Contours of Israel's new strategic thinking

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 111, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 41-62

  Inbar, Efraim ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030095288     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2151927     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. 1 For studies of small states, see inter alia David Vital, The Inequality of States (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1967); Michael Handel, Weak States in the International System (London: Frank Cass, 1981); Efraim Karsh, Neutrality and Small States (London: Routledge, 1988).
2. 1 For studies of small states, see inter alia David Vital, The Inequality of States (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1967); Michael Handel, Weak States in the International System (London: Frank Cass, 1981); Efraim Karsh, Neutrality and Small States (London: Routledge, 1988).
3. 1 For studies of small states, see inter alia David Vital, The Inequality of States (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1967); Michael Handel, Weak States in the International System (London: Frank Cass, 1981); Efraim Karsh, Neutrality and Small States (London: Routledge, 1988).
4. 2 For such a doctrine that had adherents in Norway, Sweden, and particularly in Denmark before World War 1, see Handel, Weak States in the International System, 77.
5. 3 For internal versus external balancing, see Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1983), 168; for a review of the literature on alliances, see Glenn H. Snyder, "Alliances, Balance and Stability," International Organization 45 (Winter 1991): 121-42.
6. 3 For internal versus external balancing, see Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1983), 168; for a review of the literature on alliances, see Glenn H. Snyder, "Alliances, Balance and Stability," International Organization 45 (Winter 1991): 121-42.
7. 4 Yossi Sand speaking at a colloquium on Sharet at the Hebrew University, 21 November 1994. For the Sharet-Ben-Gurion dispute over foreign and national security policies, see Michael Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), 251-290; Gabriel Sheffer, Resolution vs. Management of the Middle East Conflict, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems, no. 32 (Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1980).
8. 4 Yossi Sand speaking at a colloquium on Sharet at the Hebrew University, 21 November 1994. For the Sharet-Ben-Gurion dispute over foreign and national security policies, see Michael Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), 251-290; Gabriel Sheffer, Resolution vs. Management of the Middle East Conflict, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems, no. 32 (Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1980).
9. 5 For works on Israel's security thinking, see Michael I. Handel, Israel's Political-Military Doctrine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Occasional Papers, July 1973); Israel Tal, "Israel's Doctrine of National Security: Background and Dynamics," Jerusalem Quarterly 4 (Summer 1977); Yoav Ben-Horin and Barry Posen, Israel's Strategic Doctrine, Paper No. 4-2845-NA (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1981); Efraim Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973," Journal of Strategic Studies 6 (March 1983): 36-59; Dan Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking" in Joseph Alpher, ed., War by Choice [Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1985), 58-77; and Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, JCSS Study no. 12 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
10. 5 For works on Israel's security thinking, see Michael I. Handel, Israel's Political-Military Doctrine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Occasional Papers, July 1973); Israel Tal, "Israel's Doctrine of National Security: Background and Dynamics," Jerusalem Quarterly 4 (Summer 1977); Yoav Ben-Horin and Barry Posen, Israel's Strategic Doctrine, Paper No. 4-2845-NA (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1981); Efraim Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973," Journal of Strategic Studies 6 (March 1983): 36-59; Dan Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking" in Joseph Alpher, ed., War by Choice [Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1985), 58-77; and Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, JCSS Study no. 12 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
11. 5 For works on Israel's security thinking, see Michael I. Handel, Israel's Political-Military Doctrine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Occasional Papers, July 1973); Israel Tal, "Israel's Doctrine of National Security: Background and Dynamics," Jerusalem Quarterly 4 (Summer 1977); Yoav Ben-Horin and Barry Posen, Israel's Strategic Doctrine, Paper No. 4-2845-NA (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1981); Efraim Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973," Journal of Strategic Studies 6 (March 1983): 36-59; Dan Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking" in Joseph Alpher, ed., War by Choice [Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1985), 58-77; and Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, JCSS Study no. 12 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
