Cell cycle regulatory proteins are targets for induced differentiation of transformed cells: Molecular and clinical studies employing hybrid polar compounds

International Journal of Hematology

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-17

  Marks, Paul A ^a   Richon, Victoria M ^a   Rifkind, Richard A ^a  

^a Weill Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemoprevention; Cyclin; Cyclin dependent kinases; E2F; p107

Indexed keywords

ACETAMIDE DERIVATIVE; CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; CYCLINE; HEXAMETHYLENEBISACETAMIDE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ANIMAL CELL; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ERYTHROLEUKEMIA CELL; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030068129     PISSN: 09255710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0925-5710(95)00428-9     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. 1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science 1989;246:603-608.
2. Pierce GB, Wallace C. Differentiation of malignant to benign cells. Cancer Res 1971;31:127-134.
3. Marks PA, Rifkind RA. Erythroleukemic differentiation. Ann Rev Biochem 1978;47:419-448.
4. Sachs L. Cell differentiation and bypassing of genetic defects in the suppression of malignancy. Cancer Res 1987;47:1981-1986.
5. Michaeli J, Marks PA, Rifkind RA. Differentiating agents in cancer therapy. In: Pinedo HM, Longo D and Chabner BA, eds. Cancer Chemotherapy and Biological Response Modifiers, Annual 13. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992;288-307.
6. Marks PA, Sheffery M, Rifkind RA. Induction of transformed cells to terminal differentiation and the modulation of gene expression. Cancer Res 1987;47:659-665.
7. Marks PA, Richon VM, Kiyokawa H, Rifkind R.A., Inducing differentiation of transformed cells with hybrid polar compounds: A cell cycle-dependent process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:10251-10254.
8. Tanaka M, Levy J, Terada M, Breslow R, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Induction of erythroid differentiation in murine virus infected erythroleukemia cells by highly polar compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;72:1003-1006.
9. Reuben RC, Wife RL, Breslow R, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. A new group of potent inducers of differentiation in raurine erythroleukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976;73:862-866.
10. Reich NC, Levine AJ. Growth regulation of a cellular tumour antigen, p53, in nontransformed cells. Nature (London) 1984;308:199-201.
11. Friend C, Scher W, Holland J, Sato T. Hemoglobin synthesis in murine erythroleukemia cells in vitro: Stimulation of erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971;68:378-382.
12. Lotan R. Different susceptibilities of human melanoma and breast carcinoma cell lines to retinoic acid-induced growth inhibition. Cancer Res 1979;39:1014-1019.
13. Fraker LD, Halter SA, Forbes JT. Growth inhibition by retinol of a human breast carcinoma cell line in vitro and in athymic mice. Cancer Res 1984;44:5757-5763.
14. Reiss M, Pitman SW, Sartorelli AC. Modulation of the terminal differentiation of human squamous carcinoma cells in vitro by all-trans-retinoic acid. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985;74;1015-1023.
15. Strickland S, Mahdavi V. The induction of differentiation in teratocarcinoma stem cells by retinoic acid. Cell 1978;15:393-403.
16. Sidell N. Retinoic acid-induced inhibition and morphological differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;68:589-596.
17. Tanenaga K, Hozumi M, Sakagami Y. Effects of retinoids on induction of differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res 1980;40:914-919.
18. Chou JG, Norman AW, Wolbert MN, Collins ED, Uskokovic ME, Koeffler HP. Novel vitamin D analogs that modulate leukemic cell growth and differentiation with little effect on either intestinal calcium absolution or bone mobilization. Blood 1989;74:82-93.
19. Huberman E, Callaham MF. Induction of terminal differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor-promoting agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:1293-1297.
20. Lotem J, Sachs L. Regulation of normal differentiation in mouse human myeloid leukemia cells by phorbol esters and the mechanism of tumor promotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:5158-5162.
