Taxonomy, biology, and periodontal aspects of Fusobacterium nucleatum

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 55-71

  Bolstad, A I ^a   Jensen, H B ^a   Bakken, V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BIOLOGY; DNA PROBE; FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM; GINGIVA; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; RNA PROBE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TAXONOMY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM;

EID: 0030065960     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.9.1.55-71.1996     Document Type: Review

References (319)

1. Abraham, S. N., E. H. Beachey, and W. A. Simpson. 1983. Adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to fibronectin-coated and uncoated epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 41:1261-1268.
2. Abu Fanas, S. H., D. B. Drucker, and P. S. Hull. 1991. Amoxycillin with clavulanic acid and tetracycline in periodontal therapy. J. Dent. 19:97-99.
3. Abu Fanas, S. H., D. B. Drucker, P. S. Hull, J. C. Reeder, and L. A. Ganguli. 1991. Identification, and susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents, of 61 Gram-negative anaerobic rods from periodontal pockets. J. Dent 19:46-50.
4. Albandar, J. M., I. Olsen, and P. Gjermo. 1990. Associations between six DNA probe-detected periodontal bacteria and alveolar bone loss and other clinical signs of periodontitis. Acta Odontol. Scand. 48:415-423.
5. Ali, R. W., V. Bakken, R. Nilsen, and N. Skaug. 1994. Comparative detection frequency of 6 putative periodontal pathogens in Sudanese and Norwegian adult periodontitis patients. J. Periodontol. 65:1046-1052.
6. Ali, R. W., N. Skaug, R. Nilsen, and V. Bakken. 1994. Microbial associations of 4 putative periodontal pathogens in Sudanese adult periodontitis patients determined by DNA probe analysis. J. Periodontol. 65:1053-1057.
7. Appelbaum, P. C., S. K. Spangler, and M. R. Jacobs. 1993 Susceptibility of 539 Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes to new agents, including RP59500, biapenem, trospectomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:223-231.
8. Asikainen, S., H. Jousimies-Somer, A. Kanervo, and P. Summanen. 1987. Certain bacterial species and morphotypes in localized juvenile periodontitis and in matched controls. J. Periodontol. 58:224-230.
9. Attstrøm, R., and J. Egelberg. 1970. Emigration of blood neutrophils and monocytes into the gingival crevice. J. Periodont. Res. 5:48-55.
10. Azen, E., A. Prakobphol, and S. Fisher. 1993. PRB3 null mutations result in absence of the proline-rich glycoprotein G1 and abolish Fusobacterium nucleatum interactions with saliva in vitro. Infect. Immun. 61:4434-4439.
11. Baardsen, R., V. Bakken, H. B. Jensen, and T. Hofstad. 1988. Outer membrane protein pattern of Eubacterium plautii. J. Gen. Microbiol. 34:1561-1564
12. Bags, J., and R. W. Silverwood. 1986. Coagglutination reactions between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. J. Med. Microbiol 22:165-169.
13. Baker, P. J., R. A. Coburn, R. J. Genco, and R. T. Evans. 1987. Structural determinants of activity of chlorhexidine and alkyl bisbiguanides against the human oral flora. J. Dent. Res. 66:1099-1106.
14. Bakken, V., S. Aarø, T. Hofstad, and E. N. Vasstrand. 1989. Outer membrane proteins as major antigens of Fusobacterium nucleatum. FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 47:473-484.
15. Bakken, V., S. Aarø, and H. B. Jensen. 1989 Purification and partial characterization of a major outer-membrane protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Gen Microbiol. 135:3253-3262.
16. Bakken, V., B. T. Høgh, and H. B. Jensen. 1989 Utilization of amino acids and peptides by Fusobacterium nucleatum. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 97:43-53.
17. Bakken, V., B. T. Høgh, and H. B. Jensen. 1990. Growth conditions and outer membrane proteins of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Scand J. Dent. Res 98:215-224.
18. Bakken, V., and H. B. Jensen. 1986. Outer membrane proteins of Fusobacterium nucleatum Fevl. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:1069-1078.
19. Barker, H. A., J. M. Kahn, and L. Hedrick. 1982. Pathway of lysine degradation in Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Bacteriol. 152:201-207.
20. Bartlett, J. G. 1993. Anaerobic bacterial infestions of the lung and pleural space. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16(Suppl. 4):248-255
21. Bartold, P. M., N. J. Gully, P. S. Zilm, and A. H. Rogers. 1991. Identification of components in Fusobacterium nucleatum chemostat-culture supernatants that are potent inhibitors of human gingival fibroblast proliferation. J. Periodont. Res. 26:314-322.
22. Baumgartner, J. C., W. A. Falkler, Jr., and T. Beckerman. 1992. Experimentally induced infection by oral anaerobic microorganisms in a mouse model. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:253-256.
23. Beatrix, B., K. Bendrat, S. Rospert, and W. Buckel. 1990. The biotin-dependent sodium ion pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Fusobacterium nucleatum (subsp. nucleatum). Arch. Microbiol. 154:362-369.
24. Beer, K. B., and V. L. Miller. 1992. Amino acid substitutions in naturally occurring variants of Au result in altered invasion activity J. Bacteriol. 174:1360-1369.
25. Bennett, K. W., and A. Eley. 1993. Fusobacteria: new taxonomy and related diseases. J. Med. Microbiol. 39:246-254
26. Benz, R. 1994. Uptake of solutes through bacterial outer membranes, p. 397-423. In J-M. Ghuisen and R Hackenbeck (ed.), Bacterial cell wall. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
27. Bick, P. H., A. B. Carpenter, L. V. Holdeman, G. A. Miller, R. R. Ranney, K. G. Palcanis, and J. G. Tew. 1981. Polyclonal B-cell activation induced by extracts of gram-negative bacteria isolated from periodontally diseased sites. Infect. Immun. 34:43-49.
28. Bird, P. S., and G. J. Seymour. 1987. Production of monoclonal antibodies that recognize specific and cross-reactive antigens of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect. Immun. 55:771-777.
29. Birkedal-Hansen, H. 1993. Role of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in tissue destruction. J. Periodont. Res. 28:500-510.
30. Birkedal-Hansen, H. 1993. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in human periodontal diseases. J. Periodontol. 64:474-484.
31. Birkedal-Hansen, H., W. G. I. Moore, M. K. Bodden, L. J. Windsor, B. Birkedal-Hansen, A. DeCarlo, and J. A. Engler. 1993. Matrix metalloproteinases' a review. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 4:197-250.
32. Blake, M. S., and E. C. Gotschlich. 1987. Functional and immunologic properties of pathogenic Neisseria surface proteins, p. 377-400. in M. Inouye (ed.), Bacterial outer membranes as model systems. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
33. Blaser, M. J., J. A. Hopkins, and M. I. Vasil. 1984. Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane proteins are antigens for humans. Infect Immun. 43:986-993.
34. Bolstad, A. I. 1994. Sizing the Fusobacterium nucleatum genome by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 123:145-152.
35. Bolstad, A. I., B. T. Høgh, and H. B. Jensen. 1995. Molecular characterization of a 40 kDa outer membrane protein, FomA, of Fusobacterium periodonticum and comparison with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 10:257-264.
36. Bolstad, A. I., and H. B. Jensen. 1993. Complete sequence of ompl, the structural gene encoding the 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum strain Fevl. Gene 132:107-112.
37. Bolstad, A. I., and H. B. Jensen. 1993. Methylation of adenine and cytosine in some strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Microb. Pathog 14:117-121.
38. Bolstad, A. I., and H. B. Jensen. 1993. Polymerase chain reaction-amplified nonradioactive probes for identification of Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:528-532
39. Bolsted, A. I., H. Kleivdal, and H. B. Jensen. 1994. Similarities between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis studied by two DNA probes derived from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 102: 5-9.
