Hyperactivity: Is Candy Causal?

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 36, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 31-47

  Krummel, Debra A ^a   Seligson, Frances H ^b   Guthrie, Helen A ^c  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b The Hershey Company   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; Artificial colors; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Children; Chocolate; Feingold diet; Sugar

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; SUCROSE; SUGAR;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CACAO; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERKINESIA; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CACAO; CAFFEINE; CANDY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERKINESIS; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; SUCROSE;

THEOBROMA CACAO;

EID: 0030061212     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408399609527717     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., APA, Washington, D.C., 1987.
2. Trites, R. L., Dugas, E., Lynch, G., and Ferguson, H. B., Prevalence of hyperactivity, J. Pediatr. Psychol., 4, 179, 1979.
3. Lambert, N. M., Sandoval, J. H., and Sassone, D. M., Prevalence estimates of hyperactivity in school-children, Pediatr. Ann., 7, 68, 1978.
4. NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement: Defined diets and childhood hyperactivity, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 37, 161, 1983.
5. Conners, C. K., Feeding the Brain: How Foods Affect Children, Plenum Press, New York, 1989.
6. McLoughlin, J. A. and Nall, M., Teacher opinion of the role of food allergy on school behavior and achievement, Ann. Allergy, 61, 89, 1988.
7. Committee on Children with Disability. Committee on Drugs, Medication for children with an attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics, 80, 758, 1987.
8. Rapoport, J. L., Diet and hyperactivity, Nutr. Rev., 44, 158, 1986.
9. Schwab, E. K. and Conners, C. K., Nutrient-behavior research with children: methods, considerations, and evaluation, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 86, 319, 1986.
10. Milich, R., Wolraich, M., and Lindgren, S., Sugar and hyperactivity: a critical review of empirical findings, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 6, 493, 1986.
11. Kruesi, M. J. and Rapoport, J. L., Diet and human behavior: how much do they affect each other, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 6, 113, 1986.
12. Kruesi, M. J., Rapoport, J. L., Berg, C., Stables, G., and Bou, E., Seven-day carbohydrate and other nutrient intakes of preschool boys alleged to be behavior responsive to sugar intake and their peers, in Nutrients and Brain Function, Essman, W. B., Ed., Basel, Karger, 1987.
13. The National Advisory Committee on Hyperkinesis and Food Additives. Report to the Nutrition Foundation, The Nutrition Foundation, New York, 1975.
14. Interagency Collaborative Group on Hyperkinesis: First Report of the Preliminary Findings and Recommendations, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1975.
15. Milich, M., Wolraich, M., and Lindgren, S., Sugar and attention deficit disorder: methodological issues, in Nutrients and Brain Function, Essman, W. B., Ed., Basel, Karger, 1987, 138.
16. Gittelman, R., Nutrition assessment of the classroom behavior of hyperactive children, Nutr. Rev., 44, 135, 1986.
17. Feingold, B., Food additives and child development, Hospital Pract., 8, 11, 1973.
18. Conners, C. K., Food Additives and Hyperactive Children, Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
19. Feingold, B. F., Hyperkinesis and learning disabilities linked to the ingestion of artificial food colors and flavors, J. Learning Disabil., 9, 19, 1976.
20. Morrison, M., The Feingold Diet, Science, 199, 840, 1978.
21. Wender, E. H., The food additive-free diet in the treatment of behavior disorders: a review, J. Developmental Behavioral Pediatr., 7, 35, 1986.
22. Conners, C. K., Goyette, C. H., Southwick, D. A., Lees, J. M., and Andrulonis, P. A., Food additives and hyperkinesis: a controlled double-blind experiment, Pediatrics, 58, 154, 1976.
23. Harley, J. P., Ray, R. S., Tomasi, L., Eichman, P. L., Matthews, C. G., Chun, R., Cleeland, C. S., and Traisman, E., Hyperkinesis and food additives: testing the Feingold hypothesis, Pediatrics, 61, 818, 1978.
24. Harley, J. P., Matthews, C. G., and Eichman, P., Synthetic food colors and hyperactivity in children: a double-blind challenge experiment, Pediatrics, 62, 975, 1978.
25. Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., Petti, T. A., and Curtis, L. E., Effects of artificial colors on hyperkinetic children: a double-blind challenge study, Psychopharm. Bull., 14, 39, 1978.
26. Mattes, J. and Gittelman-Klein, R., A cross over study of artificial food colorings in a hyperkinetic child, Am. J. Psychiatry, 135, 987, 1978.
27. Mattes, J. and Gittelman, R., Effects of artificial food colorings in children with hyperactive symptoms, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 38, 714, 1981.
