Optical phased array technology

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 84, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 268-298

  Mcmanamon, Paul F ^a   Dorschner, Terry A ^b   Corkum, David L ^c   Friedman, Larry J ^d   Hobbs, Douglas S ^a   Holz, Michael ^a   Liberman, Sergey ^a   Nguyen, Huy Q ^e   Resler, Daniel P ^a   Sharp, Richard C ^a   Watson, Edward A ^a   Dorschner, T A ^a   Friedman, L J ^a   Hobbs, D S ^a   Holz, M ^a   Resler, D P ^a   Sharp, R C ^a  

^a AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b TEXAS INSTRUMENTS   (United States)

^c RAYTHEON COMPANY   (United States)

^d KOPIN CORPORATION   (United States)

^e SemiTest Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTENNA PHASED ARRAYS; LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS; LITHOGRAPHY; PHASE SHIFT; PHASE SHIFTERS;

LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICES; LITHOGRAPHIC PATTERNING; OPTICAL PHASED ARRAYS; OPTICAL POWER HANDLING CAPABILITY; PROGRAMMABLE MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS BEAMS; RANDOM ACCESS POINTING;

OPTICAL SENSORS;

EID: 0030085199     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.482231     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. R. A. Meyer, "Optical beam steering using a multichannel lithium tantalate crystal," Appl. Opt., vol. 11, pp. 613-616, Mar. 1972.
2. Y. Ninomiya, "Ultrahigh resolving electrooptic prism array light deflectors," IEEE]. Quant. Electron., vol. 9, pp. 791-795, Aug. 1973.
3. A. Tanone, Z. Zhang, C.-M. Uang, and F. T. S. Yu, Microwave and Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 285-289, Apr. 1994.
4. F. Vasey, F. K. Reinhart, R. Houdré, and J. M. Stauffer, "Spatial optical beam steering with an AlGaAs integrated phased array," Appl. Opt., vol. 32, pp. 322&-S232, June. 1993.
5. R. M. Matic, "Blazed phase liquid crystal beam steering," Laser Beam Propagat. and Contr.: Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng., vol. 2120, pp. 194-205, 1994.
6. T. A. Dorschner et al., "Liquid crystal beam steering; an optical phased array for lasers," presented at the 7997 Meet. IRIS Specialty Group on Active Syst., Oct. 1991.
7. P. F. McManamon and T. A. Dorschner, "Space fed optical phased arrays and their applications," presented at the 1993 Meet. IRIS Specialty Group on Active Syst., Nov. 1993.
8. T. A. Dorschner, D. P. Resler, D. S. Hobbs, and R. C. Sharp, "Phased array beam steering of long-wave infrared lasers," to be published in Opt. Lett.
9. T. A. Dorschner et al., "Optical phased array beam steering at 1.06 microns," to be published in Opt. Lett.
10. M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.
11. J.-P. Huignard, M. Malard, and G. de Corlieu, "Static deflector device for an infrared beam," US Pat. No. 4,639,091, May 1987.
12. H. Dammann, "Blazed synthetic phase-only holograms," Optik, vol. 31, pp. 95-104, 1970.
13. R. A. Soref and M. J. Rafuse, "Electrically controlled birefringence of thin nematic films," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 2029-2036, 1972.
14. P. F. McManamon, E. A. Watson, T. A. Dorschner, and L. J. Barnes, "Applications look at the use of liquid crystal writeable gratings for steering passive radiation," Opt. Eng., vol. 32, no.
15. II, pp. 2657-2664, Nov. 1993.
16. T. A. Dorschner et al., Raytheon Co., private commun. (Beam Agility Techn. Final Rep., WL-TR-93-1020, 1993).
17. T. C. Cheston and J. Frank, "Phased array radar antennas," in Radar Handbook, M. I. Skolnik, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990, chapt. 7.
18. G. D. Love, J. S. Fender, and S. R. Restaino, "Adaptive wavefront shaping with liquid crystals," Opt. Photon. News, pp. 16-21, Oct. 1995.
19. R. Q. Fugate, "Laser beacon adaptive optics," Opt. Photon. News, pp. 14-19, June.. 1993.
20. W. Goltsos and M. Holz, "Agile beam steering using binary optics microlens arrays," Opt. Eng. vol. 11, no. 29, pp. 1392-1397, 1990.
21. T. D. Muster and J. N. Wong, "Modeling and measurement of a micro-optic beam deflector," SPIE, vol. 1625, 1992.
