Preanalytical considerations in testing thyroid function

Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 125-134

  Keffer, Joseph H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

free thyroxine; preanalytical variables; thyrotropin; variation, source of

Indexed keywords

THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

CONFERENCE PAPER; FREE THYROXINE INDEX; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS THYROID SYSTEM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; QUANTITATIVE ASSAY; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION TEST; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 0030071245     PISSN: 00099147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/42.1.125     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (140)

1. Gorman CA. Thyroid function testing: a new era [Letter]. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:1026-7.
2. Becker DV, Bigos ST, Gaitan E, Morris JC, Rallison ML, Spencer CA, et al. Optimal use of blood tests for assessment of thyroid function [Letter]. JAMA 1993;269:2736.
3. Hay ID, Klee GG. Linking medical needs and performance goals: clinical and laboratory perspectives on thyroid disease. Clin Chem 1993;39:1519-24.
4. Nicoloff JT, Spencer CA. The use and misuse of the sensitive thyrotropin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:553-8.
5. Helfand M, Schmittner J. Screening for thyroid dysfunction: which test is best? [Letter]. JAMA 1993;270:2297.
6. Lindstedt G, Berg G, Jansson S, Törring O, Valdemarsson S, Warin B, et al. Clinical use of laboratory thyroid tests and investigations. J Int Fed Clin Chem 1994;6:136-41.
7. Nanji AA. Misleading biochemical laboratory test results. Can Med Assoc J 1984;130:1435-41.
8. Riley JH. Clinical pathology: preanalytical variation in preclinical safety assessment studies - effect on predictive value of analyte tests. Toxicol Pathol 1992;20:490-500.
9. Kroll MH, Elin RJ. Interference with clinical laboratory analyses [Review]. Clin Chem 1994;40:1996-2005.
10. Statland BE, Winkel P, Killingsworth LM. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents: 6. Physiological day-to-day variation in concentrations of 10 specific proteins in sera of healthy subjects. Clin Chem 1976;22:1635-8.
11. Williams GZ, Widdowson GM, Penton J. Individual character of variation in time-series studies of healthy people II. Differences in values for clinical chemical analytes in serum among demographic groups, by age and sex. Clin Chem 1978;24:313-20.
12. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Patel A, Guttler RB, Eigen A, Shen D, et al. Applications of a new chemiluminometric thyrotropin assay to subnormal measurement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70: 453-60.
13. Spencer CA, Schwarzbein D, Guttler RB, LoPresti JS, Nicoloff JT. Thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone stimulation test responses employing third and fourth generation TSH assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:494-8.
14. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Van Middlesworth L, Wartofsky L, Becker DV, Bigos ST, et al. Screening for thyroid dysfunction which test is best? [Letter]. JAMA 1993;270:2297-8.
15. Wehmann RE, Nisula BC. Radioimmunoassay of human thyrotropin: analytical and clinical developments. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1984;20:243-83.
16. Kaptein EM. Clinical application of free thyroxine determinations. Clin Lab Med 1993;13:653-72.
17. Larsen PR. Thyroid-pituitary interaction: feedback regulation of thyrotropin secretion by thyroid hormones. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:23-32.
18. Toft AD. Thyroxine therapy. N Engl J Med 1994;331:174-80.
19. Ekins R. Measurement of free hormones in blood. Endocrinol Rev 1990;11:5-46.
20. Ekins R. The free hormone hypothesis and measurement of free hormones. Clin Chem 1992;38:1289-93.
21. Hötzel WGE, Deschner W. Intra-individual variation of serum thyroxin and triiodothyronine in pregnancy. Clin Chem 1988;34: 2063-5.
22. Harrop JS, Ashwell K, Hopton MR. Circannual and within-individual variation of thyroid function tests in normal subjects. Ann Clin Biochem 1985;22:371-5.
23. Snyder PJ, Utiger RD. Inhibition of thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone by small quantities of thyroid hormones. J Clin Invest 1972;51:2077-84.