40. Bolstad, A. I., N. Skaug, and H. B. Jensen. 1991. Use of synthetic oligonucleotide DNA probes for the identification of different strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Periodont. Res. 26:519-526.
41. Bolstad, A. I., J. Tommassen, and H. B. Jensen. 1994. Sequence variability of the 40-kDa outer membrane proteins of Fusobacterium nucleatum and a model for the topology of the proteins. Mol. Gen. Genet. 244:104-110
42. Brokstad, K. A., V. Bakken, E. N. Vasstrand, and H. B. Jensen. 1990. Diisopropylfluorophosphate-binding proteins in the outer membrane of Fusobacterium nucleatum: strain variations. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 66:235-238.
43. Brokstad, K. A., and H. B. Jensen. 1991. Purification and characterization of a 65-kDa diisopropylfluorophosphate-binding protein in the outer membrane of Fusobacterium nucleatum Fevl. Scand. J. Dent Res. 99:20-29.
44. Brook, I. 1994. Fusobacterial infections in children. J. Infect. 28:155-105.
45. Brook, I. 1994. The role of encapsulated anaerobic bacteria in synergistic infections. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13:65-74.
46. Brook, I., and I. Walker. 1986. The relationship between Fusobacterium species and other flora in mixed infection. J. Med. Microbiol. 21:93-100.
47. Buchanan, T. M., and W. A. Pearce. 1979. Pathogenic aspects of outer membrane components of gram-negative bacteria, p. 475-514. In M. Inouye (ed.), Bacterial outer membranes. J. Wiley, New York.
48. Buckel, W., and H. A, Barker. 1974. Two pathways of glutamate fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 117:1248-1260.
49. Callioon, D. A., W. R. Mayberry, and J. Slots. 1983. Cellular fatty acid and soluble protein profiles of oral fusobacteria. J. Dent Res. 62:1181-1185.
50. Carlsson, J., J. T. Larsen, and M.-B. Edlund. 1994. Utilization of glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) by Fusobacterium nucleatum sub-species nucleatum. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 9:297-300.
51. Chaim, W., and M. Mazor. 1992. Intraamniotic infection with fusobacteria. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 251:1-7.
52. Childs, W. C., and R. J. Gibbons. 1990. Selective modulation of bacterial attachment to oral epithelial cells by enzyme activities associated with poor oral hygiene. J. Periodont. Res. 25:172-178.
53. Christersson, L. A., J. J. Zambon, and R. J. Genco. 1991. Dental bacterial plaques. Nature and role in periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol. 18: 441-446.
54. Claesson, R., M.-B. Edlund, S. Persson, and J. Carlsson. 1990. Production of volatile sulfur compounds by various Fusobacterium species. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 5:137-142.
55. Cohen, S. P., L. M. McMurray, and S. B. Levy. 1988. marA locus causes decreased expression of OmpF porin in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 170:5416-5422.
56. Conway, B., and A. Ronald. 1988. An overview of some mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. Can. J. Microbiol. 34:281-286.
57. Cowan, S. W., T. Schirmer, G. Rummel, M. Steiert, R. Ghosh, R. A. Pauptit, J. N. Jansonius, and J. P. Rosenbusch. 1992 Crystal structures explain functional properties of two E. coli porins. Nature (London) 358:727-733.
58. Crippin, J. S., and K. K. Wang. 1992. An unrecognized etiology for pyogenic hepatic abscesses in normal hosts: dental disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 12:1740-1743.
59. Da Costa, T., L. C. Bier, and F. Gaida. 1974. Dextran hydrolysis by a Fusobacterium strain isolated from human dental plaque. Arch. Oral Biol. 19:341-342.
60. Dahlén, G., H. Nygren, and H.-A. Hansson. 1978. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of lipopolysaccharides in the cell wall of Bacteroides oralis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect. Immun. 19:265-271.
61. Danielsen, B., J. M. A. Wilton, V. Baelum, N. W. Johnson, and O. Fejerskov. 1993. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus sanguis during experimental gingivitis in young adults. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 8:154-160.
62. Dehazya, P., and R. S. Coles, Jr. 1980. Agglutination of human erythrocytes by Fusobacterium nucleatum; factors influencing hemagglutination and some characteristics of the agglutinin. J. Bacteriol. 143:205-211.
63. Dehazya, P., and R. S. Coles, Jr. 1982. Extraction and properties of hemagglutinin from cell wall fragments of Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Bacteriol. 152:298-305.
64. De Jong, M. H., and J. S. van der Hoeven. 1987. The growth of oral bacteria on saliva. J. Dent Res. 66:498-505.
65. de Kort, G., A. Bolton, G. Martin, J. Stephen, and J. A. M. van de Klundert. 1994. Invasion of rabbit ileal tissue by Enterobacter cloacae varies with the concentration of OmpX in the outer membrane. Infect. Immun 62:4722-4726.
66. DiRienzo, J. M., J. Porter-Kaufman, J. Haller, and B. Rosan. 1985. Corncob formation: a morphological model for molecular studies of bacterial interactions, p. 172-176. In S. E. Mergenhagen and B. Rosan (ed.), Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
67. DiRienzo, J. M., and B. Rosan. 1984. Isolation of a major cell envelope protein from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect Immun 44:386-393.
68. Dix, K., S. M. Watanabe, S. McArdle, D. I. Lee, C. Randolph, B. Monda, and D. E. Schwartz. 1990. Species-specific oligonucleotide probes for the identification of periodontal bacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol 28:319-323.
69. Donaldson, S. L., R. R. Ranney, and J. G. Tew. 1983. Evidence of mitogenic activity in periodontitis-associated bacteria. Infect. Immun. 42:487-495.
70. Dzink, J. L., M. T. Sheenan, and S. S. Socransky. 1990. Proposal of three subspecies of Fusobacterium nucleatum Knorr 1922: Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum subsp. nov., comb, nov.; Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp polymorphum subsp nov. nom rev., comb, nov ; and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii subsp. nov., nom. rev., comb nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:74-78.
71. Dzink, J. L., and S. S. Socransky. 1990. Amino acid utilization by Fusobacterium nucleatum grown in a chemical defined medium. Oral Microbiol. Immunol 5:172-174.
72. Dzink, J. L., S. S. Socransky, and A. D. Haffajee. 1988. The predominant cultivable microbiota of active and inactive lesions of destructive periodontal diseases. J. Clin. Periodontol. 15:316-323.
73. Dzink, J. L., A. C. R. Tanner, A. D. Haffajee, and S. S. Socransky. 1985. Gram-negative species associated with active destructive periodontal lesions. J. Clin. Periodontol. 12:648-659.
74. Elhag, K. M., and T. O. Alkanni. 1991. A study of the antigenic composition of the fragilis group of Bacteroides. J. Med. Microbiol. 35:118-122
75. Ellen, R. P., M. Song, and I. A. Buivids. 1992. Inhibition of Actinomyces viscosus-Porphyromonas gingivalis coadhesion by trypsin and other proteins. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 7:198-203.
76. Falkler, W. A., Jr., and B. W. Burger. 1981 Microbial surface interactions: reduction of the haemagglutination activity of the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum by absorption with Streptococcus and Bacteroides. Arch. Oral Biol. 26:1015-1025.
77. Falkler, W. A., Jr., E. B. Clayman, and D. F. Shaefer. 1983. Haemolysis of human erythrocytes by the Fusobacterium nucleatum associated with periodontal disease. Arch. Oral Biol. 28:735-739.
78. Falkler, W. A., Jr., and C. E. Hawley. 1977. Hemagglutinating activity of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect. Immun. 15:230-238.
