Capillary electrophoresis

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 29-34

  Novotny, Milos V ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLYCOCONJUGATE; NUCLEIC ACID; PROTEIN;

ANALYTIC METHOD; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; IMMUNOASSAY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NUCLEIC ACID ANALYSIS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN BINDING; PULSED FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0030060009     PISSN: 09581669     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0958-1669(96)80091-7     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Emmett MR, Caprioli RM: Microelectrospray mass spectrometry ultra-high-sensitivity analysis of peptides and proteins. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 1994, 5:605-613.
2. Cole RB, Varghese J, McCormick RM, Kadlecek D: Evaluation of a novel hydrophilic darivatized capillary for protein analysis by capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:363-373.
3. Kriger MS, Cook KD, Ramsey RS: Durable gold-coated fused silica capillaries for use in electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1995, 67:385-389.
4. Amankwa LN, Harder K, Jirik F, Aebersold R: High sensitivity determination of tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides by on-line enzyme reactor and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Protein Sci 1995, 4:113-125. This paper is an excellent example of structural work accomplished through a combination of biochemical principles and modern CE/MS instrumentation.
5. Hofstadler SA, Swanek FD, Gale DC, Ewing AG, Smith RD: Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for direct analysis of cellular proteins. Anal Chem 1995, 67:1477-1480. FTMS currently represents the most powerful approach for the structural elucidation of biomolecules at high resolution (providing the exact molecular mass and isotopic distribution). In this study, small-bore capillaries are coupled to FTMS for the analysis of single cells.
6. Weinmann W, Parker CE, Deterding LJ, Papac DI, Hoyes J, Przybylski M, Tomer KB: Capillary electrophoresis matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of proteins. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:353-361.
7. Walker KL, Chiu RW, Monnig CA, Wilkins CL: Off-line coupling of capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1995, 67:4197-4204.
8. Patterson DH, Tarr GE, Regnier, FE, Martin SA: C-terminal ladder sequencing via matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry coupled with carboxypeptidase Y time-dependent and concentration-dependent digestions. Anal Chem 1995, 67:3971-3978. The technological innovation reported here represents a major advance in investigating peptide fractions trapped using CE. Sub-picomole quantities can be sequenced (with the exception of two pairs of amino acids). Following this example, additional enzymatic treatment procedures are likely to be developed.
9. Shear JB, Fishman HA, Allbritton NL, Garigan NL, Zare RN, Scheller RH: Single cells as biosensors for chemical separations. Science 1995, 267:74-77. See annotation for [10••].
10. Fishman HA, Orwar O, Scheller RH, Zare RN: Identification of receptor ligands and receptor subtypes using antagonists in a capillary electrophoresis single-cell biosensor separation system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:7877-7881. In this paper and [9••], Zare and co-workers develop a microscale biosensor system that can be used to identify biological activities of CE-separated analytes, including structurally similar compounds. The efficacy of the technique is demonstrated through the inhibition of cellular receptors using specific antagonists.
11. Jacobson SC, Koutny LB, Hergenröder R, Moore AW Jr, Ramsey JM: Microchip capillary electrophoresis with an Integrated post-column reactor. Anal Chem 1994, 66:3472-3476. See annotation for [12••].
12. Jacobson SC, Hergenröder R, Moore AW Jr, Ramsey JM: Precolumn reactions with electrophoretic analysis integrated on a microchip. Anal Chem 1994, 66:4127-4132. Although electrophoretic separations on a microchip have been reported previously, this paper and [11••] provide the first convincing case for effective integration of biochemically relevant precolumn and postcolumn processes to CE (without sacrificing separation efficiency).
13. Woolley AT, Mathies RA: Ultrahigh-speed DNA fragment separations using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chips. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:11348-11352. See annotation for [14••].
14. Woolley AT, Mathies RA: Ultrahigh-speed DNA sequencing using capillary electrophoresis chips. Anal Chem 1995, 67:3676-3680. This paper and [13••] appear to bring very close to reality the often discussed (idealized) concept of fast, parallel DNA sequencing and fingerprinting on a microchip, perhaps the ultimate way of doing this type of analysis.