24. Vagenakis AG, Rapoport B, Azizi F, Portnay GI, Braverman LE, Ingbar SH. Hyperresponse to thyrotropin-releasing hormone accompanying small decreases in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. J Clin Invest 1974;54:913-8.
25. Saberi M, Utiger RD. Augmentation of thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone following small decreases in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975;40:435-41.
26. Cotton GE, Gorman CA, Mayberry WE. Suppression of thyrotropin (h-TSH) in serums of patients with myxedema of varying etiology treated with thyroid hormones. N Engl J Med 1971;285:529-33.
27. Utiger RD. Subclinical hyperthyroidism - just a low serum thyrotropin concentration, or something more? [Editorial]. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1302-3.
28. Hershman JM, Pekary AE, Berg L, Solomon DH, Sawin CT. Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in elderly and middle-aged euthyroid patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:823-8.
29. Hoffman DP, Surks MI, Oppenheimer JH, Weitzman ED. Response to thyrotropin releasing hormone: an objective criterion for the adequacy of thyrotropin suppression therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;44:892-901.
30. Custro N, Scaglione R. Circadian rhythm of TSH in adult men and women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1980;95:465-71.
31. Weeke J, Gundersen HJG. Circadian and 30 min variations in serum TSH and thyroid hormones in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1978;89:659-72.
32. Rose SR, Nisula BC. Circadian variation of thyrotropin in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:1086-90.
33. Savourey G, Caravel JP, Barnavol B, Bittel HM. Thyroid hormone changes in a cold air environment after local cold acclimation. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:1963-7.
34. Case S, Evans DS, Hesslink RL, Reed HL, Chapman RA, Tibbetts G, et al. Effects of the Iditarod sled dog race on serum thyroid hormones and body composition. Arctic Med Res 1993;52: 113-7.
35. Jahreis G, Kauf E, Fröhnert G, Schmidt HE. Influence of intensive exercise on insulin-like growth factor I, thyroid and steroid hormones in female gymnasts. Growth Regul 1991;1:95-9.
36. 3 syndrome in exercising women. Am J Physiol 1993;264:R924-30.
37. Poehlman ET, McAuliffe TL, Van Houten DR, Danforth E. Influence of age and endurance training on metabolic rate and hormones in healthy men. Am J Physiol 1990;259:E66-72.
38. Alen M, Pakarinen A, Häkkinen K. Effects of prolonged training on serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in elite strength athletes. J Sports Sci 1993;11:493-7.
39. Hackney AC, Gulledge T. Thyroid hormone responses during an 8-hour period following aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Physiol Res 1994;43:1-5.
40. Eisenberg S. Effect of posture and position of the venous sampling site on the hematocrit and serum protein concentration. J Lab Clin Med 1963;61:755-60.
41. Cohen JH, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE. Thyrotoxicosis due to ingestion of excess thyroid hormone. Endocr Rev 1993;10:113-24.
42. Abalan F, Hui Bon Hoa A, Dufrechou N, Ellison W, Rigal F, Perey F, et al. Effect of posture on total thyroxine plasma concentration. Horm Metab Res 1991;23:404-5.
43. Pekary AE, Jackson IMD, Goodwin TM, Pang XP, Hein MD, Hershman JM. Increased in vitro thyrotropic activity of partially sialated human chorionic gonadotropin extracted from hydatidiform moles of patients with hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:70-4.
44. Giralt SA, Dexeus F, Amato R, Sella A, Logothetis C. Hyperthyroidism in men with germ cell tumors and high levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. Cancer 1992;69:1286-90.
45. Abuaisha B, Barrett E, O'Hare J. Thromboblastic hyperthyroidism: sensitive monoclonal TSH assay demonstrates suppressed immunoreactive TSH. Ir J Med Sci 1991;160:96-7.
46. Kung AW, Ma JT, Wang C, Young RT. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy due to coexistence of struma ovarii and Graves' disease. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:132-3.