12. 5 For works on Israel's security thinking, see Michael I. Handel, Israel's Political-Military Doctrine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Occasional Papers, July 1973); Israel Tal, "Israel's Doctrine of National Security: Background and Dynamics," Jerusalem Quarterly 4 (Summer 1977); Yoav Ben-Horin and Barry Posen, Israel's Strategic Doctrine, Paper No. 4-2845-NA (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1981); Efraim Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973," Journal of Strategic Studies 6 (March 1983): 36-59; Dan Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking" in Joseph Alpher, ed., War by Choice [Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1985), 58-77; and Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, JCSS Study no. 12 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
13. 5 For works on Israel's security thinking, see Michael I. Handel, Israel's Political-Military Doctrine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Occasional Papers, July 1973); Israel Tal, "Israel's Doctrine of National Security: Background and Dynamics," Jerusalem Quarterly 4 (Summer 1977); Yoav Ben-Horin and Barry Posen, Israel's Strategic Doctrine, Paper No. 4-2845-NA (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1981); Efraim Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973," Journal of Strategic Studies 6 (March 1983): 36-59; Dan Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking" in Joseph Alpher, ed., War by Choice [Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1985), 58-77; and Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, JCSS Study no. 12 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
14. 6 David Ben Gurion, "Israel Among Nations," Government Yearbook 5713 [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: State of Israel, 1952/53), and Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, JCSS Study no. 12 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
15. 6 David Ben Gurion, "Israel Among Nations," Government Yearbook 5713 [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: State of Israel, 1952/53), quoted in Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, 265.
16. 6 David Ben Gurion, "Israel Among Nations," Government Yearbook 5713 [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: State of Israel, 1952/53), quoted in Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, 265.
17. 7 In a speech to party activists in Jerusalem, Haaretz, 29 April 1975.
18. 8 For the Israeli leadership's perceptions of the international environment, see Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, 251-369. Efraim Inbar, "Jews, Jewishness and Israel's Foreign Policy,Jewish Political Studies Review 2 (Fall 1990): 165-83.
19. 8 For the Israeli leadership's perceptions of the international environment, see Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, 251-369. For a discussion of the impact of Jewishness on Israel's foreign policy, see ibid., 229-43; Aharon S. Klieman, Israel and the World After 40 Years (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1990), 52-57; Efraim Inbar, "Jews, Jewishness and Israel's Foreign Policy,Jewish Political Studies Review 2 (Fall 1990): 165-83.
20. 8 For the Israeli leadership's perceptions of the international environment, see Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, 251-369. For a discussion of the impact of Jewishness on Israel's foreign policy, see ibid., 229-43; Aharon S. Klieman, Israel and the World After 40 Years (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1990), 52-57; Efraim Inbar, "Jews, Jewishness and Israel's Foreign Policy,Jewish Political Studies Review 2 (Fall 1990): 165-83.
21. 8 For the Israeli leadership's perceptions of the international environment, see Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, 251-369. For a discussion of the impact of Jewishness on Israel's foreign policy, see ibid., 229-43; Aharon S. Klieman, Israel and the World After 40 Years (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1990), 52-57; Efraim Inbar, "Jews, Jewishness and Israel's Foreign Policy,Jewish Political Studies Review 2 (Fall 1990): 165-83.
22. 9 Klieman, Israel and the World After 40 Years, 91-93.
23. 10 See Michael Brecher, Decisions in Israel's Foreign Policy (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), 111-71;
24. Uri Bialer, Between East and West (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
25. 11 For the early search for allies, see Avner Yaniv, Deterrence Without the Bomb: The Politics of Israeli Strategy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987), 48-55.
26. 12 Senator William Fulbright and Undersecretary of State George Ball were among the proponents. For a critical analysis of an American-Israeli defense treaty reflecting official thinking, see Yair Evron, "Some Political and Strategic Implications of an American-Israeli Defense Treaty" in Haim Shaked and Itamar Rabinovich, eds., The Middle East and the United States (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1980), 371-94.
27. 13 Efraim Inbar, Outcast States in the World Community, Monograph Series in International Affairs (Denver: University of Denver Press, 1985).
28. 14 Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973," 41-45.