15. Culbertson CT, Jorgenson JW: Flow counter-balanced capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 1994, 66:955-962. In this study, CE with opposing hydrodynamic flow is shown to effectively prolong the column length, albeit at the account of longer analysis times. Although this scheme does not effectively handle complex mixtures, very significantly enhanced resolution of structurally similar solutes (e.g. molecules with different isotopic abundance) occurs in a narrow electromigration window.
16. Gilges M, Kleemis MH, Schomburg G: Capillary zone electrophoresis separations of basic and acidic proteins using poly(vinyl alcohol) coatings in fused-silica capillaries. Anal Chem 1994, 66:2038-2046.
17. O'Neill K, Shao X, Zhao Z, Malik A, Lee ML: Capillary electrophoresis of nucleotides on Ucon-coated fused-silica columns.nal Biochem 1994, 222:185-189.
18. Huang M, Dubrovcakova-Schneiderman E, Novotny MV, Fatunmbi HO, Wirth MJ: Use of self-assembled alkylsilane monolayers for the preparation of stable and efficient coatings in capillary electrophoresis. J Microcolumn Separ 1994, 6:571-576.
19. Huang M, Plocek J, Novotny MN: Hydrolytically stable cellulose-derivative coatings for capillary electrophoresis of peptides, proteins and glycoconjugates. Electrophoresis 1995, 16:396-401.
20. Basak SK, Ladisch MR: Correlation of electrophoretic mobilities of proteins and peptides with their physicochemical properties. Anal Biochem 1995, 226:51-58.
21. Nashabeh W, Greve KF, Kirby D, Foret F, Karger BL, Reifsnyder DH, Builder SE: Incorporation of hydrophobic selectivity in capillary electrophoresis: analysis of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I variants. Anal Chem 1994, 66:2146-2154. Straight CE systems sometimes lack selectivity for resolving fine structural differences. In this study, mixed aqueous/organic systems with a zwitterionic detergent (a hydrophobic selector) were effective in adding hydrophobic interactions to the usual CE process according to charge-to-mass ratio.
22. Reif OW, Freitag R: Control of the cultivation process of antithrombin II and its characterization by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:383-394.
23. Strege MA, Schmidt DF, Kreuzman A, Dotzlaf J, Yeh WK, Kaiser RE, Lagu AL: Capillary electrophoretic analysis of serine hydroxymethyltransferase in Escherichia coli fermentation broth. Anal Biochem 1994, 223:198-204.
24. Licklider L, Kuhr WG, Lacey MY, Keough T, Purdon MP, Takigiku R: Online microreactors/capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry for the analysis of proteins and peptides. Anal Chem 1995, 67:4170-4177.
25. Shimura K, Karger BL: Affinity probe capillary electrophoresis: analysis of recombinant human growth hormone with a fluorescent labeled antibody fragment. Anal Chem 1994, 66:9-15.
26. Chen FTA: Characterization of charge-modified and fluorescein-labeled antibody by capillary electrophoresis using laser-induced fluorescence: application to immunoassay at low level immunoglobulin A. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:419-423.
27. Schultz NM, Huang L, Kennedy RT: Capillary electrophoresis based immunoassay to determine insulin content and insulin secretion from single islet of Langerhans. Anal Chem 1995, 67:924-929. This is an excellent example of a CE-based highly sensitive immunoassay at the microscale. Using such methodologies, small biological objects (e.g. an islet of Langerhans) can be directly probed.
28. Chen FTA, Sternberg JC: Characterization of proteins by capillary electrophoresis in fused-silica columns - review on serum-protein analysis and application to immunoassays. Electrophoresis 1994, 15:13-21.
29. Liu J, Volk KJ, Lee MS, Kerns EH, Rosenberg IE: Affinity capillary electrophoresis applied to the studies of interactions of a member of heat shock protein family with an immunosuppressant. Chromatogr A 1994, 680:395-403.