28. Swanson, J. M. and Kinsbourne, M., Food dyes impair performance of hyperactive children on a laboratory learning test, Science, 27, 1485, 1980.
29. Wender, E. H., New evidence on food additives and hyperkinesis. A critical analysis, Am. J. Dis. Child., 134, 1122, 1980.
30. Kavale, K. A., Forness, S. R., Hyperactivity and diet treatment: a meta-analysis of the Feingold hypothesis, J. Learning Disabil., 16, 324, 1983.
31. Williams, J. I., Cram, D. M., Tausig, F. T., and Webster, E., Relative effects of drugs and diet on hyperactive behaviors: an experimental study, Pediatrics, 61, 811, 1978.
32. Stancin, T., Christopher, N., and Coury, D., Reported practices of pediatric residents in the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Am. J. Dis. Child., 144, 1329, 1990.
33. Prinz, R., Roberts, W., and Hantman, E., Dietary correlates of hyperactive behavior in children, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 48, 760, 1980.
34. Monsen, E. R. and Cheney, C. L., Research methods: design, data analysis, and presentation, in Research: Successful Approaches, Monsen, E. R., Ed., The American Dietetic Association, Chicago, 1992, 1.
35. Barling, J. and Bullen, G., Dietary factors and hyperactivity: a failure to replicate, J. Genetic Psychol., 146, 117, 1984.
36. Wolraich, M. L., Stumbo, P. J., Milch, R., Chenard, C., and Schultz, F., Dietary characteristics of hyperactive and control boys, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 86, 500, 1986.
37. Kaplan, B. J., McNicol, J., Conte, R. A., and Moghadam, H. K., Overall nutrient intake of preschool hyperactive and normal boys, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 17, 127, 1989.
38. Gross, M. D., Effect of sucrose on hyperkinetic children, Pediatrics, 74, 876, 1984.
39. Wolraich, M., Milich, R., Stumbo, P., and Schultz, F., Effects of sucrose ingestion on the behavior of hyperactive boys, J. Pediatr., 106, 675, 1985.
40. Milich, R. and Pelham, W. E., The effects of sugar ingestion on the classroom and play group behavior of attention deficit disordered boys, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 54, 714, 1986.
41. Behar, D., Rapoport, J. L., Adams, A. J., Berg, C. J., and Cornblath, M., Sugar challenge testing with children considered behaviorally sugar reactive, Nutr. Behav., 1, 277, 1984.
42. Wender, E. H. and Solanto, M. V., Effects of sugar on aggressive and inattentive behavior in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and normal children, Pediatrics, 88, 960, 1991.
43. Ferguson, H. B., Stoddart, C., and Simeon, J. G., Double-blind challenge studies of behavioral and cognitive effects of sucrose-aspartame ingestion in normal children, Nutr. Rev., 44, 144, 1986.
44. Mahan, L. L., Chase, M., Furukawa, C. T., Sulzbacher, S., Shapiro, G. G., Pierson, W. E., and Bierman, C. W., Sugar allergy and children's behavior, Ann. Allergy, 61, 453, 1988.
45. Rosen, L. A., Bender, M. E., Sorrell, S., Booth, S. R., McGrath, M. L., and Drabman, R. S., Effects of sugar (sucrose) on children's behavior, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 56, 583, 1988.
46. Goldman, J. A., Lerman, R. H., Contois, J. H., and Udall, J. N., Behavioral effects of sucrose on preschool children, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 14, 565, 1986.
47. Roshon, M. S. and Hagen, R. L., Sugar consumption, locomotion, task orientation, and learning in preschool children, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 17, 349, 1989.
48. Kruesi, M. J., Rapoport, J. L., Cummings, M., Berg, C. J., Ismond, D. R., Flament, M., Yarrow, M., and Zahn-Waxler, C., Effects of sugar and aspartame on aggression and activity in children, Am. J. Psychiatry, 144, 1487, 1987.
49. Glinsmann, W. H., Irausquin, H., and Park, Y. K., Evaluation of health aspects of sugars contained in carbohydrate sweeteners, J. Nutr., 116, S1, 1986.
50. Gans, D. A., Behavioral disorders associated with food components, in Food Toxicology, Taylor, S., Scanlan, R., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989.
51. Bennett, F. C. and Sherman, R., Management of childhood hyperactivity by primary care physicians, J. Developmental Behavioral Pediatr., 4, 88, 1983.
52. Stephenson, P. E., Physiologic and psychotropic effects of caffeine on man, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 71, 240, 1977.
53. Committee on Diet and Health. Food and Nutrition Board. Commission on Life Sciences. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1989.
54. Institute of Food Technologists, Chicago.
55. Rapoport, J. L., Berg, C. J., Ismond, D. R., Zahn, T. P., and Neims, A., Behavioral effects of caffeine in children. Relationship between dietary choice and effects of caffeine challenge, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 41, 1073, 1984.
56. Wender, E. H., Hyperactivity and the food additive-free diet, J. Florida Med. Assoc., 66, 466, 1979.
57. Lucas, B. and Sells, C. J., Nutrient intake and stimulant drugs in hyperactive children, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 70, 373, 1977.