79. Falkler, W. A., Jr., R. Lai, J. W. Vincent, L. Dober, C. Spiegel, and S. Hayduk. 1982. The ELISA system for measuring antibody reactive to Fusobacterium nucleatum in the sera of patients with chronic periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 53:762-766.
80. Falkler, W. A., Jr., J. Montgomery, R. K. Nauman, and M. Alpers. 1989 Isolation of Fusobacterium nucleatum and electron microscopic observations of spirochetes from tropical skin ulcers in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 40:390-398.
81. Falkler, W. A., Jr., C. N. Smoot, and J. R. Mongiello. 1982. Attachment of cell fragments of Fusobacterium nucleatum to oral epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts and white blood cells. Arch. Oral Biol. 27:553-559.
82. Feuille, F., L. Kesavalu, M. J. Steffen, S. C. Holt, and J. L. Ebersole. 1994. Synergistic tissue destruction induced by P. gingivalis and F nucleatum. J. Dent. Res. 73:159.
83. Fredriksen, Å., E. N. Vasstrand, and H. B. Jensen. 1991. Peptidoglycan precursor from Fusobacterium nucleatum contains lanthionine J. Bacteriol. 173:900-902.
84. Fredriksen, G., and T. Hofstad. 1978. Chemotypes of Fusobacterium nucleatum lipopolysaccharides. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 86:41-45.
85. Frisken, K. W., T. Higgins, and J. M. Palmer. 1990. The incidence of periodontopathic microorganisms in young children. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 5:43-45.
86. Frisken, K. W., J. R. Tagg, A. J. Laws, and M. B. Orr. 1987. Suspected periodontopathic microorganisms and their oral habitats in young children. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2:60-64.
87. Gemmell, E., and G. J. Seymour. 1992. Different responses in B cells induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum Arch. Oral Biol 37:565-573
88. Gemmell, E., and G. J. Seymour. 1993 Interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor-β production by human gingival mononuclear cells following stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Periodont. Res. 28:122-129.
89. Gemmell, E., and G. J. Seymour. 1994. Modulation of immune responses to periodontal bacteria. Curr. Opin. Periodontol., p. 28-38.
90. Genco, R. J., and B. G. Loos. 1991. The use of genomic DNA fingerprinting in studies of the epidemiology of bacteria in periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 18:396-405.
91. George, A. M., and S. B. Levy. 1983. Amplifiable resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and other antibiotics in Escherichia coli: involvement of a non-plasmid-determined efflux of tetracycline. J. Bacteriol. 155:531-540.
92. George, K. S., and W. A. Falkler, Jr. 1992 Coaggregation studies of the Eubacterium species. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:285-290.
93. George, W. L., B. D. Kirby, V. L. Sutter, D. M. Citron, and S. M. Finegold. 1981. Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli: their role in infection and patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. II. Little-known Fusobacterium species and miscellaneous genera. Rev. Infect. Dis. 3:599-626.
94. Gharbia, S. E., and H. N. Shah. 1988. Glucose utilization and growth responses to protein hydrolysates by Fusobacterium species Curr. Microbiol. 17:229-234
95. Gharbia, S. E., and H. N. Shah. 1989. Glutamate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate reductase electrophoretic patterns and deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization among human oral isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:467-470.
96. Gharbia, S. E., and H. N. Shah. 1990. Heterogeneity within Fusobacterium nucleatum, proposal of four subspecies. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 10:105-108.
97. Gharbia, S. E., and H. N. Shah. 1991. Comparison of the amino acid uptake profile of reference and clinical isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 6:264-269.
98. Gharbia, S. E., and H. N. Shah. 1992. Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. fusiforme subsp. nov. and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis subsp. nov. as additional subspecies within Fusobacterium nucleatum Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 42:296-298.
99. Gharbia, S. E., H. N. Shah, P. A. Lawson, and M. Haapusalo. 1990. The distribution and frequency of Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies in the human oral cavity. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 5:324-327.
100. Gharbia, S. E., H. N. Shah, and S. G. Welch. 1989. The influence of peptides on the uptake of amino acids in Fusobacterium; predicted interactions with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Curr. Microbiol. 19:231-235.
101. Gibbons, R. J. 1989. Bacterial adhesin to oral tissues. A model for infectious diseases. J. Dent Res. 68:750-760
102. Gibbons, R. J., D. I. Hay, W. C. Childs III, and G. Davis. 1990 IV Mechanisms and prevention of adherence. Role of cryptic receptors (cryptitopes) in bacterial adhesion to oral surfaces. Arch. Oral Biol. 35:107S-114S.
103. Gibbons, R. J., and J. van Houte. 1971. Selective bacterial adherence to oral epithelial surfaces and its role as an ecological determinant. Infect. Immun. 3:567-573.
104. Gillece-Castro, B. L., A. Prakobpol, A. L. Burlingame, H. Leffler, and S. J. Fisher. 1991. Structure of bacterial receptor activity in human salivary proline-rich glycoprotein. J Biol. Chem. 266:17358-17368.
105. Gilleland, H. E., Jr., M. G. Parker, J. M. Matthews, and R. D. Berg. 1984 Use of a purified outer membrane protein F (porin) preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a protective vaccine in mice. Infect. Immun. 44:49-54.
106. González-Gay, M. A., A. Sánchez-Andrade, M. J. Cereijo, J. R. Pulpeiro, and V. Armesto. 1993 Fyomyositis and septic arthritis from Fusobacterium nucleatum in a nonimmnnocompromised adult. J. Rheumatol. 20:518-520.
107. Goodson, J. M., A. Tanner, S. McArdle, K. Dix, and S. M. Watanabe. 1991. Multicenter evaluation of tetracycline fiber therapy. III. Microbiological response. J Periodont. Res. 26:440-451.
108. Granlund-Edstedt, M., E. Johansson, R. Claesson, and J. Carlsson. 1993. Effect of anaerobiosis and sulfide on killing of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Periodont. Res. 28:346-353.
109. Grant, M. E., J. G. Heathcote, and R. W. Orkin. 1981. Current concepts of basement-membrane structure and function. Biosci. Rep. 1:819-842.
110. Grenier, D. 1992. Demonstration of a bimodal coaggregation reaction between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:280-284.
111. Grenier, D., and D. Mayrand. 1986. Nutritional relationships between oral bacteria. Infect. Immun. 53:616-620.
112. Grollier, G., F. Guilhot, Y. de Rautlin de la Roy, and E. Benz-Lemoine. 1987. A penicillinase-producing Fusobacterium nucleatum strain isolated from blood culture. Eur. J. Clin Microbiol. 6:695-696.
113. Gunsolley, J. C., J. G. Tew, C. Gooss, D. R. Marshall, J. A. Burmeister, and H. A. Schenkein. 1990. Serum antibodies to periodontal bacteria. J. Periodontol 61:412-419.
114. Haffajee, A. D., S. S. Socransky, J. L. Dzink, M. A. Taubman, J. L. Ebersole, and D. J. Smith. 1988 Clinical, microbiological and immunological features of subjects with destructive periodontal diseases J. Clin. Periodontol. 15: 240-246.
115. Haffajee, A. D., S. S. Socransky, C. Smith, and S. Dibart. 1991. Relation of baseline microbial parameters to future periodontal attachment loss. J. Clin. Periodontol 18:744-750.
116. Hall, E. R., S. A. Martin, J. B. Suzuki, and W. A. Falkler, Jr. 1994 The gingival immune response to periodontal pathogens in juvenile periodontitis. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 9:327-334.
117. Hamada, S., T. Koga, T. Nishihara, T. Fujiwara, and N. Okahashi. 1988. Characterization and immunobiologic activities of lipopolysaccharides from periodontal bacteria. Adv. Dent. Res. 2:284-291.
118. Hampp, E. G., D. B. Scott, and W. G. Wyckoff. 1960. Morphological characteristics of oral fusobacteria as revealed by the electron microscope. J. Bacteriol. 79:716-728.