21. Tortora G, Tagliaferri P, Clair T et al. Site selective c-amp analogs at micromolar concentrations induce growth arrest and differentiation of acute promyelocytic, chronic myelocytic and acute lymphocytic human leukemia cell lines. Blood 1988;71:250-253.
22. Terada M, Epner E, Nudel U et al. Induction of murine erythroleukemia differentiation by actinomycin D. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978;75:2795-2799.
23. Ebert PS, Wars I, Buell DN. Erythroid differentiation in culture Friend leukemia cells treated with metabolic inhibitors. Cancer Res 1976;36:1809-1813.
24. Schwartz EL, Sartorelli AC. Structure-activity relationship for the induction of differentiation of HL-60 human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells by anthracyclines. Cancer Res 1982;42:2651-2655.
25. Huang ME, Ye YC, Chen G et al. Use of all-trans-retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1988;72:567-572.
26. Andreeff M, Stone R, Michaeli J et al. Hexamethylene bisacetamide in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): A phase II clinical trial with a differentiation inducing agent. Blood 1992;802604-2609.
27. Marks PA, Rifkind RA. Differentiation modifiers. Cancer 1984;54:2766-2769.
28. von Dongen G, Braakhuis BJ, Bagnay M, Leyva A, Snow GB. Activity of differentiation-inducing agents and conventional drugs in head and neck cancer xenografts. Acta Oto-Laryngolog 1988;105:488-493.
29. Collins SJ, Bodner A, Ting R, Gallo RC. Induction of morphological and functional differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) by compounds which induce differentiation of murine leukemia cells. Int J Cancer 1980;25:213-218.
30. Rabson AS, Stem R, Traika TS, Costa J, Wilczek J. Hexamethylene bisacetamide induces morphologic changes and increased synthesis of procollagen in cell line from glioblastoma multiforme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:5060-5064.
31. Wenger AS, Hall M, Mickey GH, Silverman L, Fried FA, Mickey DD. Dimethyl-sulfoxide-induced changes in a rat prostate adenocarcinoma. Prostate 1985;67:980-987.
32. Hafez MM, Infante D, Winawer S, Friedman E. Transforming growth factor-β1 acts as an autocrine-negative growth regulator in colon enterocytic differentiation but not in goblet cell maturation. Cell Growth Differ 1990;1:617-626.
33. Pierce GB, Speers WC. Tumors as caricatures of the process of tissue renewal: Prospects for therapy by directing differentiation. Cancer Res 1988;48:1996-2004.
34. Hughes EII, Schut HAJ, Thorgeirsson SS. Effects of hexamethylene bisacetamide on α-toprotein, albumin, and transferrin production by two rat hepatoma cell line. In Vitro 1982;18:157-164.
35. Trimpe KL, Zwilling BS. Modulation of B16 melanoma antigen expression by lymphokines and dimethyl sulfoxide. Cancer Res 1986;46:4953-4959.
36. Russo P, Schienfeld, J, Cordon-Cardo C, Fair W, Marks PA, Rifkind RA. Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) decreases proliferative capacity and alters antigen phenotype of human urothelial carcinoma cells obtained from bladder washings. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1988;29:339A.
37. Palfrey C, Kimhi Y, Littauer UZ, Reuben RC, Marks PA. Induction of differentiation in mouse neuroblastoma cells by hexamethylene bisacetamide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977;76:937-942.
38. Lippman SM, Meyskens FL Jr. Results of the use of vitamin A and retinoids in cutaneous malignancies. Pharmacol Therap 1989;401:107-122.
39. Tsao D, Morita A, Bella A Jr, Luu P, Kim YS. Differential effects of sodium butyrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and retinoic acid on membrane-associated antigens, enzymes and glycoproteins of human rectal adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1982;42:1052-1058.
40. Thomas SR, Schultz SG, Lever JE. Stimulation of dome formation in MDCK kidney epithelial cultures by inducers of differentiation: Dissociation from effects of transepithelial resistance and cyclin AMP levels. J Cell Physiol 1982;113:427-432.
