Role of echocardiography in perioperative management of patients undergoing open heart surgery

American Heart Journal

Volumn 131, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 162-176

  Joffe, Ian I ^a   Jacobs, Larry E ^a,b   Lampert, Craig ^a   Owen, Alyson A ^a   Ioli, Alfred W ^a   Kotler, Morris N ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Section of Metabolic Disease   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AORTA DISEASE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; EPICARDIUM MAPPING; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MYXOMA; HEART TUMOR; HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT; HEART VENTRICLE THROMBOSIS; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPOTENSION; OPEN HEART SURGERY; PATIENT MONITORING; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

EID: 0030068412     PISSN: 00028703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90066-6     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Fyfe DA, Kline CH. Transesophageal echocardiography for congenital heart disease. Echocardiography 1991;8:573-86.
2. Stewart WJ, Currie PJ, Salcedo EE, Lytle BW, Gill CC, Schiavone WA, Agler DA, Cosgrove DM. Intraoperative Doppler color flow mapping for decision-making in valve repair for mitral regurgitation. Circulation 1990;81:556-66.
3. Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Edwards WD, Oh JK, Freeman WK, Tajik AJ. Biplanar transesophageal echocardiography: anatomic correlations, image orientation, and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65:1193-213.
4. Pandian NG, Hsu T, Schwartz SL, Weintraub A, Cao Q, Schneider AT, Gordon G, England M, Simonetti J. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography 1992;9:649-66.
5. Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Oh JK, Abel MD, Hughes RW Jr, Edwards WD, Nichols BA, Freeman WK, Tajik AJ. Transesophageal echocardiography: technique, anatomic correlations, implementation, and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:649-80.
6. Ryan K, Sanyal RS, Pinheiro L, Nanada NC. Assessment of aortic coarctation and collateral circulation by biplane transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography 1992;9:277-85.
7. Brewer LA, Fosberg RG, Mulder GA, et al. Spinal cord complications following surgery for coarctation of the aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972;64:368-79.
8. Pyeritz RE, McKusick VA. The Marfan syndrome: diagnosis and management. N Engl J Med 1979;300:772-7.
9. Hunter GC, Malone JM, Moore WS, Misiorowski RL, Chvapil M. Vascular manifestations in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Arch Surg 1982;117:495-8.
10. Aldrich HR, Labarre RL, Roman MJ, Rosen SE, Spitzer MC, Devereux RB. Color flow and conventional echocardiography of the Marfan syndrome. Echocardiography 1992;9:627-36.
11. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Nicolas V, Siglow V, Piepho A, Brockhoff C, Koschyk DH, Spielman RP. The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive imaging procedures. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1-9.
12. Banning AP, Masani ND, Ikram S, Fraser AG, Hall RJC. Transesophageal echocardiography as the sole diagnostic investigation in patients with suspected thoracic aortic dissection. Br Heart J 1994; 72:461-5.
13. Erbel R, Engberding R, Daniel W, Roelandt J, Visser C, Rennollet H, Echocardiography in diagnosis of aortic dissection. Lancet 1989;1:457-61.
14. Ballal RS, Nanda NC, Gatewood R, D'Arcy BD, Samdarshi TE, Holman WL, Kirklin JK, Pacifico AD. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in assessment of aortic dissection. Circulation 1991; 84:1903-14.
15. DeBakey ME, McCollum CH, Crawford ES, Morris GC Jr, Howell J, Noon GP, Lawrie G. Dissection and dissecting aneurysms of the aorta: twenty-year follow-up of five hundred twenty-seven patients treated surgically. Surgery 1982;92:1118-34.
16. Erbel R, for the European Cooperative Study Group on Echocardiography. Effect of medical and surgical therapy on aortic dissection evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 1993; 87:1604-15.
17. Khandheria BK. Aortic dissection: the last frontier. Circulation 1993;87:1765-8.
18. DeSanctis RW, Doroghazi RM, Austen WG, Buckley MJ. Aortic dissection. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1060-7.
19. Krause AH, Chapman RD, Bigelow JC, Salomon NW, Okies JE, Scott Page U. Early experience with the intraluminal graft prosthesis. Am J Surg 1983;145:619-22.
20. Berger RL, Romero L, Chaudhry AG, Dobnik DB. Graft replacement of the thoracic aorta with a sutureless technique. Ann Thorac Surg 1983;35:231-9.