119. Hancock, R. E. W. 1991. Bacterial outer membranes: evolving concepts. Specific structures provide gram-negative bacteria with several unique advantages ASM News 57:175-182
120. Handley, P. S., P. L. Carter, J. E. Wyatt, and L. M. Hesketh. 1985. Surface structures (peritrichous fibrils and tufts of fibrils) found on Streptococcus sanguis strains may be related to their ability to coaggregate with other oral genera. Infect. Immun. 47:217-227.
121. Harder, K. J., H. Nikaido, and M. Matsuhashi. 1981. Mutants of Escherichia coli that are resistant to certain beta-lactam compounds lack the ompE porin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 20:549-552.
122. Hardie, J. M., and H. N. Shah. 1982. Factors controlling the microbial flora of the mouth. Eur. J Chemother Antibiot. 2:3-11.
123. Hase, S., T. Hofstad, and E. T. Rietschel. 1977. Chemical structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides from Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Bacteriol. 129:9-14.
124. Hasty, D. L., I. Ofek, H. S. Courtney, and R. J. Doyle. 1992. Multiple adhesins of streptococci. Infect. Immun. 60:2147-2152.
125. Hedberg, M., L. Lindqvist, K. Tunér, and C. E. Nord. 1992. Effect of clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam on three different (β-lactamases from Bacteroides uniformis, Clostridium butyricum and Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 30:17-25.
126. 2-producing lactoacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant woman. Clin Infect Dis. 16(Suppl.):273-281
127. Hiratsuka, K., Y. Abiko, M. Hayakawa, T. Ito, H. Sasahara, and H. Takiguchi. 1992. Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis 40-kDa outer membrane protein in the aggregation of P. gingivalis vesicles and Actinomyces viscosus. Arch. Oral Biol. 37:717-724.
128. Hoepelman, A. I. M., and E. I. Tuomanen. 1992. Consequences of microbial attachment: directing host cell functions with adhesins. Infect. Immun. 60:1729-1733.
129. Hofstad, T. 1979. Serological responses to antigens of Bacteroidaceae. Microbiol. Rev. 43:103-115.
130. Hofstad, T. 1981. The genus Fusobacterium, p. 1464-1467. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trupcr, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.), The procaryotes. A handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria. Springer Verlag, New York.
131. Hofstad, T., and B. Aadnegard. 1986. Oligosaccharides obtained by partial hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide from Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Periodont. Res. 21:163-168.
132. Hofstad, T., and N. Skaug. 1980. Fatty acids and neutral sugars present in lipopolysaccharides isolated from Fusobacterium species. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 88:115-120.
133. Hofstad, T., N. Skaug, and T. Bjørnland. 1979. O-antigenic cross-reactivity in Fusobacterium nucleatum. Acta Pathol. Microbiol Scand. Sect. B 87:371-374.
134. Hofstad, T., N. Skaug, and K. Sveen. 1993. Stimulation of B lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharides from anaerobic bacteria. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16(Suppl. 4):200-202.
135. Halt, S. C., and T. E. Bramanti. 1991. Factors in virulence expression and their role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 2:177-281.
136. Hooper, D. C., J. S. Wolfson, K. S. Souza, C. Tung, G. L. McHugh, and M. N. Swartz. 1986. Genetic and biochemical characterization of norflaxin resistance in Escherichia coli Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29:639-644.
137. Horiba, N., Y. Maekawa, Y. Yamauchi, M. Ito, T. Matsumoto, and H. Nakamura. 1992. Complement activation by lipopolysaccharides purified from gram-negative bacteria isolated from infected root canals Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 74:648-651.
138. Ishii, T., R. Mahanonda, and G. J. Seymour. 1992 The establishment of human T cell lines reactive with specific periodontal bacteria. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:225-229.
139. Isogai, E., K. Hirose, N. Fujii, and H. Isogai. 1992. Three types of binding by Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral bacteria to fibronectin, buccal epithelial cells and erythrocytes. Arch. Oral Biol. 37:667-670.
140. Isogai, E., H. Isogai, H. Sawada, H. Kaneko, and N. Ito. 1985. Microbial ecology of plaque in rats with naturally occurring gingivitis. Infect. Immun. 48:520-527
141. Jacobs, M. R., S. K. Spangler, and P. C. Appelbaum. 1990. Susceptibility of Bacteroides non-fragilis and fusobacteria to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem and metronidazole. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9:417-421.
142. Jacobs, M. R., S. K. Spangler, and P. C. Appelbaum. 1992. Beta-lactamase production and susceptibility of US and European anaerobic gram-negative bacilli to beta-lactams and other agents. Eur. J. Clin Microbiol. Infect. Dis 11:1081-1093.
143. Jantzen, E., and T. Hofstad. 1981. Fatty acids of Fusobacterium species: taxonomic implications. J. Gen. Microbiol. 123:163-171.
144. Jennings, M. L. 1989. Topography of membrane proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:999-1027.
145. Jensen, H. B., et al. Unpublished data.
146. Jousimies-Somer, H., S. Savolainen, A. Mäkitie, and J. Ylikoski. 1993. Bacteriologic findings in pentonsillar abscesses in young adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16(Suppl.):292-298.
147. Kato, K., T. Umemoto, H. Fukuhara, H. Sagawa, and S. Kotani. 1981. Variation in dibasic amino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria of genus Fusobacterium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 10:81-85.
148. Kato, K., T. Umemoto, H. Sagawa, and S. Kotani. 1979. Lanthionine as an essential constituent of cell wall peptidoglycan of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Curr. Microbiol. 3:147-151.
149. Kato, T., K. Okuda, and I. Takazoe. 1988 Cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies induced by LPS from periodontopathic bacteria Adv. Dent. Res. 2:319-322.
150. Kato, T., I. Takazoe, and K. Okuda. 1989. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Eikenella corrodens by use of murine monoclonal antibodies. Infect. Immun. 57:656-659.
151. Kaufman, J., and J. M. DiRienzo. 1988. Evidence for the existence of two classes of corncob (coaggregation) receptor in Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 3:145-152.
152. Kaufman, J., and J. M. DiRienzo. 1989 Isolation of a corncob (coaggregation) receptor polypeptide from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect. Immun 57:331-337.
153. Kaur, M., and W. A. Falkler, Jr. 1992. Characterization of shared antigens oi Fusobacterium nucleatum and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Oral Microbiol. 7:291-298.
154. Kelstrup, J., J. Theilade, and O. S. Fejerskov. 1979. Surface ultrastructure of some oral bacteria. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 87:415-423.
155. Kerusao, E., M. Haapasalo, K. Alli, and K. Lounatmaa. 1990. Ingestion of Bacteroides buccae, Bacteroides oris, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 5:202-207.
156. Kinane, D. 1992. Metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Periodontol. Restor. Dent., p. 25-32.
157. Kinder, S. A., and S. C. Holt. 1989. Characterization of coaggregation between Bacteroides gingivalis T22 and Fusobacterium nucleatum T18 Infect. Immun. 57:3425-3433.
158. Kinder, S. A., and S. C. Holt. 1993. Localization of the Fusobacterium nucleatum T18 adhesin activity mediating coaggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis T22. J. Bacteriol. 175:840-850.
159. Kjeldsen, M., P. Holmstrup, and K. Bendtzen. 1993. Marginal periodontitis and cytokines: a review of the literature. J. Periodontol 44:1013-1022.
160. Klees, A.-G., D. Linder, and W. Buckel. 1992. 2-Hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase from Fusobacterium nucleatum (subspecies nucleatum): an iron-sulfur flavoprotein. Arch Microbiol. 158:294-301.