41. Miller WH Jr, Maerz WJ, Kurie J et al. All-trans-retinoic acid and HMBA regulate TGF-α and Hst 11/kFGF expression in differentiation sensitive but not in resistant human teratocarcinomas. Differentiation 1994;55:145-152.
42. Melloni E, Pontremoli S, Damiani G et al. Vincristine-resistant erythroleukemia cells have marked increased sensitivity to hexamethylene bisacetamide-induced differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:3835-3839.
43. Sheffery M, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Hexamethylene-bisacetamide-resistant murine erythroleukemia cells have altered pattern of inducer-mediated chromatin changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:3349-3353.
44. Li J-P, D'Andrea AD, Lodish HF, Baltimore D. Activation of cell growth by binding of Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein to the erythropoietin receptor. Nature 1990;343:762-764.
45. Paoletti F, Vannucchi AM, Mocali A, Caporale R, Burstein SA. Identification and conditions for selective expression of megakaryocytic markers in Friend erythro-leukemia cells. Blood 1995;86:2624-2631.
46. Fioritoni G, Bertolini L, Torlontano G, Revoltella R. Cytochemical characteristics of leukopoietic differentiation in murine erythroleukemic (Friend) cells. Cancer Res 1980;40:866-872.
47. Woytowicz JM, Daoust PR, Andre-Schwartz J, Levy SB. Expression of multiple isozymes of granulocyte, monocyte, and macrophage esterases in polycythemic Friend erythroleukemia cells. Blood 1983;62:425-432.
48. Yamashita T, Shimizu T, Ogata E. Activin A/erythroid differentiation factor induces thromboxane A synthetic activity in murine erythroleukemia cells. J Biol Chem 1991;266:3888.
49. Paoletti F, Mocali A, Vannucchi AM. Acetylcholinesterase in murine erythroleukemia (Friend) cells: Evidence for megakaryocyte-like expression and potential growth-regulatory role of enzyme activity. Blood 1992;79: 2873-2879.
50. Fibach E, Reuben RC, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Effect of hexamethylene bisacetamide on the commitment to differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Cancer Res 1977;37:440-444.
51. Arcangeli A, Carla M, Del Bene MR, Becchetti A, Wanke E, Olivotto M. Polar/apolar compounds induce leukemia cell differentiation by modulating cell-surface potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:5858-5862.
52. Gascoyne PRC, Pethig R, Burt JPH, Becker FF. Membrane changes accompanying the induced differentiation of Friend MELC studied by dielectrophoresis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993;1149:119-123.
53. Reuben RC. Studies on the mechanism of action of hexamethylene bisacetamide, a potent inducer of erythroleukemic differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta 19709; 588:310-321.
54. Michaeli J, Busquets X, Orlow I, Younes A, Colomer D, Marks PA, Rifkind RA, Kolesnick RN. A rise and fall in 1,2-diacylglycerol content signals hexamethylene-bisacetamide-induced erythropoiesis. J Biol Chem 1992;267:23463-23466.
55. Leng L, Yu F, Dong L et al. Differential modulation of PKC isoforms in erythroleukemia during induced differentiation. Cancer Res 1993;53:5554-5558.
56. Melloni E, Pontremoli S, Michetti M et al. Protein kinase C activity and hexamethylene bisacetamide induced erythroleukemia cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:5282-5286.
57. Mager D, Bernstein A. The program of Friend cell erythroid differentiation: Early changes in Na+/K+ ATPase function. J Supramole Struct 1978;8:153-160.
58. Mager D, Burnstein A. Early transport changes during erythroid differentiation of Friend leukemic cells. J Cell Physiol 1978;94:275-286.
59. Chapman LF. Effect of calcium on differentiation of Friend leukemia cells. Dev Biol 1980;79:243-246.
60. Lyman G, Papahajopoulos D, Preisler H. Phospholipid membrance stabilization by dimethylsulfoxide and other inducers of Friend leukemic cell differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976;448:460-473.
