Imaging laser radar in the near and far infrared

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 84, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 103-125

  Osche, Gregory R ^a   Young, Donald S ^a  

^a RAYTHEON COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE LASERS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HOLMIUM; INFRARED IMAGING; IONS; MOLECULES; NEODYMIUM LASERS; PHOTODETECTORS; SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS; THULIUM;

ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION; COHERENT TRISERVICE LASER RADAR; IMAGING APPLICATIONS; LASER RADAR; LASER RADAR SYSTEM; LASER TRANSMITTER; SOFTWARE PACKAGE FASCOD3; SOFTWARE PACKAGE MODTRAN; VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS; WAVEBANDS;

OPTICAL RADAR;

EID: 0030080970     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.482225     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. R. L. Byer, "Diode laser-pumped solid state lasers," Sei., vol. 239, p. 742.
2. D. E. Dudgeon and R. T. Lacoss, "An overview of automatic target recognition," MIT Lincoln Lab. J., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 3, Spring 1993.
3. P. J. Kolodzy, "Multidimensional automatic target recognition system evaluation," MIT Lincoln Lab. J., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 117, Spring 1993.
4. D. Hall, Mathematical Techniques in Multisensor Data Fusion. Boston: Artech, 1992.
5. Handbook of Optics, vol. 1,2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, p. 24.10.
6. Amer. Natl. Standards Inst. (ANSI), "American national standard for the safe use of lasers," ANSI, vol. Z136.1, 1986.
7. ANSI Ibid [6].
8. D. C. Shannon, D L. Vecht, S. Re, and R. W. Wallace, "High average power diode-Pumped lasers near 2 μm," in SPIE Conf., Los Angeles, CA, Jan. 1993.
9. G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, chap. 6, p. 258.
10. A. Yariv, Quantum Electronics, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1989, p. 415.
11. A. McGregor, EG&G Canada, Ltd., Optoelectronics Div., private communication.
12. P. A. Budni, M. G. Knights, E. P. Chicklis, and H. P. Jenssen, "Performance of a diode-pumped high PRF Tm, Ho : YLF laser," IEEEJ. Quantum Electron., vol. 28, p. 1029, Apr. 1992.
13. N. P. Bames and D. J. Gettemy, "Performance of Ho : YAG as a function of temperature," Appl. Opt., vol. 29, no. 3, p. 404, Jan. 20, 1990.
14. Appl. Opt. Ibid [12].
15. EPITAXX ETX-GR Series. Princeton, NJ.
16. 2 laser for infrared heterodyne radar," Rev. Scientif. lustrum., vol. 49, no. 10, p. 1410, Oct. 1978.
17. 2 laser rangefinder using heterodyne detection and chirp pulse compression," Opt. and Quantum Electron., vol. 13, pp. 35-45, 1981.
18. 2 laser radar with chirp pulse compression," SPIE, Laser Radar II, vol. 783, p. 169, 1987.
19. J. M. Lloyd, Thermal Imaging Systems. New York: Plenum, 1975, p. 388.
20. Thermal Imaging Systems Ibid [19], p. 406.
21. D. K. Barton, Radar System Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964, p. 37.
22. A. B. Geschwentner, R. C. Harney, and R. J. Hull, Coherent IR Radar Technology, D- K. Killenger and A. Mooradian, Eds. New York: Springer, 1983.
23. R. M. Hardesty, R. J. Keeler, M. J. Post, and R. A. Richter, "Characteristics of coherent lidar returns from calibration targets and aerosols," Appl. Opt., vol. 20, no. 21, p. 3763, Nov. 1,1981.
24. J. V. DiFranco and W. L. Rubin, Radar Detection. Dedham, MA: Artech, 1980, p. 395.
25. J. W. Goodman, "Some effects of target-induced scintillation on optical radar performance," Proc. IEEE, vol. PROC-53, Nov. 1965.
26. "Comparative performance of optical-radar detection techniques," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. AES-2, Sept. 1966.
27. G. S. Mecherle, "Signal speckle effects on optical detection with additive Gaussian noise," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 1, Jan. 1984.