161. Kleivdal, H., R. Benz, and H. B. Jensen. 1995. The Fusobacterium nucleatum major outer-membrane protein (FomA) forms trimeric, water-filled channels in lipid bilayer membranes Eur. J. Biochem. 233:310-316.
162. Klimpel, K. W., and V. L. Clark. 1990. The RNA polymerases of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum are unrelated to the RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli. J. Dent. Res. 69:1567-1572.
163. Kolenbrander, P. E. 1988. Intergeneric coaggregation among human oral bacteria and ecology of dental plaque. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 42:627-656.
164. Kolenbrander, P. E. 1989. Surface recognition among oral bacteria: multigeneric coaggregations and their mediators. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 17:137-159.
165. Kolenbrander, P. E., and R. N. Andersen. 1986. Multigeneric aggregations among oral bacteria: a network of independent cell-to-cell interactions. J. Bacteriol. 168:851-859.
166. Kolenbrander, P. E., and R. N. Andersen. 1989. Inhibition of coaggregation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis by lactose and related sugars. Infect. Immun. 57:3204-3209.
167. Kolenbrander, P. E., R. N. Andersen, and L. V. Holdeman. 1985. Coaggregation of oral Bacteroides species with other bacteria: central role in coaggregation bridges and competitions Infect Immun 48:741-746.
168. Kolenbrander, P. E., R. N. Andersen, and L. V. H. Moore. 1989. Coaggregation of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Selenomonas flueggei, Selenomonas infelix, Selenomonas noxia, and Selenomonas sputigena with strains from 11 genera of oral bacteria Infect. Immun. 57:3194-3203.
169. Kolenbrander, P. E., R. N. Andersen, and L. V. H. Moore. 1990. Intrageneric coaggregation among strains of human oral bacteria, potential role in primary colonization of the tooth surface. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 3890-3894.
170. Kolenbrander, P. E., N. Ganeshkumar, F. J. Cassels, and C. V. Hughes. 1993. Coaggregation: specific adherence among human oral plaque bacteria. FASEB J. 7:406-413.
171. Kolenbrander, P. E., and J. London. 1992. Ecological significance of coaggregation among oral bacteria. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 12:183-217.
172. Kolenbrander, P. E., and J. London. 1993. Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J. Bacteriol. 175:3247-3252.
173. Könönen, E., S. Asikainen, M. Saarela, J. Karjalainen, and H. Jousimies-Somer. 1994. The oral gram-negative anaerobic microflora in young children: longitudinal changes from edentulous to dentate mouth. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 9:136-141.
174. Kristoffersen, T., J. A. Maeland, and T. Hofstad. 1971. Serologic properties of lipopolysaccharide endotoxins from oral fusobacteria. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 79:105-112.
175. Kuritza, A. P., C. E. Getty, P. Shaughnessy, R. Hesse, and A. A. Salyers. 1986. DNA probes for identification of clinically important Bacteroides species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:343-349.
176. Lamster, I. B., R. Celenti, and J. L. Ebersole. 1990. The relationship of serum IgG antibody titers to periodontal pathogens to indicators of the host response in crevicular fluid. J. Clin. Periodontol. 17:419-425
177. Lancy, P., Jr., J. M. DiRienzo, B. Appelbaum, B. Rosan, and S. C. Holt 1983. Corncob formation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus sanguis. Infect Immun. 40:303-309.
178. Lawson, P. A., S. E. Gharbia, H. N. Shah, and D. R. Clark. 1989 Recognition of Fusobacterium nucleatum subgroups Fn-1, Fn-2 and Fn-3 by ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65:41-46
179. Lawson, P. A., S. E. Gharbia, H. N. Shah, D. R. Clark, and M. D. Collins. 1991 Intrageneric relationships of members of the genus Fusobacterium as determined by reverse transcriptase sequencing of small-subunit rRNA. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41:347-354.
180. Li, J., and R. P. Ellen. 1990. Coaggregation of Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis, other species of Bacteroides, and Actinomyces viscosus: methodological evaluation. J. Microbiol. Methods 12:91-96.
181. Liljenberg, B., J. Lindhe, T. Berglundh, G. Dahlén, and R. Jonsson. 1994. Some microbiological, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of progressive periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol. 21:720-727.
182. Loesche, W. J., and R. J. Gibbons. 1968. Amino acid fermentation by Fusobacterium nucleatum. Arch. Oral Biol 13:191-201
183. London, J. 1991. Bacterial adhesins. Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 26:239-247.
184. Lopatin, D. E., and E. Blackburn. 1986 Sensitization with Fusobacterium nucleatum targets antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxity to mammalian cells. Infect Immun. 52:650-656.
185. Lopatin, D. E., L. M. Martel, and D. F. Mangan. 1985 Microbe-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis enhancement after preculture. Infect. Immun. 48:159-164
186. Love, D. N., E. P. Cato, J. L. Johnson, R. F. Jones, and M. Bailey. 1987. Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization among strains of fusobacteria isolated from soft tissue infections of cats: comparison with human and animal type strains from oral and other sites. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:23-26.
187. Lugtenberg, B., and L. Van Alphen. 1983. Molecular architecture and functioning of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 737:51-115.
188. Maiden, M. F. J., A. Tanner, S. McArdle, K. Najpauer, and J. M. Goodson. 1991. Tetracycline fiber therapy monitored by DNA probe and cultural methods. J. Periodont. Res 26:452-459.
189. Mäkinen, K. K., E. Söderling, S. A. Syed, and P.-L. Mäkinen. 1990. Hydrolysis of γ-glutamyl linkages by Fusobacterium nucleatum. Curr. Microbiol 20:5-11.
190. Mallison, S. M., III, J. P. Smith, H. A. Schenkein, and J. G. Tew. 1991. Accumulation of plasma cells in inflamed sites: effects of antigen, nonspecific microbial activators, and chronic inflammation. Infect. Immun. 59: 4019-4025.
191. Mallison, S. M., III, A. K. Szakal, R. R. Ranney, and J. G. Tew. 1988. Antibody synthesis specific for nonoral antigens in inflamed gingiva. Infect. Immun. 56:823-830.
192. Mangan, D. F., and D. E. Lopatin. 1983. Polyclonal activation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes by Fusobacterium nucleatum Infect. Immun. 40:1104-1111.
193. Mangan, D. F., M. J. Novak, S. A. Vora, J. Mourad, and P. S. Kriger. 1989. Lectinlike interactions of Fusobacterium nucleatum with human neutrophils. Infect Immun. 57:3601-3611.
194. Mangan, D. F., T. Won, and D. E. Lopatin. 1983. Nonspecific induction of immunoglobulin M antibodies to periodontal disease-associated microorganisms after polyclonal human B-lymphocyte activation by Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect Immun. 41:1038-1045.
195. Mangan, D. F., T. Won, and D. E. Lopatin. 1984. Monocyte suppression of Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced human polyclonal B-lymphocyte activation. Infect. Immun. 46:332-339.
196. Marina, M., C. A. Strong, R. Clven, E. Molitoris, and S. M. Finegold. 1993. Bacteriology of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections preliminary report. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16(Suppl. 4):256-262.
197. Mergenhagen, S. E., A. L. Sandberg, B. M. Chassy, M. J. Brennan, M. K. Yeung, J. A. Donkersloot, and J. O. Cisar. 1987. Molecular basis of bacterial adhesin in the oral cavity. Rev Infect. Dis. 9:S467-S474.
198. Moncla, B. J., P. Braham, and S. L. Hillier. 1990. Sialidase (neuraminidase) activity among gram-negative anaerobic and capnophilic bacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:422-425.