61. Muller CP, Volloch Z, Shginitzky M. Correlation between cell density, membrance fluidity and the availability of transferrin receptors in Friend erythroleukemia cells. Cell Biophys 1980;2:233-240.
62. Gazitt Y, Deitch AD, Marks PA, Rifkind RA. Cell volume changes in relation to the cell cycle of differentiating erythroleukemic cells. Exp Cell Res 1978;117: 413-420.
63. Gazitt Y, Reuben RC, Deitch AD, Marks PA, Rifkind RA. Changes in cyclic adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate levels during induction of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. Cancer Res 1978;38:3779-3783.
64. Ramsay RG, Ikeda K, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Changes in gene expression associated with induced differentiation of erythroleukemia: Protooncogenes, globin genes and cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83: 6849-6853
65. Richon VM, Ramsay RG, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Modulation of the c-myb, c-myc and p53 mRNA and protein levels during induced murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation. Oncogene 1989;4:165-173.
66. Coppola JA, Cole MD. Constitutive c-myc oncogene expression blocks mouse erythroleukemia cell differentiation but not commitment. Nature 1986;320:760-763.
67. Dmitrovsky E, Kuehl W, Hollis GF, Kirsch IR, Bender TP, Segal S. Expression of a transfected c-myc oncogene inhibits differentiation of a mouse erythroleukemia cell line. Nature 1986;322:748-750.
68. Clarke MF, Kukowska-Latallo JL, Westin E, Smith M, Prochownik EV. Constitutive expression of a c-myb cDNA blocks Friend murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1988;8:884-892.
69. Richon VM, Venta-Perez G. Changes in E2F binding activity during induced erythroid differentiation. Cell Growth Differential (in press).
70. La Thangue NB. DP and E2F proteins: Components of a heterodimeric transcription factor implicated in cell cycle control. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1994;6:443-450.
71. Terada M, Fried J, Nudel U, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Transient inhibition of initiation of S phase associated with dimethyl sulfoxide induction of murine erythroleukemia cells to erythroid differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:248-2252.
72. 1/early S. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:4511-4515.
73. 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:6746-6750.
74. Shuo S, Fan S, Huang S, Kaufman S. Study of the role of retinoblastoma protein in terminal differentiation of murine erythroleukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:4234-4238.
75. Levy J, Terada M, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Induction of erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide in cells infected with Friend virus: Relationship to the cell cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;72:28-32.
76. Gambari R, Terada M, Bank A, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Synthesis of globin mRNA in relation to the cell cycle during induced murine erythroleukemia differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978;75:3801-3804.
77. Johnson P, Chung S, Benchimol S. Growth suppression of Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells by p53 protein is accompanied by hemoglobin production and is sensitive to erythropoietin. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13: 1456-1463.
78. Nelson WG, Kastan MB. DNA strand breaks: The DNA template alterations that trigger p53-dependent DNA damage response pathways. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14: 1815:1823.
79. Jackman J, Alamo I, Jr, Fornace AJ, Jr. Genotoxic stress confers preferential and coordinate messenger RNA stability on the five gadd genes. Cancer Res 1994;54: 5656-5662.
80. Kaufmann WK, Boyer JC, Estabrooks LL, Wilson SJ. Inhibition of replicon initiation in human cells following stabilization of topoisomerase-DNA cleavable complexes. Mol Cell Biol 1991;11:3711-3718.
81. Lau CC, Pardee AB. A mechanism by which caffeine potentiates lethality of nitrogen mustard. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:2942-2946.
82. O'Connor PM, Ferris DK, White GA, Pines J, Hunter T. Relationship between cdc2 kinase DNA cross-linking and cell cycle perturbations induced by nitrogen mustard. Cell Growth Differ 1992;3:43-52.
83. Tomach LJ, Jones RW, Busse PM. The action of caffeine on X-irradiated HeLa cells. I. Delayed inhibition of DNA synthesis. Radiat Res 1977;71:653-665.
84. Weinert TA, Hartwell LH. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharonmyces cerevisiae. Science 1988;241:317-322.