29. 15 For Israel's nuclear program and policy, see Leonard S. Spector, The Undeclared Bomb (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988); Louis Bene Beres, eds., Security or Armageddon: Israel's Nuclear Strategy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986). The most comprehensive discussion is Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). Louis Bene Beres, eds., Security or Armageddon: Israel's Nuclear Strategy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986). The most comprehensive discussion is Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
30. 15 For Israel's nuclear program and policy, see Leonard S. Spector, The Undeclared Bomb (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988); Louis Bene Beres, eds., Security or Armageddon: Israel's Nuclear Strategy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986). The most comprehensive discussion is Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). Louis Bene Beres, eds., Security or Armageddon: Israel's Nuclear Strategy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986). The most comprehensive discussion is Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
31. 15 For Israel's nuclear program and policy, see Leonard S. Spector, The Undeclared Bomb (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988); Louis Bene Beres, eds., Security or Armageddon: Israel's Nuclear Strategy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986). The most comprehensive discussion is Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). Louis Bene Beres, eds., Security or Armageddon: Israel's Nuclear Strategy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986). The most comprehensive discussion is Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
32. 16 For the evolvement of Labor's thinking on security matters, see Efraim Inbar, War and Peace in Israeli Politics, Labor Party Positions on National Security (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
33. 17 Addresses by Yitzhak Rabin and Mordechai Gur in Yehudah Mirsky and Ellen Rice, eds., Towards a New Era in U.S.-Israel Relations (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute, September 1992), 1-2, 29-30.
34. 18 Ibid., 2
35. 19 Shimon Peres with Arye Naor, The New Middle East (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 46.
36. 20 "Interview with Ezer Weizman," Spectrum 6 (June 1988): 10. This is the Labor party's monthly journal published in English.
37. 21 Haaretz, 3 January 1994.
38. 22 Rabin's address when presenting his new government, Knesset Minutes, 13 July 1992.
39. 23 Speech delivered by Yitzhak Rabin to Graduates of the National Security College, 12 August 1993, Official Text, 3, (Emphasis in original.)
40. 24 See Yossi Beilin, Israel-40 Plus (Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 1993).
41. 25 Haaretz, 10 October 1994. (Emphasis added.)
42. 26 See "Interview with Prime Minister Rabin," Bamahaneh, 23 September 1992, 9.
43. 27 Ibid. See also statements of the Israeli Air Force Commander Herzl Bodinger, Haaretz, 15 June 1992.
44. 27 Ibid. See also statements of the Israeli Air Force Commander Herzl Bodinger, Haaretz, 15 June 1992.
45. 28 "Interview with Rabin," Maariv, Shabat Supplement, 24 June 1994; see also the report of his remarks to the Knesset Committee for Security and Foreign Affairs, Haaretz, 15 March 1995.
46. 28 "Interview with Rabin," Maariv, Shabat Supplement, 24 June 1994; see also the report of his remarks to the Knesset Committee for Security and Foreign Affairs, Haaretz, 15 March 1995.
47. 29 Peres, The New Middle East, 83.
48. 30 For the role of common aversions in collaboration, see Arthur Stein, "Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World," International Organization 36 (Spring 1982): 304-11.
49. 31 See the report of Rabin's speech to the Knesset in Haaretz, 21 January 1993.
50. 32 Peres, The New Middle East, 77.
51. 33 Haaretz, 1 December 1994; see also Beilin's speech in the Kneset on this issue, Haaretz, 17 February 1993.
52. 33 Haaretz, 1 December 1994; see also Beilin's speech in the Kneset on this issue, Haaretz, 17 February 1993.
53. 34 For the transcript of Shimon Peres speech, see Haaretz, 2 June 1989. For an elaborate argument about the changing nature of power, "The Changing Essence of Power," Foreign Affairs 52 (January 1973): 286-299.
54. 34 For an elaborate argument about the changing nature of power, see Seyom Brown, "The Changing Essence of Power," Foreign Affairs 52 (January 1973): 286-299.
55. 35 Shimon Peres, The New Middle East in a Brave New World," Jerusalem Post, 8 December 1989.
56. 36 Peres, The New Middle East, 49, 78.