28. K. Seeber, Raytheon Co., private commun.
29. P. P. Webb, R. J. Mclntyre, and J. Conradi, "Properties of avalanche photodiodes," RCA Rev., vol. 35, p. 234, June 1974.
30. RCA Rev. Ibid [10], pp. 298-341.
31. M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962, pp. 469-497.
32. D. L. Fried, "Optical heterodyne detection of an atmospherically distorted signal wavefront," Proc. IEEE, vol. PROC-55, p. 57, Jan. 1967.
33. S. F. Clifford and S. Wandzura, "Monostatic heterodyne lidar performance: The effect of the turbulent atmosphere," Appl. Opt., vol. 20, no. 3, p. 514, Feb. 1, 1981.
34. D. L. Fried, "Statistics of a geometric representation of wave-front distortion," J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 55, no. 11, p. 1427, Nov. 1965.
35. R. W. McMillan and N. P. Bames, "Detection of optical pulses: The effect of atmospheric scintillation," Appl. Opt., vol. 15, no. 10, p. 2501, Oct. 1976.
36. J. H. Shapiro, B. A. Capron, and R. C. Harney, "Imaging and target detection with a heterodyne-reception optical radar," Appl. Opt., vol. 20, no. 19, p. 3292, Oct. 1, 1981.
37. J. C. Wyngaard, Y. Izumi, and S. A. Collins, Jr., J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 61, p. 1646, 1971.
38. P. H. Deitz and N. J. Wright, "Saturation of scintillation magnitude in near-earth optical propagation," J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 59, no. 5, p. 527, May 1969.
39. S. F. Clifford and R. J. Hill, "Relation between irradiance and log-amplitude variance for optical scintillation described by the K distribution," JOSA Lett., vol. 71, no. 1, p. 112, Jan. 1981.
40. D. L. Fried, "Statistics of a geometric representation of wave-front distortion," J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 55, no. 11, p. 1427, Nov. 1965.
41. K. P. Chan, D. K. Killinger, and N. Sugimoto, "Heterodyne Doppler 1-fim lidar measurement of reduced effective telescope aperture due to atmospheric turbulence," Appl. Opt., vol. 30, no. 18, June 20, 1991.
42. "Optimal heterodyne detector array size for 1 pm coherent lidar propagation through atmospheric turbulence," Appl. Opt., vol. 30, no. 18, p. 2609, June 20, 1991.
43. K. P. Chan and D. Killinger, "Coherent summation of spatially distorted laser Doppler signals by using a two-dimensional heterodyne detector array," Opt. Lett., vol. 17, no. 17, Sept. 1992.
44. S. A. Clough, F. X. Kneizys, L. S. Rothman, and W. O. Gallery, "Atmospheric spectral transmittance and radiance: FASCOD1B," SPIE, Atmospheric Transmission, vol. 277, p. 152, 1981.
45. S. A. Clough, F. X. Kneizys et al., "FASCOD3: Spectral Simulation," in IRS'88: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, ]. Lenoble and J. F. Geleyn, Eds. New York: Deepak.
46. B. T. McGuckin and R. T. Menzies, "Efficient CW diodepumped Tm, Ho : YLF Laser with tunability near 2.067 urn," IEEE J. Quant. Elect., vol. 28, Apr. 1992.
47. N. P. Barnes and D. J. Gettemy, "Pulsed Ho : YAG oscillator and amplifier," IEEEJ. Quant. Elect., vol. QE-17, p. 1303, July 1981.
48. W. Henderson and C. P. Hale, "Tunable single-longitudinal-mode diode laser pumped Tm : YAG laser," Appl. Opt., vol. 29, no. 12, p. 1716, Apr. 1990.
49. A. V. Jelalian, Laser Radar Systems. Boston: Artech, 1992.
50. J. A. Fox and C. R. Gautier, "US Army night vision and electronic sensors directorate," private commun.
51. R. H. Kingston, Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978, p. 25.
52. Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation. Ibid [9], p. 254.
53. G. R. Osche, K. N. Seeber, Y. F. Lok, and D. S. Young, "Ladar cross-section from high resolution image data," Appl. Opt., vol. 31, no. 14, p. 2452, May 10, 1992.
54. R. Richmond, S. W. Henderson, and C. P. Hale, "Atmospheric effects on laser propagation comparisons at 2 and 10 microns," SPIE, Laser Radar VII, vol. 1633, p. 74, 1992.
55. W. L. Wolfe and G. J. Zissis, ne Infrared Handbook, rev. ed. Washington, DC: Office of Naval Res., Dept. Navy, 1985, pp. 3-71.
