaches to state environmental policy

Publius: The Journal of Federalism

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 41-53

  Hays, Scott P ^a   Esler, Michael ^a   Hays, Carol E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030096338     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029854     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. 1 James P. Lester, James L. Franke, Ann O'M. Bowman, and Kenneth W. Kramer. 1983, "Hazardous Wastes, Politics and Public Policy: A Comparative State Analysis," Western Political Quarterly 36 (June 1983): 257-281; Bruce R. Williams and Albert Matheny, "Testing Theories of Social Regulation: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the American States," Journal of Politics 46 (May 1984): 428-459; Ann O'M. Bowman and James P. Lester, "Policy Implementation in a Federal System: A Comparative State Analysis," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1993), pp. 156-176; James P. Lester and Ann O'M. Bowman, "Implementing Environmental Policy in a Federal System: A Test of the Sabatier-Mazmanian Model," Polity 21 (Summer 1989): 731-753.
2. 1 James P. Lester, James L. Franke, Ann O'M. Bowman, and Kenneth W. Kramer. 1983, "Hazardous Wastes, Politics and Public Policy: A Comparative State Analysis," Western Political Quarterly 36 (June 1983): 257-281; Bruce R. Williams and Albert Matheny, "Testing Theories of Social Regulation: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the American States," Journal of Politics 46 (May 1984): 428-459; Ann O'M. Bowman and James P. Lester, "Policy Implementation in a Federal System: A Comparative State Analysis," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1993), pp. 156-176; James P. Lester and Ann O'M. Bowman, "Implementing Environmental Policy in a Federal System: A Test of the Sabatier-Mazmanian Model," Polity 21 (Summer 1989): 731-753.
3. 1 James P. Lester, James L. Franke, Ann O'M. Bowman, and Kenneth W. Kramer. 1983, "Hazardous Wastes, Politics and Public Policy: A Comparative State Analysis," Western Political Quarterly 36 (June 1983): 257-281; Bruce R. Williams and Albert Matheny, "Testing Theories of Social Regulation: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the American States," Journal of Politics 46 (May 1984): 428-459; Ann O'M. Bowman and James P. Lester, "Policy Implementation in a Federal System: A Comparative State Analysis," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1993), pp. 156-176; James P. Lester and Ann O'M. Bowman, "Implementing Environmental Policy in a Federal System: A Test of the Sabatier-Mazmanian Model," Polity 21 (Summer 1989): 731-753.
4. 1 James P. Lester, James L. Franke, Ann O'M. Bowman, and Kenneth W. Kramer. 1983, "Hazardous Wastes, Politics and Public Policy: A Comparative State Analysis," Western Political Quarterly 36 (June 1983): 257-281; Bruce R. Williams and Albert Matheny, "Testing Theories of Social Regulation: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the American States," Journal of Politics 46 (May 1984): 428-459; Ann O'M. Bowman and James P. Lester, "Policy Implementation in a Federal System: A Comparative State Analysis," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1993), pp. 156-176; James P. Lester and Ann O'M. Bowman, "Implementing Environmental Policy in a Federal System: A Test of the Sabatier-Mazmanian Model," Polity 21 (Summer 1989): 731-753.
5. 2 Patricia McGee Crotty, "The New Federalism Game: Primacy Implementation of Environmental Policy," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 17 (Spring 1987) : 53-67; Kingsley W. Game, "Controlling Air Pollution: Why Some States Try Harder," Policy Studies Journal 7 (Summer 1979): 728-738; William Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism: State Governments and Pollution Control Policies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992); Evan J. Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); B. Dan Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation as a System: The Clean Air Case," American Journal of Political Science 36 (February 1992): 40-67.
6. 2 Patricia McGee Crotty, "The New Federalism Game: Primacy Implementation of Environmental Policy," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 17 (Spring 1987) : 53-67; Kingsley W. Game, "Controlling Air Pollution: Why Some States Try Harder," Policy Studies Journal 7 (Summer 1979): 728-738; William Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism: State Governments and Pollution Control Policies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992); Evan J. Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); B. Dan Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation as a System: The Clean Air Case," American Journal of Political Science 36 (February 1992): 40-67.