21. Lemole GM, Strong M, Spagna PM, Karmilowicz PN. Improved results for dissecting aneurysms: intraluminal sutureless prosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;83:249-55.
22. Glower DD, Fann JI, Speier RH, Morrison L, White WD, Smith LR, et al. Comparison of medical and surgical therapy for uncomplicated descending aortic dissection. Circulation 1990;82(suppl IV):39-46.
23. Blanchard DG, Kimura BJ, Dittrich HC, DeMaria AN. Transesophageal echocardiography of the aorta. JAMA 1994;272:546-51.
24. Konstadt SN, Reich DL, Quintana C, Levy M. The ascending aorta: how much does transesophageal echocardiography see? Anesth Analg 1994;78:240-4.
25. Applebe AF, Walker PG, Yeoh JK, Bonitatibus A, Yoganathan AP, Martin RP. Clinical significance and origin of artifacts in transesophageal echocardiography of the thoracic aorta. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21:754-60.
26. Fraser AG, Geuskens R, van Herwerden LA, Roelandt JRTC, Quaegebeur JM, Bos E. Transesophageal and intraoperative echocardiography in aortic dissection and aneurysm. Circulation 1989;80(suppl II):2.
27. Toce DT, Krupowies NA, Homma S, Werner MS, Fisher JP, Keller AJ, Hall DJ, Chen C, Gillam LD. Pathophysiology of aortic insufficiency in proximal aortic dissection: impact of intimal flap prolapse on valve closure. Circulation 1994;90(part 2):I-115.
28. Cabrol C, Pavie A, Mesnildrey P, Gandjbakhch I, Laughlin L, Bors V, Corcos T. Long-term results with total replacement of the ascending aorta and reimplantation of the coronary arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;91:17-23.
29. Movsowitz HD, David M, Movsowitz C, Kotler MN, Jacobs LE, Ioli AW. Penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcers: the role of transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis and clinical management. AM HEART J 1993;126:745-7.
30. Movsowitz HD, Lampert C, Jacobs LE, Kotler MN. Penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcers. AM HEART J 1994;128:1210-7.
31. Robbins RC, McManus RP, Mitchell RS, Latter DR, Moon MR, Olinger GN, Miller DC. Management of patients with intramural hematoma of the thoracic aorta. Circulation 1993;88[part 2]:1-10.
32. Zotz RJ, Erbel R, Meyer J. Noncommunicatingintramural hematoma: an indication of developing aortic dissection? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1991;4:636-8.
33. Nienaber CA, Kodolitsch YV, Petersen B, Spielman R. Intramural hemorrhage of the aorta as a precursor of aortic dissection: diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 25 patients. Circulation 1994;90(part 2):I-96.
34. Katz ES, Tunick PA, Rusinek H, Ribakove G, Spencer FC, Kronzon I. Protruding aortic atheroma predict stroke in elderly patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: experience with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20:70-7.
35. Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B, Wareing TH, Murphy SF, Kouchoukos NT. Intraoperative ultrasonographic evaluation of the ascending aorta in 100 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation 1991;84[suppl III]:47-53.
36. Ribakove GH, Katz ES, Galloway AC, Grossi EA, Esposito RA, Baumann FG, Kronzon I, Spencer FC. Surgical implications of transesophageal echocardiography to grade the atheromatous aortic arch. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;53:758-63.
37. Fazio GP, Redberg RF, Winslow T, Schiller NB. Transesophageal echocardiographically detected atherosclerotic aortic plaque is a marker for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:144-50.
38. Tunick PA, Perez JL, Kronzon I. Protruding atheromas in the thoracic aorta and systemic embolization. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:423-7.
39. Karalis DG, Chandrasekaran K, Victor MF, Ross JJ, Mintz GS. Recognition and embolic potential of intraaortic atherosclerotic debris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:73-8.
40. Tunick PA, Rosenzweig BP, Katz ES, Freedberg RS, Perez JL, Kronzon I. High risk factors for vascular events in patients with protruding aortic atheromas: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23:1085-90.
41. Amarenco P, Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Hommel M, Besson G, Chauvel C, Touboul P, Bousser M. Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1474-9.
42. Sangwan S, Child JS, Laks H. Biplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and intraoperative assessment of ascending aortic atheromatous plaque. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993;May-June:S32:10-II.