57. 37 Shimon Peres, "The Knife and the Missile," Maariv, Shabat Supplement, 26 March 1993, 10.
58. 38 Rabin's address when presenting his new government, Knesset Minutes, 13 July 1992.
59. 39 See Haaretz, 29 June 1994.
60. 40 "Policy Statement by PM Yitzhak Rabin to the Knesset," 3 October 1994, Official Transcript.
61. 41 For the relations between economic ideas and international relations, see Robert Gilpin, "Three Models of the Future," International Organization 29 (Winter 1975): 37-63.
62. 42 For Israeli views on the increased importance of technology in the future battlefield, see Zeev Bonen, "The Impact of Technological Developments on the Strategic Balance in the Middle East" in Shlomo Gazit and Zeev Eytan, eds., The Middle East Military Balance, 1993-1994 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press for the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 1994), 148-63; Aharon Levran, The Strategic and Military Implications of the Second Gulf War, BESA Studies in Mideast Security (London: Frank Cass, 1996).
63. 42 For Israeli views on the increased importance of technology in the future battlefield, see Zeev Bonen, "The Impact of Technological Developments on the Strategic Balance in the Middle East" in Shlomo Gazit and Zeev Eytan, eds., The Middle East Military Balance, 1993-1994 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press for the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 1994), 148-63; Aharon Levran, The Strategic and Military Implications of the Second Gulf War, BESA Studies in Mideast Security (London: Frank Cass, 1996).
64. 43 Peres, The New Middle East, 77-78.
65. 44 Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking," 74-75; see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Dan Horowitz, Israel's Concept of Defensible Borders, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 16 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973." 41-42.
66. 44 Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking," 74-75; see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Dan Horowitz, Israel's Concept of Defensible Borders, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 16 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973." 41-42.
67. 44 Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking," 74-75; see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Dan Horowitz, Israel's Concept of Defensible Borders, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 16 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973." 41-42.
68. 44 Horowitz, "The Constant and the Changing in Israeli Strategic Thinking," 74-75; see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Dan Horowitz, Israel's Concept of Defensible Borders, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 16 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); see also Yair Evron, The Demilitarization of Sinai, Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems No. 11 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University, 1975); Inbar, "Israeli Strategic Thinking After 1973." 41-42.
69. 45 Mordechai Gur, Official Transcript, 13 September 1994.
70. 46 Haaretz, 16 November 1993.
71. 47 Official Transcript, 13 September 1994.
72. 48 Aryeh Kaspi, "Interview Amnon Shahak,". Al Homishmar, 25 April 1993.
73. 49 Bamachane, 25 May 1994, 33.
74. 50 Yediot Aharonot, 22 April 1994, 3.
75. 51 For the rise of statism as the main component of the Israeli civil religion, see Charles S. Liebman and Eliezer Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 81-122.
76. 52 Efraim Inbar, "The 'No Choice War' Debate in Israel," Journal of Strategic Studies 12 (March 1989): 22-37. The author's interviews with sixty-seven members of the Knesset during the summer of 1990 reinforce this finding.
77. 53 Giora Goldberg, Gad Barzilai, and Efraim Inbar, The Impact of Intercommunal Conflict: The Intifada and Israeli Public Opinion, Policy Studies No. 43 (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute, the Hebrew University, February 1991).
78. 54 Efraim Inbar, "Israel's Small War: The Military Response to the Intifada," Armed Forces and Society 18 (Fall 1991): 29-50.
79. 55 Haaretz, 27 January 1993.
80. 36 For a discussion of Israeli deterrence in the context of the peace process, see Efraim Inbar and Shmuel Sandler, "Israeli Deterrence Strategy Revisited," Security Studies 3 (Winter 1993/94): 346-48.
81. 57 For an analysis of such a strategy, see Janice Gross Stein "Reassurance in International Conflict Management," Political Science Quarterly 106 (Fall 1991): 431-51.
82. 58 Haaretz, 11 November 1992.
83. 59 Haaretz, 13 December 1992.