85. Murray AW, Kirschner MW. Dominoes and clocks: The union of two views of the cell cycle. Science 1989;246:614-621.
86. Terada M, Nudel U, Fibach E, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Changes in DNA associated with induction of erythroid differentiation by dimethyl sulfoxide in murine erythroleukemia cells. Cancer Res 1978;38:835-840.
87. Scher W, Friend C. Breakage of DNA and alterations in folded genomes by inducers of differentiation in Friend erythroleukemic cells. Cancer Res 1978;38:841-849.
88. Ron D. Inducible growth arrest: New mechanistic insights. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:1985-1986.
89. Zhan Q, Lord KA, Alamo I, Jr et al. The gadd and MyD genes define a novel set of mammalian genes encoding acidic proteins that synergistically suppress cell growth. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:2361-2371.
90. 1 cyclins. Cell 1993;73:1059-1065.
91. Won K, Xiong Y, Beach D, Gilman MZ. Growth-regulated expression of D-type cyclin genes in human diploid fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:9910-9914.
92. Weinberg RA. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 1995;81:323-330.
93. 1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 1993;75:805-816.
94. Kipl, a cyclin cdk inhibitor, links transforming growth factor-β and contact inhibition to cell cycle arrest. Genes Dev 199;8:9-22.
95. Zhang H, Hannon GJ, Beach D. p21-Containing cyclin kinases exist in both active and inactive states. Genes Dev 1994;8:1750-1758.
96. Kiyokawa H, Richon VM, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 during induced differentiation of erythroleukemia cells. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:7195-7203.
97. 1-to-S phase transition. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:2612-2624.
98. 1 phase of the human cell cycle. Science 1992;257:1689-1694.
99. Laihoo M, DeCaprio JA, Ludlow JW, Livingston DM, Massague J. Growth inhibition by TGF-β linked to suppression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Cell 1990;62:175-185.
100. Kaelin WG, Frek W, Sellers WR et al. Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding a retinoblastoma-binding protein with E2F-like properties. Cell 1992;70:351-364.
101. Richon VM, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Expression and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein during induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Cell Growth Differ 1992;3:413-420.
102. Krek W, Livingston DM, Shirodkar S. Binding to DNA and the retinoblastoma gene product promoted by complex formation of different E2F family members. Science 1993;262:1557-1560.
103. Helin K, Lees JA, Vidal M, Dayson N, Harlow E, Fattaey A. A cDNA encoding a pRB-binding protein with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Cell 1992;70:337-350.
104. Shan B, Zhu X, Chen P-L et al. Molecular cloning of cellular genes encoding retinoblastoma-associated proteins: Identification of a gene with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:5620-5631.
105. Ivey-Hoyle M, Conroy R, Huber HE, Goodhart PJ, Oliff A, Heimbrook DC. Cloning and characterization of E2F-2, a novel protein with the biochemical properties of transcription factor E2F. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:7802-7812.
106. Lees JA, Saito M, Vidai M et al. The retinoblastoma protein binds to a family of E2F transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 1993;7813-7825.
107. Ginsberg D, Vairo G, Chittenden T et al. E2F-4, a new member of the E2F transcription factor family, interacts with p107. Genes Dev 1994;8:2665-2679.
108. Beijersbergen RL, Kerkhoven RM, Zhu L, Carlee L, Voorhoeve PM, Bernards R. E2F-4, a new member of the E2F gene gamily, has oncogenic activity and associates with p107 in vivo. Genes Dev 1994;8:2680-2690.
109. Sardet C, Vidal M, Cobrinik D et al. E2F-4 and E2F-5, two members of the E2F family, are expressed in the early phases of the cell cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:2403-2407.
110. Bandara LK, Lam EW, Sorensen M, Zamanian M, Girling R, La Thangue NB. DP-1: A cell cycle-regulated and phosphorylated component of transcription factor DRTF1/E2F which is functionally important for recognition by pRB and the adenovirus E4 of 6/7 protein. EMBOJ 1994;13:3104-3114.