56. Near-IR detector characteristics were obtained from EGG Canada Ltd., including many helpful discussions with Dr. A.McGregpr.
57. W. E. K. Middleton, Vision Through the Atmosphere. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, 1968, p. 103.
58. S. W. Henderson et al., "Eyesafe coherent laser radar system at 2.1 jim sing Tm, Ho : YAG lasers," Opt. Lett., Jan. 1991.
59. E. P. Shettle and R. W. Fenn, "Models for the aerosols of the of the lower atmosphere and the effects of humidity variations on their optical properties," AFGL Tech. Rep. TR-79-0214, Sept. 20, 1979.
60. D. Hughes, "New laser radar detector shows promise in field tests," Aviation Week & Space Tech., p. 57, Sept. 14, 1992.
61. R. Gustavson and T. E. Davis, Proc. SPIE, Laser Radar, vol. 1633, p. 21, 1992.
62. C. C. Chu and J. K. Aggarwal, "The integration of image segmentation maps using region and edge information," IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal, and Mach. Intell., vol. 15, Dec. 1993.
63. Amber, a Raytheon Co., Goleta, CA.
64. D. S. Young, K. Fisher, and G. R. Osche, "Wet/dry wire reflectivity at 10.6 μm," SPIE, Laser Radar VI, Los Angeles, CA, Jan. 1991.
65. 2 Laser Radar. His technical interests include multisensor data and sensor fusion, image processing and automatic target recognition techniques, remote sensing of atmospheric and hard targets, statistical detection theory, waveform analysis, signal and data processing, and multisensor phenomenology. In 1989, he participated in the US-French Bilateral Staff Talks in Paris, France and has hosted several meetings of the NATO Research Study Group (RSG) 13 of Panel IV (AC/243) at Raytheon. Prior to 1979, he was employed by the US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, Ft. Monmouth, NJ, where he conducted research and development on advanced solid-state and gas laser systems for military applications. Dr. Osche is a member of the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, Sigma Xi, and Sigma Pi Sigma. In 1985, he received the Best Paper Award at the Symposium of the IRIS Specialty Group on Active Systems, Monterey, CA. Donald S. Young received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, in 1959, and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, in 1963. In 1959, he was employed at the Western Electric Engineering Research Center, Princeton, NJ, as a Research Engineer investigating new manufacturing techniques. In this capacity, he worked on the development of new metal to glass sealing techniques using concentrated infrared energy and the use of a focused laser for resistor trimming and diamond die drilling. He joined Martin-Lockeed-Sanders in Nashua, NH, in 1965, where he was the lead engineer for the development of laser hardware for several programs. These included a field worthy repetitively Q switched Nd:YAG laser, a pulse coded doublet designator, a productized quartz acousto-optic Q switch and a liquid nitrogen cooled CW Ho:YLF laser. He is presently a Senior Development Engineer in the ElectroOptics Laboratory of the Raytheon Electronic Systems Division where he is presently the Lead Engineer for the Advanced Land Combat Vehicle Program (ALCVT). While at Raytheon he has held lead engineering positions in the Tri-Service Radar (TSLR); Element 6; Multiple Sensor Automatic Tracking (MSAT); and Mid-IR Laser Radar Programs. In addition to being responsible for the design, development and testing of the Tri-Service Radar over several years and in over 20 field tests, he has worked on suppressed carrier modulation; image processing algorithms and techniques; and laser radar system design, integration, and test. Mr. Young is a member of Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, and Sigma Xi. He received an IR 100 award in 1976 for creating one of the most significant IR developments for that year.