47. Devaney K, Snyder R, Norris HJ, Tavassoli FA. Proliferative and histologically malignant struma ovarii: a clinicopathologic study of 54 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993;12:333-43.
48. Weintraub BD, Gershengorn MG, Kourides IA, Fein H. Inappropriate secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:339-51.
49. Wynne AG, Gharib H, Scheithauer BW, Davis DH, Freeman SL, Horvath E. Hyperthyroidism due to inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin in 10 patients. Am J Med 1992;92:15-24.
50. Gesundheit N, Petrick PA, Nissim M, Dahlberg PA, Doppman JL, Emergson CH, et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111:827-35.
51. Petrick PA, Weintraub BD. Inappropriate secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone. In: Bardin CW, ed. Current therapy in endocrinology and metabolism, 4th ed. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1991:44-9.
52. Refetoff S. Resistance to thyroid hormone revisited. Thyroid Today 1990;13:1-11.
53. McDermott MT, Ridgway EC. Thyroid hormone resistance syndromes. Am J Med 1993;94:424-32.
54. Brent GA. The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. N Engl J Med 1994;331:847-53.
55. Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Huang TS. Serum thyrotropin in hospitalized psychiatric patients: evidence for hyperthyrotropinemia as measured by an ultrasensitive thyrotropin assay. Metabolism 1990;39:538-43.
56. Ericsson UB, Lindgärde F. Effects of cigarette smoking on thyroid function and the prevalence of goiter, thyrotoxicosis and autoimmune thyroiditis. J Intern Med 1991;229:67-71.
57. Chanoine JP, Toppet V, Bourdoux P, Spehl M, Delange F. Smoking during pregnancy: a significant cause of neonatal thyroid enlargement. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1991;98:65-8.
58. Edmonds CJ, Tellez M. Treatment of Grave's disease by carbimazole: high dose with thyroxine compared to titration dose. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:120-4.
59. Stone E, Leiter LA, Lambert JR, Silverberg JDH, Jeejeebhoy KN, Burrow GN. L-Thyroxine absorption in patients with short bowel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:139-41.
60. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Nicoloff JT, Dlott R, Schwarzbein D. Multiphasic thyrotropin response to thyroid hormone administration in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:854-9.
61. Watts NB. Use of a sensitive thyrotropin assay for monitoring treatment with levothyroxine. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:309-12.
62. Mandel SJ, Brent GA, Larsen PR. Levothyroxine therapy in patients with thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:492-502.
63. Davies PH, Franklyn JA. The effects of drugs on tests of thyroid function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40:439-51.
64. Khanderia U, Jaffe CA, Theisen V. Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Clin Pharm 1993;12:774-9.
65. Chiovato L, Martino E, Tonacchera M, Santini F, Lapi P, Mammoli C, et al. Studies on the in vitro cytotoxic effect of amiodarone. Endocrinology 1994;134:2277-82.
66. Duick DS, Warren DW, Nicoloff JT, Otis CL, Croxson MS. Effect of single dose dexamethasone on the concentration of serum triiodothyronine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 39:1151-4.
67. Re RN, Kourides IA, Ridgeway EC, Weintraub BD, Maloof F. The effect of glucocorticoid administration on human pituitary secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43:338-46.
68. Takasu N, Komiya I, Nagasaya Y, Asawa T, Yamada T. Exacerbation of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction after unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with Cushing's syndrome due to an adrenocortical adenoma. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1708-12.
69. Kaptein EM, Spencer CA, Kamiel MB, Nicoloff JT. Prolonged dopamine administration and thyroid hormone economy in normal and critically ill subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51: 387-93.
70. Kaptein EM, Kletzsky OA, Spencer CA, Nicoloff JT. Effects of prolonged dopamine infusion on anterior pituitary function in normal males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51:488-91.
71. Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P. Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 41:731-7.