22. E. A. Watson, "Analysis of beam steering with Decentered microlens arrays," Opt. Eng., Vol. 32, pp. 2665-2670, Nov. 1993.
23. T. H. Lin, "Implementation and characterization of a flexurebeam micro mechanical spatial light modulator," Opt. Eng., vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 3643-3648, 1994.
24. V. Bright, Air Force Inst. Technol., private commun.
25. A. Yariv, Introduction to Optical Electronics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971, chapt. 9 and 12.
26. I. P. Kaminow, An Introduction to Electrooptic Devices. Orlando, FL: Academic, 1974.
27. M. Gottlieb, C. L. M. Ireland, and J. M. Ley, Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Scanning and Deflection. New York: Dekker, 1983.
28. L. Beiser, Laser Scanning and Recording. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1985, vol. 378.
29. G. F. Marshall, Optical Scanning. New York: Dekker, 1991.
30. J. Dougherty et al., "Rapid optical beam steering sensor suite for tactical weapon tracking applications," in Laser Beam Propagation and Control, H. Weichel and L. F. DeSandre, Eds. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1994, vol. 2120, pp. 211-217.
31. B. D. Nordwall, "Russian inNovation offers affordable phased array," Aviation Week, Apr. 1995, p. 69.
32. E. Brookner, "Fundamentals of radar design" in Radar Technology. Dedham, MA: Artech, 1977, pp. 26-36.
33. L. Beiser, "Laser beam information scanning and recording," in Laser Scanning and Recording. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, vol. 378, pp. 3-24, 1985.
34. S. D. Jacobs, "Liquid crystals for laser applications," in CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, vol. 4, M. J. Weber, Ed. New York: CRC, 1986.
35. L. M. BliNov, Electro-optical and magneto-optical properties of liquid crystals. Chichester, UK: Wiley, p. 292, 1983.
36. S.-T. Wu, A. M. Lackner, and U. Efron, "Optimal operation temperature of liquid crystal modulators," Appl. Opt., vol. 26, pp. 3441-3445, 1987.
37. S.-T. Wu, U. Finkenzeller, and V. Reiffenrath, "Physical properties of diphenyl-diacetylenic liquid crystals," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 65, pp. 4372, 1989.
38. S-T. Wu and C. S. Wu, "Experimental confirmation of the Osipov-Teretjev theory on the viscosity of nematic liquid crystals," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 2219-2227, 1990.
39. G. Sharp and K. Johnson, "High speed analog complexamplitude liquid crystal light modulator," Optics Lett., vol. 19, no. 16, Aug. 1994.
40. S.-T. Wu, "Room temperature diphenyl-diacetylene liquid crystals," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 61, pp. 630, Aug. 1992.
41. D. MacDonnel, Defense Res. Estab., Malverne, UK, private commun.
42. P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Layered Media. New York: Wiley, 1988, p. 150.
43. M Sansone et al., "Large Kerr effects in transparent encapsulated liquid crystals," J. Appl. Phys. vol. 67, no. 9, May 1990.
44. T. A. Dorschner, "Optical phased array beam steerer including prism," US Pat. 5,018,835, May 1991.
45. S. A. Serati, G. D. Sharp, and R. A. Serati, "128 × 128 analog liquid crystal spatial light modulator," in Opt. Pan. Recog. VI, SPIE, vol. 2490, pp. 378-387, 1995.
46. K. M. Johnson et al., "Chiral smectic liquid crystals for high information content displays and spatial light modulators," in Tech. Dig. Topical Meet, on Spatial Light Modulators and Applic., Washington, DC: Opt. Soc. Amer., 1993, pp. 18-21.
47. G. D. Sharp, Boulder Nonlinear Corp., private commun.
48. D. P. Resler, "Liquid crystal window," US Pat. No. 4,882,235, Nov. 1989.
49. T. A. Dorschner and D. P. Resler, "Deflector for an optical beam," US Pat. No. 4,964,701, Oct. 1990.
50. T. A. Dorschner, "Optical beam steerer having subaperture addressing," US Pat. No. 5,093,740, Mar. 1992.
51. "Method for providing beam steering in a subapertureaddressed optical beam steerer," US Pat. No. 5,093,747, Mar. 1992.
52. S. T. Kowel, P. Kornreich, and A. Nouhi, "Adaptive spherical lens," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 2774-2777, Aug. 1984.