30. Nadeau K, Nadler SG, Saulneir M, Tepper MA, Walsh CT: Quantitation of the interaction of the immunosuppressant deoxyspergualin and analogs with Hsc70 and Hsp90. Biochemistry 1994, 33:2561-2567.
31. Liu J, Volk JF, Lee MS, Pucci M, Handwerger S: Binding studies of vancomycin to the cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursors by affinity capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 1994, 66:2412-2416.
32. Kuhn R, Frei R, Christen M: Use of capillary affinity electrophoresis for the determination of lectin-sugar interactions. Anal Biochem 1994, 218:131-135.
33. Sun P, Hoops A, Hartwick RA: Enhanced albumin protein separations and protein-drug binding constant measurements using anti-inflammatory drugs as run buffer additives in affinity capillary electrophoresis. Chromatogr B 1994, 661:335-340.
34. Heegaard NHH: Determination of antigen-antibody affinity by immunocapillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:405-412. See annotation for [35•].
35. Mammon M, Gomez FA, Whitesides GM: Determination of the binding of Uganda containing the N-2,4-dinitrophenyl group to bivalent monoclonal rat anti-DNP antibody using affinity capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 1995, 67:3526-3535. In this paper and [34•], examples are shown thai extend the application of ACE to the study of antigen-antibody interactions. Such investigations are likely to increase in frequency in the near future.
36. Chu YH, Kirby DP, Karger BL: Free solution identification of candidate peptides from combinatorial libraries by affinity capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 1995, 117:5419-5420.
37. Chu YH, Lees WJ, Stassinopoulos A, Walsh CT: Using affinity capillary electrophoresis to determine binding stoichiometries in protein-ligand interactions. Biochemistry 1994, 33:10616-10621. These authors use the appearance of the negative peak in electropherograms as a criterion for the binding of a ligand to a receptor protein. Quantification of the free ligand peak as a function of the total ligand concentration at a constant concentration of receptor protein provides the key to binding stoichiometry. This rapid and sensitive method is likely to find increased application.
38. Srivatsa SG, Batt M, Schuette J, Carlson RH, Fitchett J, Lee C, Cole DL: Quantitative capillary gel electrophoresis assay of phosphorothloata oligonucleotides in pharmaceutical formulations. J Chromatogr A 1984, 680:469-477.
39. Lu H, Arriaga E, Chen DY, Dovichi NJ: High-speed and high accuracy DNA sequencing by capillary gel electrophoresis in a single, low cost instrument: two-color peak-height encoded sequencing at 40°C. Chromatogr A 1994, 680:497-501.
40. Fung EN, Yeung ES: High-speed DNA-sequendng by using mixed poly(ethylene oxide) solutions in uncoated capillary columns. Anal Chem 1995, 67:1913-1919. This study shows the importance of the use of appropriate separation matrices and parallel separation channels in rapid DNA sequencing.
41. Mayer P, Slater GW, Drouin G: Theory of DNA sequencing using free-solution electrophoresis of protein-DNA complexes. Anal Chem 1994, 66:1777-1780. Appending a DNA strand with a suitable end-label (e.g. a monodisperse polypeptide) can generate a frictional increment in electrophoretic mobility, enabling a size-dependent separation without the use of a gel matrix. These authors suggest resolution of at least 2000 bases per sequencing reaction is theoretically possible within minutes; however, no practical demonstration of this has been given as yet.
42. Van der Schans MJ, Allen JK, Wanders BJ, Guttman A: Evaluation of sample matrix and Injection plug on dsDNA migration in capillary gel electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:511-516.
43. Williams PE, Marino MA, Del Rio SA, Turni LA, Devaney JM: Analysis of DNA restriction fragments and polymerase chain reaction products by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:525-540. CE technology using gel-filled capillaries is becoming rapidly capable of routine DNA fingerprinting and analysis of PCR products. This study provides some crucial details and critically evaluates different technical aspects.