72. Price LH, Heninger GR. Lithium in the treatment of mood disorders. N Engl J Med 1994;331:591-8.
73. Smith PJ, Surks MI. Multiple effects of 5,5′-diphenylhydantoin on the thyroid hormone system. Endocr Rev 1984;5:514-24.
74. Sangster B, Blom JL, Sekhuis VM, Loeber JG, Rauws AG, Koedam JC. The influence of sodium bromide in man: a study in human volunteers with special emphasis on the endocrine and the central nervous system. Food Chem Toxicol 1983;21:409-19.
75. van Leeuwen FXR, Sangster B. The toxicology of bromide ion. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1987;18:189-213.
76. Allain P, Berre S, Krari N, Laine P, Barbot N, Rohmer V, et al. Bromine and thyroid hormone activity. J Clin Pathol 1993;46: 456-8.
77. Shetty KR, Duthie EH Jr. Thyrotoxicosis induced by topical iodine application. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2400-1.
78. Robey C, Shreedhar K, Batuman V. Effects of chronic peritoneal dialysis on thyroid function tests. Am J Kidney Dis 1989;13:99-103.
79. 3 levels in euthyroid and hyperthyroid patients. Horm Metab Res 1992;24:46-7.
80. Ricós C, Arbós MA. Quality goals for hormone testing. Ann Clin Biochem 1990;27:353-8.
81. Browning MCK, Ford RP, Callaghan SJ, Fraser CG. Intra-and interindividual biological variation of five analytes used in assessing thyroid function: implications for necessary standards of performance and the interpretation of results. Clin Chem 1986; 32:962-6.
82. Chan DW. Automation of thyroid function testing. Pathophys Thyr Dis 1993;13:631-44.
83. - automated immunoassay system. Clin Chem 1994;40:407-10.
84. Seth J. Work simplification of a competitive protein binding analysis for serum thyroxine and a study of some laboratory factors affecting assay results. Clin Chim Acta 1973;46:431-41.
85. Caraway WT. Chemical and diagnostic specificity of laboratory tests. Effect of hemolysis, lipemia, anticoagulants, medication, contaminants and other variables. Am J Clin Pathol 1962;37: 445-64.
86. Statland BE, Bokelund H, Winkel P. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents: 4. Effects of posture and tourniquet application on variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clin Chem 1974;20:1513-9.
87. Watson D, Lees S. Comparative study of thyroxine assays employing kit radio-ligand reagents. Ann Clin Biochem 1973;10: 14-22.
88. Hilborn S, Krahn J. Effect of time of exposure of serum to gel-barrier tubes on results for progesterone and some other endocrine tests [Letter]. Clin Chem 1987;33:203-4.
89. Nishi I, Okada Y, Hayashi J, Takeoka K, Amino N, Miyai K. Effect of various sampling condition on the measurement of circulating TSH and free thyroxine. Jpn J Clin Pathol 1992;40:417-22.
90. Midgley JE, Sheehan CP, Christofides ND, Fry JE, Browning D, Mardell R. Concentrations of free thyroxin and albumin in serum in severe nonthyroidal illness: assay artefacts and physiological influences. Clin Chem 1990;36:765-71.
91. Sheehan CP, Christofides ND. One-step, labeled-antibody assay for measuring free thyroxin. II. Performance in a multicenter trial. Clin Chem 1992;38:19-25.
92. Docter R, van Toor H, Krenning EP, de Jong M, Hennemann G. Free thyroxine assessed with three assays in sera of patients with nonthyroidal illness and of subjects with abnormal concentrations of thyroxine-binding proteins. Clin Chem 1993; 39:1668-74.
93. Csako G, Zweig MH, Ruddel M, Glickman J, Kestner J. Direct and indirect techniques for free thyroxin compared in patients with nonthyroidal illness. III. Analysis of interference variables by stepwise regression. Clin Chem 1990;36:645-50.
94. Klee GG, Hay ID. Assessment of sensitive thyrotropin assays for an expanded role in thyroid function testing: proposed criteria for analytic performance and clinical utility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:461-71.