43. Phillips KJ, Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B, Wareing TH, Daily BB, Davila RM, Kouchoukos NT. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta: intraoperative comparison of two ultrasound techniques to assess its severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:342A.
44. Kearney PA, Smith DW, Johnson SB, Barker DE, Smith MD, Sapin PM. Use of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of traumatic aortic injury. J Trauma 1993;34:696-703.
45. Smith MD, Cassidy JM, Souther S, Morris EJ, Sapin PM, Johnson SB, Kearney PA. Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N Engl J Med 1995;332:356-62.
46. Sparks MB, Burchard KW, Marrin CAS, Bean CHG, Nugent WC, Plehn JF. Transesophageal echocardiography: preliminary results in patients with traumatic aortic rupture. Arch Surg 1991;126:711-4.
47. Goarin JP, Le Bret F, Riou B, Jacquens Y, Viars P. Early diagnosis of traumatic thoracic aortic rupture by transesophageal echocardiography. Chest 1993;103:618-9.
48. Shapiro MJ, Yanofsky SD, Trapp J, Durham RM, Labovitz A, Sear JE, Barth CW, Pearson AC. Cardiovascular evaluation in blunt thoracic trauma using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). J Trauma 1991;31:835-40.
49. Brooks SW, Young JC, Cmolik B, Schina M, Dianzumba S, Townsend RN, Diamond DL. The use of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of chest trauma. J Trauma 1992;32:761-6.
50. Karalis DG, Victor MF, Davis GA, McAllister MPJ, Covalesky VA, Ross JJ Jr, Foley RV, Kerstein MD, Chandrasekaran K The role of echocardiography in blunt chest trauma: a transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Trauma 1994;36:53-8.
51. Jacobs LE, Fraifeld M, Kotler MN, Ioli AW. Aortic dissection following intraaortic balloon insertion: recognition by transesophageal echocardiography. AM HEART J 1992;124:536-40.
52. Stewart WJ, Currie PJ, Salcedo EE, Klein AL, Marwick T, Agler DA, Homa D, Cosgrove DM. Evaluation of mitral leaflet motion by echocardiography and jet direction by Doppler color flow mapping to determine the mechanism of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1353-61.
53. Maurer G, Czer LSC, Chaux A, Bolger AF, DeRobertis M, Resser K, Kass RM, Lee ME, Matloff JM. Intraoperative Doppler color flow mapping for assessment of valve repair for mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:333-7.
54. Sheikh KH, de Bruijn NP, Rankin JS, Clements FM, Stanley T, Wolfe WG, Kisslo J. The utility of transesophageal echocardiography and Doppler color flow imaging in patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:363-72.
55. Marwick TH, Stewart WJ, Currie PJ, Cosgrove DM. Mechanisms of failure of mitral valve repair: an echocardiographic study. AM HEART J 1991;122:149-56.
56. Guyton SW, Paull DL, Anderson RP. Mitral valve reconstruction. Am J Surg 1992;163:497-501.
57. Smith MD, Harrison MR, Pinton R, Kandil H, Kwan OL, DeMaria AN. Regurgitant jet size by transesophageal compared with transthoracic Doppler color flow imaging. Circulation 1991;83:79-86.
58. Shah PM. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:591-3.
59. Yoshida K, Yoshikawa J, Yamaura Y, Hozumi T, Akasaka T, Fukaya T. Assessment of mitral regurgitation by biplane transesophageal color Doppler flow mapping. Circulation 1990;82:1121-6.
60. Klein AL, Stewart WJ, Bartlett J, Cohen GI, Kahan F, Pearce G, Husbands K, Bailey AS, Salcedo EE, Cosgrove DM. Effects of mitral regurgitation on pulmonary venous flow and left atrial pressure: an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1345-52.
61. Goldman ME. Real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging: a word of caution. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:89-0.
62. Fix J, Isada L, Cosgrove D, Miller DP, Savage R, Blum J, Stewart W. Do patients with less than 'echo-perfect' results from mitral valve repair by intraoperative echocardiography have a different outcome? Circulation 1993;88[part 2]:39-48.
63. Schiavone WA, Cosgrove DM, Lever HM, Stewart WJ, Salcedo EE. Long-term follow-up of patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after Carpentier ring mitral valvuloplasty. Circulation 1988; 78[suppl I]:60-5.
64. Jebara VA, Mihaileanu S, Acar C, Brizard C, et al. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after mitral valve repair. Circulation 1993; 88[part 2]:30-4.