44. Arakawa H, vetanaka K, Maeda M, Tsuji A, Matsubara Y, Narisawa K: Analysis of poiymerase chain reaction-product by capillary electrophoresis with laser-Induced fluorescence detection and Its application to the diagnosis of medium-chain acylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:517-523. This study is a good example of the recent successful attempts to use CE in the genetic analysis of human diseases. Reports of the use of CE in distinguishing single-point mutations will become increasingly common in the future.
45. Sudor J, Novotny M: Separation of large DNA fragments by capillary electrophoresis under pulsed-field conditions. Anal Chem 1994, 66:2446-2450. See annotation for [46••].
46. Sudor J, Novotny M: The mobility minima in pulsed-field capillary electrophoresis of large DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1995, 23:2538-2543. This paper and [45••] detail the development of pulsed-field CE for the separation of large double-stranded DNA. Its advantages over the slab-gel techniques include a ∼50-fold increase in the separation speed, sensitivity and quantitative capabilities. Improved component resolution can be achieved through appropriate pulsed-field gradients. Although the method is quite reproducible up to ∼100kb pair sizes, Mitnik er al. [47] caution about increased aggregation with larger DNA sizes, under the typical conditions of pulsed-field CE.
47. Mitnik L, Heller C, Prost J, Viovy JL: Segregation in DNA solutions induced by electric fields. Science 1995, 267:219-222.
48. Morbeck DE, Madden BJ, McCormick DJ: Analysis of the microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein chorionic gonadotropin with high-performance capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1994, 680:217-224.
49. Karamanos NK, Azelsson S, Vanky P, Tzanakakis GN, Hjerpe A: Determination of hyaluronan and galactosaminoglycan disaccharides by high-performance capillary electrophoresis at the attomole level. J Chromatogr A 1995, 696:295-305.
50. Novotny M, Sudor J: High-performance capillary electrophoresis of glycoconjugates. Electrophoresis 1993, 14:373-389.
51. Oefner PJ, Chiesa C: Capillary electrophoresis of carbohydrates. Glycobiology 1994, 4:397-412.
52. Chen FTA, Evangelista RA: Analysis of mono- and oligosaccharide isomers derivatlzed with 9-aminopyrene-1-4-6-trisulfonate by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Biochem 1995, 230:273-280. This paper describes a valuable addition to the area of fluorescence labeling chemistry for carbohydrate analysis. Monosaccharide and oligosaccharide isomers, derivatized with 9-aminopyrene-L-5,6-trisulfonate, are compatible with both the typical conditions for CE and use of the argon-ion laser.
53. Stefansson M, Novotny M: Separation of complex oligosaccharide mixtures by capillary electrophoresis in the open tubular format. Anal Chem 1994, 66:1134-1140. See annotation for [54••].
54. Stefansson M, Novotny M: Resolution of the branched forms of oligosaccharides by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. Carbohydrate Res 1994, 258:1-9. Natural oligosaccharide mixtures can be exceedingly complex. This paper and [53••] show that, more than any other available technique, the combination of CE and debranching enzyme digests can reveal the complexity of carbohydrate samples.
55. Stefansson M, Novotny M: Modification of the electrophoretic mobility of neutral and charged polysaccharides. Anal Chem 1994, 66:3466-3471.
56. Zhao JY, Dovichi ND, Hindsgaul O, Gosseliw S, Palcic MM: Detection of 100 molecules of product formed In a fucosyltransferase reaction. Glycobiology 1994, 4:239-242. See annotation for [57••].
57. Zhang Y, Le X, Dovichi NJ, Compston CS, Palcic MM, Diedrich P, Hindsgaul O: Monitoring biosynthetic transformations of N-acetyllactosamine using fluorescently labelled oligosaccharides and capillary electrophoretic separation. Anal Biochem 1995, 227:368-376. This paper and [56••] demonstrate the remarkable sensitivity of CE/LIF in glycoconjugate analysis. Using this or similar techniques, scientists should be able to both analyze the mechanisms of glycosylation at the single-cell level and answer some longstanding questions in glycobiology.