7. 2 Patricia McGee Crotty, "The New Federalism Game: Primacy Implementation of Environmental Policy," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 17 (Spring 1987) : 53-67; Kingsley W. Game, "Controlling Air Pollution: Why Some States Try Harder," Policy Studies Journal 7 (Summer 1979): 728-738; William Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism: State Governments and Pollution Control Policies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992); Evan J. Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); B. Dan Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation as a System: The Clean Air Case," American Journal of Political Science 36 (February 1992): 40-67.
8. 2 Patricia McGee Crotty, "The New Federalism Game: Primacy Implementation of Environmental Policy," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 17 (Spring 1987) : 53-67; Kingsley W. Game, "Controlling Air Pollution: Why Some States Try Harder," Policy Studies Journal 7 (Summer 1979): 728-738; William Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism: State Governments and Pollution Control Policies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992); Evan J. Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); B. Dan Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation as a System: The Clean Air Case," American Journal of Political Science 36 (February 1992): 40-67.
9. 2 Patricia McGee Crotty, "The New Federalism Game: Primacy Implementation of Environmental Policy," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 17 (Spring 1987) : 53-67; Kingsley W. Game, "Controlling Air Pollution: Why Some States Try Harder," Policy Studies Journal 7 (Summer 1979): 728-738; William Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism: State Governments and Pollution Control Policies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992); Evan J. Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); B. Dan Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation as a System: The Clean Air Case," American Journal of Political Science 36 (February 1992): 40-67.
10. 3 Crotty, "The New Federalism Game"; Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism, Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
11. 3 Crotty, "The New Federalism Game"; Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism, Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
12. 3 Crotty, "The New Federalism Game"; Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism, Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
13. 4 William Blomquist, "Exploring State Differences in Groundwater Policy Adoptions, 1980-1989," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Fall 1991): 101-116; James L. Regens and Margaret A. Reams, "State Strategies for Regulating Groundwater Quality," Social Science Quarterly 69 (March 1988): 53-59.
14. 4 William Blomquist, "Exploring State Differences in Groundwater Policy Adoptions, 1980-1989," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Fall 1991): 101-116; James L. Regens and Margaret A. Reams, "State Strategies for Regulating Groundwater Quality," Social Science Quarterly 69 (March 1988): 53-59.
15. 5 Charles E. Davis and James P. Lester, "Decentralizing Federal Environmental Policy: A Research Note," Western Political Quarterly 40 (September 1987): 555-565; David M. Hedge and Michael J. Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation in the 1980s: A Test of the New Federalism," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1993), pp. 143-155; James P. Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy: The Mediating Influence of State Organizational Structures," Environment and Behavior 12 (March 1980): 101-131; Emily Van Dunk, "State Institutional Effects on Innovation and Environmental Laws" (Unpublished Manuscript, 1993).
16. 5 Charles E. Davis and James P. Lester, "Decentralizing Federal Environmental Policy: A Research Note," Western Political Quarterly 40 (September 1987): 555-565; David M. Hedge and Michael J. Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation in the 1980s: A Test of the New Federalism," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1993), pp. 143-155; James P. Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy: The Mediating Influence of State Organizational Structures," Environment and Behavior 12 (March 1980): 101-131; Emily Van Dunk, "State Institutional Effects on Innovation and Environmental Laws" (Unpublished Manuscript, 1993).
17. 5 Charles E. Davis and James P. Lester, "Decentralizing Federal Environmental Policy: A Research Note," Western Political Quarterly 40 (September 1987): 555-565; David M. Hedge and Michael J. Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation in the 1980s: A Test of the New Federalism," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1993), pp. 143-155; James P. Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy: The Mediating Influence of State Organizational Structures," Environment and Behavior 12 (March 1980): 101-131; Emily Van Dunk, "State Institutional Effects on Innovation and Environmental Laws" (Unpublished Manuscript, 1993).
18. 5 Charles E. Davis and James P. Lester, "Decentralizing Federal Environmental Policy: A Research Note," Western Political Quarterly 40 (September 1987): 555-565; David M. Hedge and Michael J. Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation in the 1980s: A Test of the New Federalism," State Policy Problems, eds. Fred A. Meyer and Ralph Baker (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1993), pp. 143-155; James P. Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy: The Mediating Influence of State Organizational Structures," Environment and Behavior 12 (March 1980): 101-131; Emily Van Dunk, "State Institutional Effects on Innovation and Environmental Laws" (Unpublished Manuscript, 1993).
19. 6 Lester et al., "Hazardous Wastes, Politics, and Public Policy."