199. Mongiello, J. R., and W. A. Falkler, Jr. 1979. Sugar inhibition of oral Fusobacterium nucleatum haemagglutination and cell binding. Arch. Oral Biol. 24:539-545
200. Moore, L. V. H., W. E. C. Moore, E. P. Cato, R. M. Smibert, J. A. Burmeister, A. M. Best, and R. R. Ranney. 1987. Bacteriology of human gingivitis. J. Dent. Res. 66:989-995
201. Moore, W. E. C. 1987. Microbiology of periodontal disease. J. Periodont. Res. 22:335-341.
202. Moore, W. E. C., L. V. Holdeman, E. P. Cato, I. J. Good, E. P. Smith, R. R. Ranney, and K. G. Palcanis. 1984. Variation in periodontal floras. Infect. Immun. 46:720-726.
203. Moore, W. E. C., L. V. Holdeman, E. P. Cato, R. M. Smibert, J. A. Burmeister, K. G. Palcanis, and R. R. Ranney. 1985. Comparative bacteriology of juvenile periodontitis. Infect. Immun. 48:507-519.
204. AL, p. 631-637. In N. R Krieg and J. G. Holt (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 1. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
205. Moore, W. E. C., L. V. Holdeman, R. M. Smibert, E. P. Cato, J. A. Burmeister, K. G. Palcanis, and R. R. Ranney. 1984. Bacteriology of experimental gingivitis in children Infect. Immun. 46:1-6.
206. Moore, W. E. C., L. V. Holdeman, R. M. Smibert, I. J. Good, J. A. Burmeister, K. G. Palcanis, and R. R. Ranney. 1982. Bacteriology of experimental gingivitis in young adult humans. Infect. Immun. 38:651-667.
207. Moore, W. E. C., L. V. Holdeman, R. M. Smibert, D. E. Hash, J. A. Bur meister, and R. R. Ranney. 1982. Bacteriology of severe periodontitis in young adult humans. Infect. Immun. 38:1137-1148.
208. Moore, W. E. C., and L. V. H. Moore. 1994. The bacteria of periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000 5:66-77.
209. Moore, W. E. C., L. H. Moore, R. R. Ranney, R. M. Smibert, J. A. Burmeister, and H. A. Schenkein. 1991. The microflora of periodontal sites showing active destructive progression. J. Clin. Periodontol. 18:729-739.
210. Morrison, D. C., and J. L. Ryan. 1980. Bacterial endotoxins and host immune responses. Adv. Immunol. 28:293-450.
211. Mortimer, P. G. S., and L. J. V. Piddock. 1993. The accumulation of five antibacterial agents in porin-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32:195-213.
212. Murray, P. A., D. G. Kern, and J. R. Winkler. 1988. Identification of a galactose-binding lectin on Fusobacterium nucleatum FN-2. Infect. Immun. 56:1314-1319.
213. Murray, P. A., V. Matarese, C. I. Hoover, and J. R. Winkler. 1987. The identification of oral microbial lectins by cell affinity chromatography. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 40:123-127.
214. Naito, Y., K. Okuda, and I. Takazoe. 1984. Immunoglobulin G response to subgingival gram-negative bacteria in human subjects. Infect Immun 45: 47-51.
215. Newman, H. N. 1990. Plaque and chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. A question of ecology. J. Clin. Periodontol. 17:533-541
216. Nikaido, H., and M. Vaara. 1985. Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability. Microbiol. Rev 49:1-32.
217. Norling, T., P. Lading, S. Engström, K. Larsson, N. Krog, and S. S. Nissen. 1992. Formulation of a drug delivery system based on a mixture of monoglycerides and triglycerides for use in the treatment of periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol. 19:687-692.
218. Ohmori, Y., K. Honda, H. Kikuchi, S. Hanazawa, S. Amano, K. Hirose, A. Tabeshita, T. Katoh, and S. Kitano. 1988. Inducing effect of periodonto pathic bacteria on interleukin-1 production by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 3:169-172.
219. Okuda, K., T. Kato, K. Ishihara, and Y. Naito. 1991. Adherence to experimental pellicle of rough-type lipopolysaccharides from subgingival plaque bacteria. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 6:241-245.
220. Olsen, G., C. R. Woese, and R. Overbeeke. 1994 Minireview. The winds of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into microbiology. J. Bacteriol. 176:1-6.
221. Olsvik, B., and F. C. Tenover. 1993. Tetracycline resistance in periodontal pathogens. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16(Suppl. 4):310-313.
222. Ozaki, M., Y. Miyake, M. Shirakawa, T. Takemoto, H. Okamoto, and H. Suginaka. 1990. Binding specificity of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, fibroblasts, and HeLa cells. J. Periodont. Res. 25:129-134.
223. Page, R. C., and H. E. Schroeder. 1982. Periodontitis in man and other animals A comparative review, p 260. S. Karger, Basel.
224. Papapanou, P. N., A. Sellén, J. L. Wennström, and G. Dahlén. 1993. An analysis of the subgingival microflora in randomly selected subjects. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 8:24-29
225. Paster, B. J., W. Ludwig, W. G. Weisburg, E. Stackebrandt, R. B. Hespell, C. M. Hahn, H. Reichenbach, K. O. Stetter, and C. R. Woese. 1985. A phylogenetic grouping of Bacteroides, Cytophagas, and certain Flavobacteria Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 6:34-42.
226. Persson, S., M.-B. Edlund, R. Claesson, and J. Carlsson. 1990. The formation of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by oral bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 5:195-201.
227. Pfeilschifter, J. 1990. Transforming growth factor-β, p. 56-64. In A. Habenicht (ed.), Growth factors, differentiation factors, and eytokines. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
228. Pianotti, R., S. Lachette, and S. Dills. 1986. Desulfuration of cysteine and methionine by Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Dent. Res. 65:913-917.
229. Potts, T. V., L. V. Holdeman, and J. Slots. 1983. Relationships among the oral fusobacteria assessed by DNA-DNA hybridization. J. Dent. Res. 62: 702-705.
230. Prakobpol, A., P. A. Murray, and S. J. Fisher. 1987. Bacterial adherence on replicas of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem. 164:5-11.
231. Pugsley, A. P., and C. A. Schnaitman. 1978. Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. VII. Evidence that bacteriophage-directed protein 2 functions as a porin. J. Bacteriol. 13:1181-1189.
232. Pulkkinen, W. S., and S. I. Miller. 1991. A Salmonella typhimurium virulence protein is similar to a Yersinia enterocolita invasion protein and a bacteriophage lambda outer membrane protein. J. Bacteriol. 173:86-93.
233. Ribot, S., K. Gal, M. V. Goldblat, and H. H. Eslami. 1981. The role of anaerobic bacteria in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections J. Urol. 126:852-853.
234. Riley, M., and A. Anilionis. 1978. Evolution of the bacterial genome. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 32:519-560.
235. Ritz, H. L. 1967. Microbial population shifts in developing human dental plaque. Arch. Oral Biol. 12:1561-1568.
236. Roberts, M. C., and J. Lansciardi. 1990. Transferable TetM in Fusobacterium nucleatum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34:1836-1838.
237. Roberts, M. C., and B. J. Moncla. 1988. Tetracycline resistance and TetM in oral anaerobic bacteria and Neisseria perflava-N. sicca. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:1271-1273.
238. Robrish, S. A., C. Oliver, and J. Thompson. 1987. Amino acid-dependent transport of sugars by Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953. J. Bacteriol. 169:3891-3897.
239. Robrish, S. A., C. Oliver, and J. Thompson. 1991. Sugar metabolism by fusobacteria: regulation of transport, phosphorylation, and polymer formation by Fusobacterium mortiferum ATCC 25557. Infect. Immun. 59:4547-4554.
240. Robrish, S. A., and J. Thompson. 1988. Suppression of polyglucose degradation in Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 by amino acids. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 55:29-34.
241. Robrish, S. A., and J. Thompson. 1990. Regulation of fructose metabolism and polymer synthesis by Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953. J. Bacteriol. 172:5714-5723.