84. 60 For a recent complaint, see Maariv, Shabbat Supplement, 27 January 1995, 19.
85. 61 For the changing interactions between the IDF and Israeli society, see Stuart A. Cohen, "The Israel Defense Force (IDF): From a 'People's Army' to a 'Professional Military'-Causes and Implications," Armed Forces and Society 21 (Winter 1995): 237-54; and his "How Did the Intifada Affect the IDF," Conflict Quarterly 14 (Summer 1994): 7-22.
86. 61 For the changing interactions between the IDF and Israeli society, see Stuart A. Cohen, "The Israel Defense Force (IDF): From a 'People's Army' to a 'Professional Military'-Causes and Implications," Armed Forces and Society 21 (Winter 1995): 237-54; and his "How Did the Intifada Affect the IDF," Conflict Quarterly 14 (Summer 1994): 7-22.
87. 62 Stuart A. Cohen, "'Masqueraders' in the Israel Defense Forces, 1991-1992: The Military Unit and the Public Debate," Low-Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement 2 (Autumn 1993): 293-96.
88. 63 For a similar argument about the decline of Western armies and consequent restraint, see Pascal Venesson, "Peace and Paralysis: Decline of Western Military Elites and Non-Intervention in International Politics" (paper presented for delivery at the 16th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, 21-25 August 1994).
89. 64 Immanuel Rosen, "The Security Zone: The Price is Too High," Maariv, Shabat Supplement, 27 July 1993, 8. See also Eitan Rabin, "We Have Seen This Movie Several Times Already," Haaretz, 12 July 1993.
90. 64 Immanuel Rosen, "The Security Zone: The Price is Too High," Maariv, Shabat Supplement, 27 July 1993, 8. See also Eitan Rabin, "We Have Seen This Movie Several Times Already," Haaretz, 12 July 1993.
91. 65 Zeev Schiff, "The Children Are Too Tired," Haaretz, 8 February 1995.
92. 66 See Menachem Hofnung, Israel's Security Needs Versus The Rule of Law [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Nevo, 1991).
93. 67 Yediot Aharonot, 3 September 1993, 4.
94. 68 For a study on the serious impact on wives of traumatized soldiers, see Zehava Solomon et al., "From the Battlefront to the Homefront: Research on Secondary Traumatization," Refuah [Hebrew] 124 (June 1993): 750-56; Yuval Neria, Life in the Shaddowof War-Psychological Aspects [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute, The Hebrew University, April 1994).
95. 68 For a study on the serious impact on wives of traumatized soldiers, see Zehava Solomon et al., "From the Battlefront to the Homefront: Research on Secondary Traumatization," Refuah [Hebrew] 124 (June 1993): 750-56; Yuval Neria, Life in the Shaddowof War-Psychological Aspects [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute, The Hebrew University, April 1994).
96. 69 Amira Segev, "Interview with Reuven Gal," Haaretz, 11 October 1994.
97. 70 Haaretz, 22 March 1995.
98. 71 Goldberg et al., The Impact of Intercommunal Conflict; Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "Do Wars Have an Impact? Israeli Public Opinion After the Gulf War," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (March 1992): 48-64; Asher Arian, Israeli Security and the Peace Process: Public Opinion in 1994, JCSS Memorandum no. 43 (Tel Aviv: JCSS, Tel Aviv University, March 1994). Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "Do Wars Have an Impact? Israeli Public Opinion After the Gulf War," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (March 1992): 48-64; Asher Arian, Israeli Security and the Peace Process: Public Opinion in 1994, JCSS Memorandum no. 43 (Tel Aviv: JCSS, Tel Aviv University, March 1994).
99. 71 Goldberg et al., The Impact of Intercommunal Conflict; Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "Do Wars Have an Impact? Israeli Public Opinion After the Gulf War," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (March 1992): 48-64; Asher Arian, Israeli Security and the Peace Process: Public Opinion in 1994, JCSS Memorandum no. 43 (Tel Aviv: JCSS, Tel Aviv University, March 1994). Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "Do Wars Have an Impact? Israeli Public Opinion After the Gulf War," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (March 1992): 48-64; Asher Arian, Israeli Security and the Peace Process: Public Opinion in 1994, JCSS Memorandum no. 43 (Tel Aviv: JCSS, Tel Aviv University, March 1994).