111. Wu C, Zukerberg LR, Ngwu C, Harlow E, Lees JA. In vivo association of E2F and DP family proteins. Mol Biol Cell 1995;15:2536-2546.
112. Lam EW, Watson RJ. An E2F-binding site mediates cell-cycle regulated prepression of mouse B-myb transcription. EMBO J 1994;12:2705-2713.
113. Bagchi S, Weinmann R, Raychaudhuri P. The retinoblastoma protein copurifies with E2F-I, an E1A-regulated inhibitor of the transcription factor E2F. Cell 1991;65:1063-1072.
114. Bandara LR, La Thangue NB. Adenovirus E1A prevents the retinoblastoma gene product from complexing with a cellular transcription factor. Nature (London) 1991;351: 494-497.
115. Chellappan SP, Hiebert S, Mudryj M, Horowitz JM, Nevins JR. The E2F transcription factor is a cellular target for the RB protein. Cell 1991;65:1053-1061.
116. Chittenden T, Livingston DM, Kaelin WG, Jr. The T/E1 A-binding domain of the retinoblastoma product can interact selectively with a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. Cell 1991;65:1073-1082.
117. Cao L, Faha B, Dembski M, Tsai L-H, Harlowe E, Dyson N. Independent binding of the retinoblastoma protein and p107 to the transcription factor E2F. Nature 1992;355:176-1709.
118. Lees E, Faha B, Dulic V, Reed SI, Harlow E. Cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin A/cdk2 kinase associate with p107 and E2F in a temporally distinct manner. Genes Dev 1992;6:2874-1885.
119. Shirodkar S, Ewen M, DeCaprio JA, Morgan J, Livingston DM, Chittenden T. The transcription factor E2F interacts with the retinoblastoma product and a p107-cyclin A complex in cell cycle-regulated manner. Cell 1992;68:157-166.
120. Cobrinik D, Whyte P, Pepper DS, Jackson T, Weinberg RA. Cell cycle-specific association of E2F with the p130 E1A-binding domain. Genes Dev 1993;7:2392-2404.
121. Li Y, Graham C, Lacy S, Duncan AMW, Whyte P. The adenovirus E1A-associated 130-kD is encoded by a member of the retinoblastoma gene family and physically interacts with cyclin A and E. Genes Dev 1993;7:2366-2377.
122. Hannon GJ, Demetrick D, Beach D. Isolation of the Rb-related p130 through it's interactions with cdk2 and cyclins. Genes Dev 1993;7:2378-2391.
123. Hamel PA, Gill RM, Phillips RA, Gallie BL. Transcriptional repression of the E2-containing promoters EIIaE, c-myc, and RB1 by the product of the RB1 gene.
124. Hiebert SW, Chellappan SP, Horowitz JM, Nevins JR. The interaction of RB with E2F coincides with an inhibition of the transcriptional activity of E2F. Genes Dev 1992;6:177-185.
125. Weintraub SJ, Prater CA, Dean DC. Retinoblastoma protein switches the E2F site from positive to negative element. Nature 1992;358:259-261.
126. Zamanian M, La Thangue NB. Adenovirus E1A prevents the retinoblastoma gene product from repressing the activity of a cellular transcription factor. EMBO J 1992;11:2603-2610.
127. Schwartz JK, Devoto SH, Smith EJ, Chellappan SP, Jakoi L, Nevins JR. Interactions of the p107 and Rb proteins with E2F during the cell proliferation response. EMBO J 1993;12:1013-1020.
128. Zamanian M, La Thangue NB. Transcriptional repression by the Rb-related protein p107. Mol Biol Cell 1993;4:389-396.
129. Zhu L, van den Heuvel S, Helin K et al. Inhibition of cell proliferation by p107, a relative of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev 1993;7:1111-1125.
130. Pagano M, Draetta G, Jansen-Durr P. Association of cdk2 kinase with the transcription factor E2F during S phase. Science 1992;255:1144-1146.