242. Rogers, A. H., N. J. Gully, A. L. Pfennig, and P. S. Zilm. 1992. The breakdown and utilization of peptides by strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:299-303.
243. Rogers, A. H., P. S. Zilm, N. J. Gully, A. L. Pfennig, and P. D. Marsh. 1991. Some aspects of the growth and metabolism of Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 in continuous culture. Oral Microbiol. Immunol 6:250-255.
244. Rosenbusch, J. P. 1990. Structural and functional properties of porin channels in E. coli outer membranes. Experientia 46:167-173.
245. Rossano, F., A. Rizzo, M. R. Sangnes, G. Cipollaro de L'Ero, and M. A. Tufano. 1993. Human monocytes and gingival fibroblasts release tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α and interleukm-6 in response to particulate and soluble fractions of Prevotella melaninogenica and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Int. J. Clin. Res. 23:165-168.
246. Rowland, M. D., V. E. Del Bene, and J. W. Lewis. 1987 Factors affecting antimicrobial susceptibility of Fusobacterium species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:476-479.
247. Savitt, E. D., and S. S. Socransky. 1984. Distribution of certain subgingival microbial species in selected periodontal conditions. J. Periodont. Res. 19:111-123.
248. Sawai, T., R. Hiruma, N. Kawana, N. Kaneko, F. Taniyasu, and A. Inami. 1982. Outer membrane permeation of β-lactam antibiotics in Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 22:585-592.
249. 2 deficiency J. Infect. 24:321-325
250. Seow, W. K., G. J. Seymour, and Y. H. Thong. 1987. Direct modulation of human neutrophil adherence by coaggregating periodontopathic bacteria. Int. Arch. Appl. Immunol. 83:121-128.
251. Seymour, G. J. 1987. Possible mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. J. Dent. Res. 66:2-9.
252. Seymour, G. J., E. Gemmell, R. A. Reinhardt, J. Eastcott, and M. A. Taubman. 1993. Immunopathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J. Periodont. Res. 28:478-486.
253. Shah, H. N., and S. E. Gharbia. 1989. Ecological events in subgingival dental plaque with reference to Bacteroides and Fusobacterium species. Infection 17:264-268.
254. Shah, H. N., S. E. Gharbia, and M. I. N. Zhang. 1993 Measurement of electrical bioimpedance for studying utilization of amino acids and peptides by Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Treponema denticola. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16(Suppl 4):404-407.
255. Shammas N. W., G. W. Murphy, J. Eichelberger, D. Klee, R. Schwartz, and W. Bachman. 1993. Infective endocarditis due to Fusobacterium nucleatum: case report and review of the literature. Clin. Cardiol. 16:72-75.
256. Sharp, P. M., E. Cowe, D. G. Higgins, D. C. Shields, K. H. Wolfe, and F. Wright. 1988. Codon usage patterns in Eschenchia coli. Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens: a review of the considerable within-species diversity. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8207-8211.
257. Shenker, B. J. 1987. Immunologic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. J. Clin. Periodontol. 14:489-498.
258. Shenker, B. J., and J. M. DiRienzo. 1984. Suppression of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Immunol. 132:2357-2362.
259. Singer, R. E., and B. A. Buckner. 1981. Butyrate and propionate: important components of toxic dental plaque extracts. Infect. Immun. 32:458-463.
260. Skopek, R. J., W. F. Lilemark, C. G. Bloomquist, and J. D. Rudney. 1993. Dental plaque development on defined streptococcal surfaces. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 8:16-23.
261. Slots, J., T. V. Potts, and P. A. Mashimo. 1983. Fusobacterium periodonticum, a new species from the human oral cavity. J. Dent. Res. 62:960-963.
262. Slots, J., and T. E. Rams. 1990. Antibiotics in periodontal therapy: advantages and disadvantages. J. Clin. Periodontol. 17:479-493.
263. Socransky, S. S., and A. D. Haffajee. 1990. Microbiological risk factors for destructive periodontal diseases, p. 79-90. In J. D. Bader (ed.), Dental ecology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
264. Socransky, S. S., and A. D. Haffajee. 1992. The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease: current concepts. J. Periodontol. 63:322-331.
265. Socransky, S. S., A. D. Haffajee, and J. L. Dzink. 1988. Relationship of subgingival microbial complexes to clinical features at the sampled sites. J. Clin. Periodontol. 15:440-444.
266. Socransky, S. S., A. D. Haffajee, J. L. Dzink, and J. D. Hillman. 1988. Associations between microbial species in subgingival plaque samples. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 3:1-7
267. Socransky, S. S., A. D. Haffajee, G. L. F. Smith, and J. L. Dzink. 1987. Difficulties encountered in the search for the etiologic agents of destructive periodontal diseases. J. Clin. Periodontol. 14:588-593.
268. Söder, P.-Ö., L. J. Jin, and B. Söder. 1993. DNA probe detection of periodontopathogens in advanced periodontitis. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 101: 363-370.
269. Sorsa, T., T. Ingman, K. Suomalainen, M. Haapasalo, Y. T. Konttinen, O. Lindy, H. Saari, and V.-J. Uitto. 1992. Identification of proteases from periodontopathogenic bacteria as activators of latent human neutrophil and fibroblast-type interstitial collagenases. Infect. Immun. 60:4491-4495.
270. Spangler, S. K., M. R. Jacobs, and P. C. Appelbaum. 1994. Activity of WY-49605 compared with those of amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, cefaclor, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 384 anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:2599-2604.
271. Speer, B. S., N. B. Shoemaker, and A. A. Salyers. 1992. Bacterial resistance to tetracycline: mechanisms, transfer, and clinical significance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 5:387-399.
272. Stern, I. B. 1981. Current concepts of the dentogingival junction: the epithelial and connective tissue attachments to the tooth. J. Periodontol. 52: 465-476
273. Stevens, R. H., and B. F. Hammond. 1988. The comparative cytotoxity of periodontal bacteria. J. Periodontol. 59:741-749
274. Stewart-Tull, D. E. S. 1980. The immunological activities of bacterial peptidoglycans. Annu Rev Microbiol. 34:311-340.
275. Struyvé, M., J. Visser, H. Adriaanse, R. Benz, and J. Tommassen. 1993. Topology of the PhoE porin: the "eyelet" region. Mol. Microbiol. 7:131-140.
276. Sundquist, G. 1992. Associations between microbial species in dental root canal infections. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:257-262.
277. Sveen, K. 1977. The capacity of lipopolysaccharides from bacteroides, fusobacterium and veillonella to produce skin inflammation and local and generalized Schwartzman reaction in rabbits. J. Periodont. Res. 12:340-350
278. Sveen, K., T. Hofstad, and K. C. Milner. 1977. Lethality for mice and chick embryos, pyrogenicity in rabbits and ability to gelate lysate from amoebocytes of Limulus polyphemus by lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 85:388-396.
279. Takada, H., T. Ogawa, F. Yoshimura, K. Otsuka, S. Kokeguchi, K. Kato, T. Umemoto, and S. Kotani. 1988. Immunobiological activities of a porin fraction isolated from Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953. Infect. Immun. 56:855-863.
280. Takahashi, N., G. Eisenhuth, I. Lee, N. Laible, S. Binion, and C. Schachtele. 1992. Immunoglobulins in milk from cows immunized with oral strains of Actinomyces, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium. J. Dent. Res. 71:1509-1515.
281. Takemoto. T., M. Ozaki, M. Shirakawa, T. Hino, and H. Okamoto. 1993. Purification of arginine-sensitive hemagglutinin from Fusobacterium nucleatum and its role in coaggregation. J. Periodont. Res. 28:21-26.
282. Tanner, A., and H. Bouldin. 1989. The microbiota of early periodontitis lesions in adults. J. Clin. Periodontol. 16:467-471.