20. 7 Charles O. Jones, "Regulating the Environment," Politics in the American States, 3rd ed., eds. Herbert Jacob and Kenneth Vines (Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1976), pp. 388-427.
21. 8 Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy."
22. 9 Christopher J Duerksen, Environmental Regulation of Industrial Plant Siting (Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1983).
23. 10 James P Lester, "New Federalism and Environmental Policy." Publius The Journal of Federalism 16 (Winter 1986), 149-165.
24. 11 Crotty, "The New Federalism Game."
25. 12 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
26. 13 Hedge and Scicchitano. "The States and Environmental Regulation."
27. 14 Van Dunk, "State Institutional Effects on Innovation and Environmental Laws."
28. 15 Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
29. 16 Bob Hall and Mary Lee Kerr, The Green Index: A State by State Guide to the Nation's Environmental Health (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1991), p. 147.
30. 17 Ibid., 149-154.
31. 18 James P. Lester, "A New Federalism? Environmental Policy in the States," Environmental Policy in the 1990s, 2nd ed., eds. Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994), pp. 59-79.
32. 19 Game, "Controlling Air Pollution"; Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation."
33. 19 Game, "Controlling Air Pollution"; Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation."
34. 20 Lester et al., "Hazardous Wastes, Politics and Public Policy"; Lester and Bowman. "Implementing Environmental Policy in a Federal System."
35. 20 Lester et al., "Hazardous Wastes, Politics and Public Policy"; Lester and Bowman. "Implementing Environmental Policy in a Federal System."
36. 21 Crotty, "The New Federalism Game"; Hedge and Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation."
37. 21 Crotty, "The New Federalism Game"; Hedge and Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation."
38. 22 Lucinda K. McKinney, "Responsiveness of Federal and State Decision-makers in Environmental Enforcement to State Concerns," (Unpublished manuscript, 1995).
39. 23 Thomas R. Dye, Politics, Economics, and Public Policy: Policy Outcomes in the American States, (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1966). Richard F. Winters, "Partisan Control and Policy Change." American Journal of Political Science 20 ( November 1976): 597-636; Robert D. Plotnick and Richard F. Winters, "A Politico-economic Theory of Income Redistribution," American Political Science Review 79 (June 1985): 458-473.
40. 23 Thomas R. Dye, Politics, Economics, and Public Policy: Policy Outcomes in the American States, (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1966). Richard F. Winters, "Partisan Control and Policy Change." American Journal of Political Science 20 ( November 1976): 597-636; Robert D. Plotnick and Richard F. Winters, "A Politico-economic Theory of Income Redistribution," American Political Science Review 79 (June 1985): 458-473.
41. 23 Thomas R. Dye, Politics, Economics, and Public Policy: Policy Outcomes in the American States, (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1966). Richard F. Winters, "Partisan Control and Policy Change." American Journal of Political Science 20 ( November 1976): 597-636; Robert D. Plotnick and Richard F. Winters, "A Politico-economic Theory of Income Redistribution," American Political Science Review 79 (June 1985): 458-473.
42. 24 Lester, "A New Federalism?"; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
43. 24 Lester, "A New Federalism?"; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
44. 25 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy."
45. 26 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
46. 27 Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism.
47. 28 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy."
48. 29 Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy"; Hedge and Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation."
49. 29 Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy"; Hedge and Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation."
50. 30 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy."
51. 31 Roy Bahl and William Duncombe, "State and Local Debt Burdens in the 1980s: A Study in Contrasts," Public Administration Review 53 (January/February 1993): 31-40.
52. 32 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
53. 33 Riley Dunlap, "Public Opinion and Environmental Policy," Environmental Politics and Policy, ed. James P. Lester (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989); Robert Cameron Mitchell, "Public Opinion and the Green Lobby: Poised for the 1990s?", Environmental Policy in the 1990s, eds. Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1990), pp. 81-99.
54. 33 Riley Dunlap, "Public Opinion and Environmental Policy," Environmental Politics and Policy, ed. James P. Lester (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989); Robert Cameron Mitchell, "Public Opinion and the Green Lobby: Poised for the 1990s?", Environmental Policy in the 1990s, eds. Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1990), pp. 81-99.
55. 33 Riley Dunlap, "Public Opinion and Environmental Policy," Environmental Politics and Policy, ed. James P. Lester (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989); Robert Cameron Mitchell, "Public Opinion and the Green Lobby: Poised for the 1990s?", Environmental Policy in the 1990s, eds. Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1990), pp. 81-99.