65. Lee KS, Stewart WJ, Lever HM, Underwood PL, Cosgrove DM. Mechanism of outflow tract obstruction causing failed mitral valve repair. Circulation 1993;88[part 2]:24-9.
66. Meyerowitz CB, Jacobs LE, Kotler MN, Wertheimer JH, Ioli A, Janzer S, Chandrasekaran K. Assessment of aortic regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography 1993;10:269-78.
67. Dittrich HC, McCann HA, Walsh TP, Blanchard DG, Oppenheim GE, Waack TC, Donaghey LB, Wheeler K. Transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of prosthetic and native aortic valves. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:758-61.
68. Bryan A, Barzilai B, Kouchoukos NT. How transesophageal echocardiography can assist cardiac surgery in adults. Br Heart J 1994;71: 404-5.
69. Tingleff J, Arendup H, Petterson G. Surgical repair of a postendocarditis abscess cavity in the heart guided by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1992; 6:106-7.
70. Karalis DG, Bansal RC, Hauck AJ, Ross JJ Jr, Applegate PM, Jutzy KR, Mintz GS, Chandrasekaran K. Transesophageal echocardiographic recognition of subaortic complications in aortic valve endocarditis: clinical and surgical implications. Circulation 1992;86:353-62.
71. Ritter M, von Segesser L, Jenni R. Persistent root abscess after emergency repair with an aortic homograft. Br Heart J 1994;72:495-7.
72. Kouchoukos NT, Davila-Roman VG, Spray TL, Murphy SF, Perrillo JB. Replacement of the aortic root with a pulmonary autograft in children and young adults with, aortic-valve disease. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1-6.
73. Pinto FJ, Wranne B, St. Goar FG, Siegel LC, Haddow G, Schnittger I, Popp RL. Systemic venous flow during cardiac surgery examined by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69:387-93.
74. Sakai K, Nakamura K, Satomi G, Kondo M, Hirosawa K. Evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation by blood flow pattern in the hepatic vein using pulsed Doppler technique. AM HEART J 1984;108:516-23.
75. Duran Carlos MG, Pomar JL, Colman T, Figueroa A, Revuelta JM, Ubago JL. Is tricuspid valve repair necessary? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;80:849-60.
76. Cohn LH. Tricuspid regurgitation secondary to mitral valve disease: when and how to repair. J Card Surg 1994;9[Suppl]:237-41.
77. Cook JW. Accurate adjustment of De Vega tricuspid annuloplasty using transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58: 570-2.
78. Oz MC, Goldstein DJ, Rose EA. Adjustable annuloplasty for tricuspid insufficiency. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:594-5.
79. Hsiung M, Ku C, Wei J, Ding Y, Lin C, Wang DJ, Shieh S, Lin K. Transesophageal color Doppler flow imaging in the evaluation of prosthetic cardiac valves. Echocardiography 1992;9:583-8.
80. Alam M, Serwin JB, Rosman HS, Polanco GA, Sun I, Silverman NA. Transesophageal echocardiographic features of normal and dysfunctioning bioprosthetic valves. AM HEART J 1991;121:1149-55.
81. Cooper DM, Stewart WJ, Schiavone WA, Lombardo HP, Lytle BW, Loop FD, Salcedo EE. Evaluation of normal prosthetic valve function by Doppler echocardiography. AM HEART J 1987;114:576-82.
82. Baumgartner H, Kahn S, DeRobertis M, Czer L, Maurer G. Color Doppler regurgitant characteristics of normal mechanical mitral valve prostheses in vitro. Circulation 1992;85:323-32.
83. Flachskampf FA, O'Shes JP, Griffin BP, Guerrero L, Weyman AE, Thomas JD. Patterns of normal transvalvular regurgitation in mechanical valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1493-8.
84. Tanaka M, Takeuchi E, Kawamura M, Abe T. Diagnostic role of intraoperative epicardial echocardiography following complications of mitral valve replacement with the Björk-Shiley prosthetic valve. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1402-4.
85. Smith JS, Cahalan MK, Benefiel DJ, Byrd BF, et al. Intraoperative detection of myocardial ischemia in high-risk patients: electrocardiography versus two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 1985;72:1015-21.
86. Clements FM, de Bruijn NP. Perioperative evaluation of regional wall motion by transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography. Anesth Analg 1987;66:249-61.