100. 71 Goldberg et al., The Impact of Intercommunal Conflict; Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "Do Wars Have an Impact? Israeli Public Opinion After the Gulf War," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (March 1992): 48-64; Asher Arian, Israeli Security and the Peace Process: Public Opinion in 1994, JCSS Memorandum no. 43 (Tel Aviv: JCSS, Tel Aviv University, March 1994). Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "Do Wars Have an Impact? Israeli Public Opinion After the Gulf War," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (March 1992): 48-64; Asher Arian, Israeli Security and the Peace Process: Public Opinion in 1994, JCSS Memorandum no. 43 (Tel Aviv: JCSS, Tel Aviv University, March 1994).
101. 72 Michael Howard, "The Forgotten Dimension of Strategy," Foreign Affairs 57 (Summer 1979): 975-86.
102. 73 See Steven Rosen, "War Power and the Willingness to Suffer" in Bruce M. Russett, ed., Peace, War and Numbers (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1972), 167-83.
103. 74 This is an issue unstudied yet in Israeli society. For a preliminary study of changes in American society and the impact on foreign policy, see Jack Citrin, Ernest B. Haas, Christofer Muste, and Beth Reingold, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 38 (March 1994): 1-31.
104. 75 Rabin's public lecture to the Forum for Security, Judaism and Society, 8 January 1995. See also Aluf Ben, "Preference for the Rear," Haaretz, 20 July 1993.
105. 76 Maariv, 16 April 1994.
106. 77 For a more extensive discussion, see Efraim Inbar, "Attitudes Toward War in the Israeli Political Elite," Middle East Journal 44 (Summer 1990): 431-45. We also witness a recent Israeli intellectual vogue to question the morality of the Zionist enterprise and the use of force needed to establish and defend the Jewish state. For a report on this trend, see Calev Ben-David, "Heroes Under Attack," Jerusalem Report, 29 December 1994, 12-17.
107. 77 For a more extensive discussion, see Efraim Inbar, "Attitudes Toward War in the Israeli Political Elite," Middle East Journal 44 (Summer 1990): 431-45. We also witness a recent Israeli intellectual vogue to question the morality of the Zionist enterprise and the use of force needed to establish and defend the Jewish state. For a report on this trend, see Calev Ben-David, "Heroes Under Attack," Jerusalem Report, 29 December 1994, 12-17.
108. 78 Ibid., 442.
109. 79 Ibid, 442-3.
110. 80 Peres, The New Middle East, 58.
111. 81 Haaretz, 25 December 1994.
112. 82 Indeed, the rise of Third World arms producers in the new international system allows recipient countries to procure arms with less political dependency upon their suppliers, giving such countries the ability to pursue their ambitions more freely. See Amit Gupta, "Third World Militaries: New Suppliers, Deadlier Weapons," Orbis 37 (Winter 1993): 57-68.
113. 83 Haaretz, 17 February 1993.
114. 84 Interview to Bamahane, 5 January 1994, 11.
115. 85 Davar, 17 January 1992, 18.
116. 86 Ariel Sharon, "The Oslo Agreement: A Seed for War," Yediot Aharonot, Shabbat Supplement, 2 February 1994, 3; for Natanayahu's statement, see Davar, 17 February 1993.
117. 86 Ariel Sharon, "The Oslo Agreement: A Seed for War," Yediot Aharonot, Shabbat Supplement, 2 February 1994, 3; for Natanayahu's statement, see Davar, 17 February 1993.
118. 87 See Haaretz, 1 November 1994, A4; Maariv, 16 December 1994, A3.
119. 87 See Haaretz, 1 November 1994, A4; Maariv, 16 December 1994, A3.
120. 88 See "Interview with PM Rabin," Bamahaneh.