95. Hershman JM, Pekary AE, Smith VP, Hershman JD. Evaluation of five high-sensitivity American thyrotropin assays. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:1133-9.
96. Ehrmann DA, Weinberg M, Same DH. Limitations to the use of a sensitive assay for serum thyrotropin in the assessment of thyroid status. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:369-72.
97. Ross DS, Daniels GH, Gouveia D. The use and limitations of a chemiluminescent thyrotropin assay as a single thyroid function test in an out-patient endocrine clinic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:764-9.
98. Nisula BC, Louvet JP. Radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin concentration from serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;46:729-33.
99. Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M, MacKenzie F, Beckett GJ, Wilkinson E. Interlaboratory/intermethod differences in functional sensitivity of immunometric assays of thyrotropin (TSH) and impact on reliability of measurement of subnormal concentrations of TSH. Clin Chem 1995;41:367-74.
100. Williams JS, Jackson TM. Functional sensitivity of thyrotropin assays [Letter]. Clin Chem 1995;41:474-6.
101. Spencer CA, Takeuchi MA. Functional sensitivity of thyrotropin assays [Letter]. Clin Chem 1995;41:476-7.
102. Kashiwai T, Ichihara K, Tamaki H, Endo Y, Kimura M, Takeoka K, et al. The stability of immunological and biological activity of human thyrotropin in buffer: its temperature-dependent dissociation into subunits during freezing. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1991;51:417-23.
103. Wickus GG, Mordan RJ, Mathews EA. Interface in the Allegro immunoassay system when blood is collected in silicone-coated tubes [Letter]. Clin Chem 1992;38:2347-8.
104. Dussault JH, Coulombe P, Laberge C, et al. Preliminary report on a mass screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism. J Pediatr 1975;86:670-4.
105. Waite KV, Maberly GF, Eastman CJ. Storage conditions and stability of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones on filter paper. Clin Chem 1987;33:853-5.
106. Lemonnier F, Masson J, Laroche D, Travert J, Travert G. Free thyroxin measured in dried blood spots from normal, low-birth-weight, and hypothyroid neonates. Clin Chem 1991;37:2114-7.
107. Creer MH, Ladenson J. Analytical errors due to lipemia. Lab Med 1983;14:351-5.
108. Hübl W, Wejbora R, Shafti-Keramat I, Haider A, Hajdusich P, Bayer PM. Enzymatic determination of sodium, potassium and chloride in abnormal (hemolyzed, icteric, lipemic, paraproteinemic, or uremic) serum samples compared with indirect determination with ion-selective electrodes. Clin Chem 1994;40:1528-31.
109. 4. Clin Chim Acta 1976;73: 25-9.
110. Liewendahl K, Helenius T, Näveri H, Tikkanen H. Fatty acid-induced increase in serum dialyzable free thyroxine after physical exercise: implication for nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1361-5.
111. Wong TK, Pekary AE, Hoo GS, Bradley ME, Hershman JM. Comparison of methods for measuring free thyroxin in nonthyroidal illness. Clin Chem 1992;38:720-4.
112. Sapin R, Schlienger JL, Grunenberger F, Gasser F, Chambrom J. In vitro and in vivo effects of increased concentrations of free fatty acids on free thyroxine measurements as determined by five assays. Clin Chem 1990;36:611-3.
113. Yabu Y, Amir SM, Ruiz M, Braverman LE, Ingbar SH. Heterogeneity of thyroxine binding by serum albumins in normal subjects and patients with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:451-9.
114. 4 immunoassays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:76-9.
115. Bowie LJ, Kirkpatrick PB, Dohnal JC. Thyroid-function testing with the TDx: interference from endogenous fluorophore [Abstract]. Clin Chem 1987;33:1467.
116. Bloom JN, Herman DC, Elin RJ, Sliva CA, Ruddel ME, Nussenblatt RB, et al. Intravenous fluorescein interference with clinical laboratory tests. Am J Opthalmol 1989;108:375-9.