87. Currie PJ. Transesophageal echocardiography: intraoperative applications. Echocardiography 1989;6:403-14.
88. Kato M, Nakashima Y, Levine J, Goldiner PL, Oka Y. Does transesophageal echocardiography improve postoperative outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery? J Cardiothorac Vase Anesth 1993;7:285-9.
89. Gewertz BL, Kremser PC, Zarins CK, Smith JS, Ellis JE, Feinstein SB, Roizen MF. Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring of myocardial ischemia during vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 1987;5:607-13.
90. Wranne B, Pinto FJ, Siegel LC, Miller DC, Schnittger I. Abnormal postoperative interventricular motion: new intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic evidence supports a novel hypothesis. AM HEART J 1993;126:161-7.
91. Force T, Kemper A, Perkins L, Gilfoil M, Cohen C, Parisi A. Overestimation of infarct size by quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography: the role of tethering and of analytic procedures. Circulation 1986;73:1360-68.
92. Rich S, Sheikh A, Gallastegui J, Kondos GT, Mason T, Lam W. Determination of left ventricular ejection fraction by visual estimation during real-time two-dimensional echocardiography. AM HEART J 1982; 104:603-6.
93. Perrino AC, Fleming J, LaMantia KR. Transesophageal Doppler cardiac output monitoring: performance during aortic reconstructive surgery. Anesth Analg 1991;73:705-10.
94. Muhiudeen IA, Kuecherer HF, Lee E, Cahalan MK, Schiller NB. Intraoperative estimation of cardiac output by transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1991;74:9-14.
95. Savino JS, Troianos CA, Aukburg S, Weiss R, Reichek N. Measurement of pulmonary blood flow with transesophageal two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1991;75:445-51.
96. Ryan T, Page R, Bouchier-Hayes D, Cunningham AJ. Transesophageal pulsed wave Doppler measurement of cardiac output during major vascular surgery: comparison with the thermodilution technique. Br J Anaesthesia 1992;69:101-4.
97. Katz WE, Gasior TA, Quinlan JJ, Gorcsan J III. Transgastric continuous-wave Doppler to determine cardiac output. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71:853-7.
98. Hozumi T, Shakudo M, Applegate R, Shah PM. Accuracy of cardiac output estimation with biplane transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993;6:62-8.
99. Stoddard MF, Prince CR, Ammash N, Goad JL, Vogel RL. Pulsed Doppler transesophageal echocardiographic determination of cardiac output in human beings: comparison with thermodilution technique. AM HEART J 1993;126:956-62.
100. Hiratzka LF, McPherson DD, Brandt B III, Lamberth WC Jr, Sirna S, Marcus ML, Kerber RE. The role of intraoperative high-frequency epicardial echocardiography during coronary artery revascularization. Circulation 1987;76(suppl V):33-8.
101. Hiratzka LF, McPherson DD, Lamberth WC Jr, Brandt B III, Armstrong ML, Schroder E, Hunt M, Kieso R, Megan MD, Tompkins PK, Marcus ML, Kerber RE. Intraoperative evaluation of coronary artery bypass graft anastomoses with high-frequency epicardial echocardiography: experimental validation and initial patient studies. Circulation 1986;73:1199-05.
102. McPherson DD, Hiratzka LF, Lamberth WC, Brandt B, Hunt M, Kieso RA, Marcus ML, Kerber RE. Delineation of the extent of coronary atherosclerosis by high-frequency epicardial echocardiography. N Engl J Med 1987;316:304-9.
103. McPherson DD, Armstrong M, Rose E, Kieso RA, Megan M, Hunt M, Hite P, Marcus ML, Kerber RE. High frequency epicardial echocardiography for coronary artery evaluation: in vitro and in vivo validation of arterial lumen and wall thickness measurements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:600-6.
104. Kaul S. Clinical applications of myocardial contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:46H-55H.
105. Villanueva FS, Spotnitz WD, Jayaweera AR, Dent J, Gimple LW, Kaul S. On-line intraoperative quantitation of regional myocardial perfusion during coronary artery bypass graft operations with myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:1524-31.
106. Mugge A, Daniel WG, Haverich A, Lichtlen PR. Diagnosis of noninfective cardiac mass lesions by two-dimensional echocardiography: comparison of the transthoracic and transesophageal approaches. Circulation 1991;83:70-8.