121. Ben, "Preference for the Rear." For a critical analysis of the active defense option embodied in the Arrow, see Reuven Pedatzur, The Arrow System and the Active Defense Against Ballistic Missiles, Memorandum No. 42 (Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, October 1993).
122. 89 Ben, "Preference for the Rear." For a critical analysis of the active defense option embodied in the Arrow, see Reuven Pedatzur, The Arrow System and the Active Defense Against Ballistic Missiles, Memorandum No. 42 (Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, October 1993).
123. 90 See Bodinger's preference for an American system to save costs and to utilize the American aid funds, Davar, 15 June 1992, 2.
124. 91 Haaretz, 21 January 1993.
125. 92 Haaretz, 30 April 1993.
126. 93 Patrick J. Garrity, "Implications of the Persian Gulf War for Regional Powers," Washington Quarterly 16 (Summer 1993): 156-7.
127. 94 Peres, The New Middle East, 83.
128. 95 Mirsky and Rice, Towards A New Era in U.S.-Israeli Relations, 31.
129. 96 Peres, The New Middle East, 61-64.
130. 97 Jerusalem Post, international ed., 4 June 1994, 2; see also Aluf Ben, "Full Withdrawal in Exchange for Comprehensive Regional Peace," Haaretz, 22 June 1994.
131. 97 Jerusalem Post, international ed., 4 June 1994, 2; see also Aluf Ben, "Full Withdrawal in Exchange for Comprehensive Regional Peace," Haaretz, 22 June 1994.
132. 98 Peres, The New Middle East, 64. See also the interview with Peres, Haaretz, 11 February 1993.
133. 98 Peres, The New Middle East, 64. See also the interview with Peres, Haaretz, 11 February 1993.
134. 99 See the address by Shimon Peres at the signing of the CWC in Paris, 13 January 1993, in Efraim Inbar and Shmuel Sandler, eds., Mideast Security: The Prospects for Arms Control, BESA Studies in Mideast Security (London: Frank Cass, 1995), 251-54.
135. 100 Haaretz, 16 November 1993.
136. 101 Efraim Inbar, "Israel and Arms Control," Arms Control 13 (September 1992): 217; Gerald M. Steinberg, "Middle East Arms Control and Regional Security," Survival 36 (Spring 1994): 126-31.
137. 101 Efraim Inbar, "Israel and Arms Control," Arms Control 13 (September 1992): 217; Gerald M. Steinberg, "Middle East Arms Control and Regional Security," Survival 36 (Spring 1994): 126-31.
138. 102 For the work of ACRS, see Shai Feldman, "Progress Toward Middle East Arms Control" in The Middle East Military Balance, 1993-1994, 182-210.
139. 103 Aluf Ben, "A Dispute Over Clinton's Initiative," Haaretz, 28 December 1993; Aluf Ben, "Minimizing the Peace Risks," Haaretz, 11 February 1994; Ran Adelist, "What Do We Do with it?" Hadashot, Weekend Supplement, 22 October 1993, 1-3.
140. 103 Aluf Ben, "A Dispute Over Clinton's Initiative," Haaretz, 28 December 1993; Aluf Ben, "Minimizing the Peace Risks," Haaretz, 11 February 1994; Ran Adelist, "What Do We Do with it?" Hadashot, Weekend Supplement, 22 October 1993, 1-3.
141. 103 Aluf Ben, "A Dispute Over Clinton's Initiative," Haaretz, 28 December 1993; Aluf Ben, "Minimizing the Peace Risks," Haaretz, 11 February 1994; Ran Adelist, "What Do We Do with it?" Hadashot, Weekend Supplement, 22 October 1993, 1-3.
142. 104 Yediot Aharonot, 21 January 1993.
143. 105 Yediot Aharonot, 16 November 1993; Haaretz, 13 November 1993.
144. 105 Yediot Aharonot, 16 November 1993; Haaretz, 13 November 1993.
145. 106 Haaretz, 8 November 1994.
146. 107 Peres, The New Middle East, 80.
147. 108 Zeev Schiff, "Problems of Military Might," Haaretz, 8 July 1994.