53. B. J. Cassarly, J. C. Ehlert, and D. J. Henry, "Low insertion loss high precision liquid crystal optical phased array," Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instnim. Eng.: Free-Space Laser Commun. Technol. Ill, vol. 1417, pp. 110-121, 1991.
54. L. J. Friedman et al., "Phase imaging a programmable liquid crystal grating," submitted to Appl. Opt.
55. W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Receipes in C. New York: Cambridge, 1988, pp. 343-352.
56. H. Dammann and K. Gortler, "High efficiency in-line multiple imaging by means of multiple phase holograms," Opt. Commun., vol. 3, pp. 312-315, 1971.
57. U. Killat, G. Rabe, and W. Rave, "Binary phase gratings for star couplers with high splitting ratio," Fiber and Integrated Opt., vol. 4, pp. 159-167, 1982.
58. A. Marrakchi and K. Rastani, "Free-space holographic grating interconnects," in Photonic Switching and Interconnects, A. Marrakchi, Ed. New York: Dekker, 1994, pp. 249-321.
59. S. E. Broomfield, M. A. Neil, E. G. Paige, and G. G. Yang, "Programmable binary phase-only optical device based an ferroelectric liquid crystal SLM," Electron. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 26-28, 1992.
60. T. H. Barnes et al, "Reconfigurable free-space optical interconnections with a phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator," Appl. Opt., vol. 31, pp. 5527-5535, 1992.
61. S. H. McCraken and M. S. Salisbury, "Coherent 1.06 micron system for liquid crystal beam steering evaluation," in Proc. IRIS Specialty Group on Active Syst., Silver Springs, MD, 1991.
62. S. D. Jacobs et ai, "Liquid-crystal laser optics: design, fabrication, and performance," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1962-1978, Sept. 1988.
63. I. C. Khoo et al., Ibid., and references therein.
64. R. C. Sharp, D. P. Resler, D. S. Hobbs, and T. A. Dorschner, "Electrically tunable liquid crystal wave plate in the infrared," Opt. Lett., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 87-89, Jan. 1990.
65. C. A. Klein and T. A. Dorschner, "Power handling capability of Faraday rotation isolators for CU2 laser radars," Appl. Opt., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 904-914, Mar. 1989.
66. G. C. Hoist, Electro-Optical Imaging System Performance. Winter Park, FL: JCD, and SPIE Opt. Eng. Press, Bellingham, WA, 1995, chapt. 5.5 and 9.3.
67. K. Barnard, E. Watson, and P. McManamon, "Nonmechanical microscanning using optical space-fed phased arrays," Opt. Eng., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 3063-3071, Sept. 1994.
68. L. Myers, "Broadband beam steering with liquid crystal optical arrays," Wright Lab., private commun., WL/TR-92 1003, US Air Force, 1992.
69. E. A. Watson, P. F. McManamon, L. J. Barnes, and A. Carney, "Application of dynamic gratings to broad spectral band beam steering," in Laser Beam Propagation and Control, H. Weichet and L. F. DeSandre, Eds.; Proc. SPIE, vol. 2120, pp. 178-185, 1994.
70. R. W. Boyd, Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation. New York: Wiley, 1983, chapt. 8.
71. W. C. Sweatt, "Achromatic triplet using holographic optical elements," Appl. Opt., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1390-1391, 1977.
72. G. M. Morris, "Diffraction theory for an achromatic Fourier transformation," Appl. Opt., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 2017-2025, 1981.
73. D. Falkis and G. M. Morris, "Broadband imaging with holographic lenses," Opt. Eng., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 592-598, 1989.
74. R. J. Broessel, R. C. Hardie, and V. Dominic, "Image restoration in broadband field-of-view steering with a liquid crystal beam steerer," submitted to Opt. Eng.
75. W. J. Smith, Modem Optical Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990, chapt. 13.
76. E. A. Watson and L. J. Barnes, "Optical design considerations for agile beam steering," in Laser Beam Propagation and Control, H. Weichel and L. F. DeSandre, Eds., Proc. SPIE, vol. 2120, 1994, pp. 186-193.
77. K. J. Barnard and E. A. Watson, "Effects of spatial noise on submicroscan interpolation," submitted to Opt. Eng.