107. Aru GM, Falchi S, Cardu G, Meloni L, Lixi G, Martelli V. The role of transesophageal echocardiography in the monitoring of cardiac mass removal: a review of 17 cases. J Card Surg 1993;8:554-7.
108. St. John Sutton MG, Mercier L, Giuliani ER, Lie JT. Atrial myxomas: a review of clinical experience in 40 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:371-6.
109. Barasch E, Frazier OH, Silberman H, Shannon RL, Wilansky S. Left atrial metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994;7:547-9.
110. Reeder GS, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac masses. Mayo Clin Proc 1991;66:1101-9.
111. Reichert CLA, Visser CA, Koolen JJ, vd Brink RBA, van Wezel HB, Meyne NG, Dunning AJ. Transesophageal echocardiography in hypotensive patients after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:321-6.
112. Berge KH, Lanier WL, Reeder GS. Occult cardiac tamponade detected by transesophageal echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc 1992;67:667-70.
113. Kochar GS, Jacobs LE, Kotler MN. Right atrial compression in postoperative cardiac patients: detection by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:511-6.
114. Schoebrechts B, Herregods M, Van de Werf F, De Geest H. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in patients with hemodynamic deterioration late after cardiac surgery. Chest 1993;104:1631-2.
115. Cutrone F, Coyle JP, Novoa R, Stewart R, Currie PJ. Severe dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction following aortic valve replacement diagnosed by intraoperative echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1990;72:563-6.
116. Aurigemma G, Battista S, Orsinelli D, Sweeney A, Pape L, Cuènoud H. Abnormal left ventricular intracavitary flow acceleration in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Circulation 1992;86:926-36.
117. Wiseth R, Skjaerpe T, Hatle L. Rapid systolic intraventricular velocities after valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71:944-8.
118. Stewart WJ, Schiavone WA, Salcedo EE, Lever HM, Cosgrove DM, Gill CC. Intraoperative Doppler echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlations with the obstructive gradient. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:327-35.
119. Marwick TH, Stewart WJ, Lever HM, Lytle BW, Rosenkranz ER, Duffy CI, Salcedo EE. Benefits of intraoperative echocardiography in the surgical management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1066-72.
120. Owen AN, Simon P, Moidl R, Hiesmayr M, Moritz A, Wolner E, Mohl W. Measurement of aortic flow velocity during transesophageal echocardiography using the transgastric five chamber view. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995;8:874-8.
121. Nanda NC, Pinheiro L, Sanyal R, Rosenthal S, Kirklin JK. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction. Echocardiography 1992;9:667-76.
122. Pandian NG, Nanda NC, Schwartz SL, Fan P, Cao Q, Sanyal R, Hsu T, Mumm B, Wollschlager H, Weintraub A. Three-dimensional and four-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic imaging of the heart and aorta in humans using a computed tomographic imaging probe. Echocardiography 1992;9:677-87.
123. Schwartz SL, Cao Q, Azevedo J, Pandian NG. Simulation of intraoperative visualization of cardiac structures and study of dynamic surgical anatomy with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:501-7.
124. Levine RA, Weyman AE, Handschumacher MD. Three-dimensional echocardiography: techniques and applications. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69:121H-130H.
125. Gopal AA, Keller AM, Shen Z, Sapin PM, Schroeder KM, King DL Jr, King DL. Three-dimensional echocardiography: in vitro and vivo validation of left ventricular mass and comparison with conventional echocardiographic methods. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:504-13.
126. Mensah GA, Byrd BF III. Heart size: one-, two- and now three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:514-6.
127. Jiang L, de Prada JAV, Handschumacher MD, Guererro JL, Vlahakes GJ, King ME, Weyman AE, Levine RA. Three-dimensional echocardiography: in vivo validation for right ventricular free wall mass as an index of hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1715-22.
128. de Prada JAV, Jiang L, Handschumacher MD, Xie SW, Rivera JM, Schwammenthal E, Guerrero JL, Weyman AE, Levine RA, Picard MH. Quantification of pericardial effusions by three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:254-9.
129. Vogel M, Lösch S. Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography with a computed tomography imaging probe: initial clinical experience with transthoracic application in infants and children with congenital heart defects. Br Heart J 1994;71:462-7.
130. Bartel T, Müller S, Geibel A. Preoperative assessment of cor triatriatum in an adult by dynamic three dimensional echocardiography was more informative than transesophageal echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging. Br Heart J 1994;72:498-9.