56. 34 Hedge and Scicchitano, "The States and Environmental Regulation."
57. 35 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
58. 36 Van Dunk, "State Institutional Effects on Innovation and Environmental Laws."
59. 37 Lester and Bowman, "Implementing Environmental Policy in a Federal System."
60. 38 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
61. 39 Bruce Williams and Albert Matheny, "Testing Theories of Social Regulation: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the American States," 433.
62. 40 Ibid.
63. 41 Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
64. 41 Lowry, The Dimensions of Federalism; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
65. 42 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
66. 43 Robert S. Erikson, Gerald C. Wright, and John P. McIver, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
67. 44 Hall and Kerr, The Green Index.
68. 45 James P. Lester and Emmett Lombard, "The Comparative Analysis of State Environmental Policy," Natural Resources Journal 30 (Spring 1990): 301-320; Lester, "Environmental Policy in the States"; James P. Lester, "Comparative State Environmental Politics and Policy: The Evolution of a Literature," Policy Studies Journal 22 (Winter 1994): 696-700.
69. 45 James P. Lester and Emmett Lombard, "The Comparative Analysis of State Environmental Policy," Natural Resources Journal 30 (Spring 1990): 301-320; Lester, "Environmental Policy in the States"; James P. Lester, "Comparative State Environmental Politics and Policy: The Evolution of a Literature," Policy Studies Journal 22 (Winter 1994): 696-700.
70. 45 James P. Lester and Emmett Lombard, "The Comparative Analysis of State Environmental Policy," Natural Resources Journal 30 (Spring 1990): 301-320; Lester, "Environmental Policy in the States"; James P. Lester, "Comparative State Environmental Politics and Policy: The Evolution of a Literature," Policy Studies Journal 22 (Winter 1994): 696-700.
71. 46 Davis and Lester, "Decentralizing Federal Environmental Policy"; Lester, "New Federalism and Environmental Policy."
72. 46 Davis and Lester, "Decentralizing Federal Environmental Policy"; Lester, "New Federalism and Environmental Policy."
73. 47 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy."
74. 48 Crotty, "The New Federalism Game."
75. 49 Office of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, State-by-state Enforcement Summary Report, 1991, as reported in McKinney, "Responsiveness of Federal and State Decision-Makers."
76. 49 Office of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, State-by-state Enforcement Summary Report, 1991, as reported in McKinney, "Responsiveness of Federal and State Decision-Makers."
77. 50 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy"; Jerry W. Calvert, "Party Politics and Environmental Policy," Environmental Politics and Policy, ed. James P. Lester (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989), pp. 158-178; Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy."
78. 50 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy"; Jerry W. Calvert, "Party Politics and Environmental Policy," Environmental Politics and Policy, ed. James P. Lester (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989), pp. 158-178; Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy."
79. 50 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy"; Jerry W. Calvert, "Party Politics and Environmental Policy," Environmental Politics and Policy, ed. James P. Lester (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989), pp. 158-178; Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy."
80. 51 Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation as a System"; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
81. 51 Wood, "Modeling Federal Implementation as a System"; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
82. 52 Robert D. Brown, "Party Cleavages and Welfare Effort in the American States," American Political Science Review 89 (March 1995): 23-33.
83. 53 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
84. 54 Lester, "Partisanship and Environmental Policy."
85. 55 Erikson, Wright, and McIver, Statehouse Democracy.
86. 56 Ibid., 113.
87. 57 John G. Grumm, "The Effects of Legislative Structure on Legislative Performance," State and Urban Politics, eds. Richard I. Hofferbert and Ira Sharkansky (Boston: Little Brown, 1971), pp. 298-322.
88. 58 Game, "Controlling Air Pollution"; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
89. 58 Game, "Controlling Air Pollution"; Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
90. 59 Lester et al., "Hazardous Waste, Politics, and Public Policy."
91. 60 Van Dunk, "State Institutional Effects on Innovation and Environmental Laws."
92. 61 Ringquist, Environmental Protection at the State Level.
93. 62 Ann O'M. Bowman and Richard C. Kearney, "Dimensions of State Governmental Capability," Western Political Quarterly 41 (June 1988): 341-362.
94. 63 To further support the inclusion of elite ideology rather than opinion liberalism, we tested the reduced model including both variables and found that although both were not significant, the beta for elite ideology was 214, while the beta for opinion liberalism was 110.