283. Tanner, A., M. F. J. Maiden, B. J. Paster, and F. E. Dewhirst. 1994. The impact of 16S ribosomal RNA-based phylogeny on the taxonomy of oral bacteria. Periodontology 2000 5:26-51.
284. Tanner, A. C. R., S. S. Socransky, and J. M. Goodson. 1984. Microbiota of periodontal pockets losing crestal alveolar bone. J. Periodont. Res. 19:279-291.
285. Taubman, M. A., E. D. Stoufi, G. J. Seymour, D. J. Smith, and J. L. Ebersole. 1988. Immunoregulatory aspects of periodontal disease. Adv. Dent. Res. 2:328-333.
286. Tew, J., D. Engle, and D. Mangan. 1989. Polyclonal B cell activation in periodontitis. J. Periodont. Res. 24:225-241.
287. Tew, J. G., D. R. Marshall, W. E. C. Moore, A. M. Best, K. G. Palcanis, and R. R. Ranney. 1985. Serum antibody reactive with predominant organisms m the subgingival flora of young adults with generalized severe periodontitis. Infect. Immun. 48:303-311.
288. Tew, J. G., S. S. Thomas, and R. R. Ranney. 1987. Fusobacterium nucleatum-mediated immunomodulation of the in vitro secondary antibody response to tetanus toxoid and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J. Periodont. Res 22:506-512.
289. Tolo, K., and K. Schenck. 1985. Activity of serum immunoglobulins G, A. and M to six anaerobic, oral bacteria in diagnosis of periodontitis. J. Periodont. Res. 20:113-121.
290. Tommassen, J. 1988. Biogenesis and membrane topology of outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli, p. 351-373. In J. A. F. Op den Kamp (ed.). Membrane biogenesis. NATO series, vol. H16. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
291. Tonzetich, J. 1977. Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J. Periodontol. 48:13-20.
292. Truant, A. L., S. Menge, K. Milliorn, R. Lairscey, and M. T. Kelly. 1983. Fusobacterium nucleatum pericarditis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17:349-351.
293. Tunér, K., E. J. Baron, P. Summanen, and S. M. Finegold. 1992. Cellular fatty acids in Fusobacterium species as a tool for identification. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:3225-3229.
294. Tunér, K., L. Lindqvist, and C. E. Nord. 1985. Characterization of a new β-laetamase from Fusobacterium nucleatum by surface profiles and chromatofocusing patterns. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 16:23-30.
295. Tuttle, R. S., and D. F. Mangan. 1990. Interaction of Fusobacterium nucleatum 191 with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Periodont. Res. 25:364-371
296. Tuttle, R. S., N. A. Strubel, J. Mourad, and D. F. Mangan. 1992. A non-lectin-like mechanism by which Fusobacterium nucleatum 10953 adheres to and activates human lymphocytes. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:78-83.
297. Van Dyke, T. E., E. Bartholomew, R. J. Genco, J. Slots, and M. J. Levine. 1982. Inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis by soluble bacterial products. J. Periodontol. 8:502-508.
298. Van Palenstein Heldermann, W. H. 1986. Is antibiotic treatment justified in the treatment of human chronic inflammatory periodontal disease? J. Clin. Periodontol. 13:932-938.
299. van Winkelhoff, A. J., M. J. A. M. P. Pavicic, and J. de Graaff. 1994. Antibiotics in periodontal therapy, p. 258-273. In N. P. Lang and T. Karring (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology. Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd., London.
300. Vasstrand, E. N. 1981 Lysozyme digestion and chemical characterization of the peptidoglycan of Fusobacterium nucleatum Fevl. Infect. Immun. 33:74-82
301. Vasstrand, E. N., T. Hofstad, C. Endresen, and IL B. Jensen. 1979. Demonstration of lanthionine as a natural constituent of the peptidoglycan of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect. Immun 25:775-780.
302. Vasstrand, E. N., and H. B. Jensen. 1984. Antibacterial properties of human lysozyme toward Fusobacterium nucleatum Fevl. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 92:109-119.
303. Vasstrand, E. N., H. B. Jensen, T. Miron, and T. Hofstad. 1982. Composition of peptidoglycans in Bacteroidaceae: determination and distribution of lanthionine. Infect. Immun 36:114-122.
304. Vincent, J. W., W. A. Falkler, Jr., W. C. Cornett, and J. B. Suzuki. 1987. Effect of periodontal therapy on specific antibody responses to suspected periodontopathogens. J. Clin. Periodontol. 14:412-417.
305. Vincent, J. W., J. B. Suzuki, W. A, Falkler, Jr., and W. C. Cornett. 1985. Reaction of human sera from juvenile periodontitis, rapidly progressive periodontitis and adult periodontitis patients with selected periodontopathogens. J. Periodontol. 56:464-469.
306. Wahl, S. M., G. L. Costa, D. E. Mizel, J. B. Allen, U. Skaleric, and D. F. Mangan. 1993. Role of transforming growth factor in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation. J. Periodontol. 64:450-455.
307. Walsh, L. J., F. Stritzel, K. Yamazaki, P. S. Bird, E. Gemmell, and G. J. Seymour. 1989. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 inhibitor production by human adherent cells stimulated with periodontopathic bacteria. Arch. Oral Biol. 34:679-683.
308. Weisburg, W. G., S. M. Barns, D. A. Pelletier, and D. J. Lane. 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol. 173:697-703.
309. Weiss, M. S., U. Abele, J. Weckesser, W. Weltz, E. Schlitz, and G. E. Schulz. 1991 Molecular architecture and electrostatic properties of a bacterial porin Science 254:1627-1630.
310. Weiss, M. S., A. Kreusch, E. Schiltz, U. Nestel, W. Welte, J. Weckesser, and G. E. Schulz. 1991. The structure of porin from Rhodobacter capsulatus at 1.8 Å resolution. FEBS Lett. 280:379-382.
311. Wikström, M., S. Renvert, G. Dahlén, and T. Johnsson. 1991. Variance in recovery of periodontitis-associated bacteria caused by sampling technique and laboratory processing. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 6:102-106.
312. Williams, B. L., J. L. Ebersole, M. D. Spektor, and R. C. Page. 1985. Assessment of serum antibody patterns and analysis of subgingival microflora of members of a family with high prevalence of early-onset periodontitis. Infect. Immun. 49:742-750.
313. Williams, J. D., J. P. Maskell, H. Shain, G. Chrysos, A. M. Sefton, H. Y. Fraser, and J. M. Hardie. 1992. Comparative in-vitro activity of azithromycin, macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin and spiramycin) and streptogramin RP 59500 against oral organisms. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 30:27-37.
314. Wilton, J. M. A., N. W. Johnson, M. A. Curtis, I. R. Gillett, R. J. Carman, J. L. M. Bampton, G. S. Griffiths, and J. A. C. Sterne. 1991. Specific antibody responses to subgingival bacteria as aids to the diagnosis of destructive periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 18:1-15.
315. Winkler, J. R., S. R. John, R. H. Kramer, C. I. Hoover, and P. A. Murray. 1987. Attachment of oral bacteria to a basement-membrane-like matrix and to purified matrix proteins. Infect. Immun. 55:2721-2726.
316. Woese, C. R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 51:221-271.
317. Woese, C. R., E. Stackebrandt, T. J. Macke, and G. E. Fox. 1985. A phylogenetic definition of the major eubacterial taxa. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 6:143-151.
318. Wyss, C. 1993. Aspartame as a source of essential phenylalanine for the growth of oral anaerobes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 108:255-258.
319. Xie, H., R. J. Gibbons, and D. I. Hay. 1991. Adhesive properties of strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum of the subspecies nucleatum. vincentii and polymorphum. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 6:257-263.