117. Nelson JC, Wilcox RB, Pandian MR. Dependence of free thyroxine estimates obtained with equilibrium tracer dialysis on the concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin. Clin Chem 1992;38: 1294-300.
118. Beever K, Bradbury J, Phillips D, McLachlan SM, Pegg C, Goral A, et al. Highly sensitive assays of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and to thyroid peroxidase. Clin Chem 1989;35:1949-54.
119. Volpé R. Autoimmune endocrinopathies: aspects of pathogenesis and the role of immune assays in investigation and management. Clin Chem 1994;40:2132-45.
120. 4) radioimmunoassay levels secondary to circulating thyroid hormone antibodies. Clin Endocrinol 1978;8:133-9.
121. Sakata S, Nakamura S, Miura K. Autoantibodies against thyroid hormones or iodothyronine. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:579-89.
122. Sakata S, Matsuda M, Ogawa T, Takuno H, Matsui I, Sarui H, et al. Prevalence of thyroid hormone antibodies in healthy subjects. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:365-70.
123. Sapin R, Gasser F, Boehn A, Rondeau M. Spuriously high concentration of serum free thyroxine due to anti-triiodothyronine antibodies [Abstract]. Clin Chem 1995;41:117-8.
124. Deam D, Goodwin M, Ratnaike S. Comparison of four methods for free thyroxin. Clin Chem 1991;37:569-72.
125. Brennan MD, Klee GG, Preissner CM, Hay ID. Heterophilic serum antibodies: a cause for falsely elevated serum thyrotropin levels. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;62:894-8.
126. Noh J, Hamada N, Saito H, Oyanagi H, Ishikawa N, Momotani N, et al. Evidence against the importance in the disease process of antibodies to bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone found in some patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68:107-13.
127. Ochi Y, Nagamune T, Nakajima Y, Ishida M, Kijita Y, Hachiya T, et al. Anti-TSH antibodies in Graves' disease and their failure to interact with TSH receptor antibodies. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;120:773-7.
128. Boscato LM, Stuart MC. Heterophilic antibodies: a problem for all immunoassays. Clin Chem 1988;34:27-33.
129. Fiad TM, Duffy J, McKenna TJ. Multiple spuriously abnormal thyroid function indices due to heterophilic antibodies. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:391-5.
130. Wood JM, Gordon DL, Rudinger AN, Brooks MM, et al. Artifactual elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Am J Med 1991;90: 261-2.
131. Zweig MH, Csako G, Benson CC, Weintraub BD, Kahn BB. Interference by anti-immunoglobulin G antibodies in immunoradiometric assays of thyrotropin involving mouse monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chem 1987;33:840-4.
132. Kricka LJ, Schmerfeld-Pruss D, Senior M, Goodman DBP, Kaladas P. Interference by human anti-mouse antibody in two-site immunoassays. Clin Chem 1990;36:892-4.
133. Mau M, Phillips TM, Ratner RE. Presence of anti-pituitary hormone antibodies in patients with empty sella syndrome and pituitary tumors. Clin Endocrinol 1993;38:495-500.
134. Mariotti S, Barbesino G, Caturegli P, Marinó M, Manetti L, Pacini F, et al. Assay of thyroglobulin in serum with thyroglobulin autoantibodies: an unobtainable goal? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:468-72.
135. Finn AF, Valenstein PN, Burke MD. Alteration of physician orders by non-physicians. JAMA 1988;259:2549-52.
136. Valenstein PN, Howanitz PJ. Ordering accuracy. A College of American Pathologists Q-probes study of 577 institutions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995;119:117-22.
137. Kazmierczak SC, Catrou PG. Laboratory error undetectable by customary quality control/quality assurance monitors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993;117:714-8.
138. Franklyn JA. The management of hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1731-8.
139. Leape LL. Error in medicine. JAMA 1994;272:1851-7.
140. Blumenthal D. Making medical errors into "medical treasures" [Editorial]. JAMA 1994;272:1867-8.