131. Chittenden T, Livingston DM, DeCaprio JA. Cell cycle analysis of E2F in primary human T cells reveals novel complexes and biochemically distinct forms of free E2F. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:3975-3983.
132. Bagchi S, Raychaudhuri P, Nevins JR. Adenovirus E1A proteins can dissociate heteromeric complexes involving the E2F transcription factor: A novel mechanism for E1A trans-activation. Cell 1990;62:659-669.
133. La Thangue NB, Rtigby PWJ. An adenovirus E1A-like transcription factor is regulated during the differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma stem cells. Cell 1987;49:507-513.
134. Reichel RR. Regulation of E2F cyclin A-containing complex upon retinoic acid-induced differentiation of teratocarcinoma cells. Gene Express 1992;2:259-271.
135. Hara E, Okamoto S, Nakaka S, Taya Y, Sekiya S, Oda K. Protein phosphorylation required for the formation of E2F complexes regulates N-myc transcription during differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma cells. Oncogene 1993;8:1023-1032.
136. Shin EK, Shin A, Paulding C, Schaffhausen B, Yee AS. Multiple changes in E2F function and regulation occur upon muscle differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15: 2252-2262.
137. Dyson N, Dembski M, Fattaey A, Ngwu C, Ewen M, Helin K. Analysis of p107-associated proteins: p107 associates with a form of E2F that differs from pRB-associated E2F-1. J Virol 1993 1993;67:7641-7647.
138. Profous-Juchelka HR, Reuben RC, Marks PA, Rifkind RA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of globin gene accumulation in induced murine erythroleukemia cells. Mol Cell Biol 1983;3:229-232.
139. Ganguly S, Skoultchi AI. Absolute rates of globin gene transcription and mRNA formation during differentiation of cultured mouse erythroleukemia cells. J Biol Chem 1985;260:12167-12173.
140. Popp RA, Lalley PA, Whitney III JB, Anderson WF. Mouse α-globin genes and -globin-like pseudogenes are not synthetic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78:6362-6366
141. Smith RD, Yu J, Scale RL. Chromatin structure of the β-globin gene family in murine erythroleukemia cells. Biochemistry 1984;23:785-790.
142. Nudel U, Salmon J, Terada M, Bank A, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Differential effects of chemical inducers on the expression of beta globin genes in murine erythroleukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:1100-1104.
143. Curtis P, Finnigan AC, Rover G. The β major snf β minor and globin nuclear transcripts of Friend erythroleukemia cells induced to differentiate in culture. J Biol Chem 1980;255:8971-8974.
144. maj globin promoter but not it's distal enhancer. Mol Cell Biol 1995;13:1093-1103.
145. Balacarek JM, McMorris FA. Dnase I hypersensitive sites of globin genes of uninduced Friend erythroleukemia cells and changes during induction with dimethylsulfoxide. J Biol Chem 1983;258:10622-10628.
146. Benezra R, Cantor C, Axel R. Nucleosomes are phased along the mouse beta-major globin gene in erythroid and nonerythroid cells. Cell 1986;44:697-704.
147. Cohen R, Sheffery M. Nucleosome disruption precedes transcription and is largely limited to the transcribed domain of globin genes in murine erythroleukemia cells. J Mol Biol 1985;182:109-129.
148. Smith D, Yu J. Alterations in globin gene chromatin conformation during murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 1984;259:4609-4615.
149. Hofer E, Hofer-Warbinek R, Darnell JE, Jr. Globin RNA transcription as possible termination site and demonstration of transcriptional control correlated with altered chromatin structure. Cell 1982;29:887-893.
150. Grosveld F, Dillon N, Higgs D. The regulation of human globin gene expression. Bailliere's Clinical Haematology 1995;6:31-54.
151. Crossley M, Orkin SH. Regulation of the β-globin locus. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1993;3:232-237.
152. Breslow R, Jursic B, Yan ZF et al. Potent cytodifferentiating agents related to hexamethylenebisacetamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;88:5542-5546.