Dietary fatty acids and lipoprotein metabolism

Current Opinion in Lipidology

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 155-161

  Lichtenstein, Alice H ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; LIVER TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; PALMITIC ACID; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE STEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; STEARIC ACID;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIETARY INTAKE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; KINETICS; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030059133     PISSN: 09579672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199606000-00008     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ: Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1965, 17:281-295.
2. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F: Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet. IV. Particular saturated fatty acids in the diet. Metabolism 1965, 14:776-787.
3. Watson TD: New in-vivo techniques for measuring lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 1995, 6:182-186.
4. Grundy SM: Influence of stearic acid on cholesterol metabolism relative to other long-chain fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 60:9863-990S.
5. Ahrens EH, Hirsch J, Insull W, Tasltas TT, Blomstrand R, Peterson ML: The influence of dietary fats on serum-lipid levels in man. Lancet 1957, 1:943-953.
6. Yu S, Derr J, Etherton TD, Kris-Etherton PM: Plasma cholesterol-predictive equations demonstrate that stearic acid is neutral and monounsaturated fatty acids are hypocholesterolemic. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 61:1129-1139.
7. Emken E: Metabolism of dietary stearic acid relative to other fatty acids in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 60:1023S-1028S. The review summarized data on the metabolism of individual fatty acids using stable isotope labeled fatty acids as tracer compounds. The data indicate that, in healthy males, stearic acid is desaturated to oleic acid about 2.4 times faster than palmitic acid is desaturated to palmitoleic acid.
8. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Rohwedder WK, Gulley RM: Influence of linoleic acid on desaturatjon and uptake of deuterium-labeled palmitic and stearic acids in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1170:173-181.
9. Tholstrup T, Marckmann P, Jespersen J, Sandstrom B: Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 59:371-377. The effect of a diet high in shea nut oil (stearic acid), palm oil (palmitic acid) or palm kernel plus high oleic sunflower oils (myristic plus lauric acids) on plasma lipid levels was assessed in young healthy male subjects. Compared with the period when the subjects consumed the diet high in palmitic acid or myristic plus lauric acids, the diet high in stearic acid resulted in lower levels of total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol as well as apoB and apoA-l. Compared with the period when the subjects consumed the diet high in palmitic acid only, the diet high in stearic acid resulted in a lower ratio of LDL-to HDL-cholesterol.
10. Tholstrup T, Marckmann P, Vessby B, Sandstrom B: Effect of fats high in individual saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoprotein (a) levels in young healthy men. J Lipid Res 1995, 36:1447-1452.
11. Dougherty RM, Allman MA, Iacono JM: Effects of diets containing high or low amounts of stearic acid on plasma lipoprotein fractions and fecal fatty acid excretion of men. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 61:1120-1128. The response to diets high in either palmitic or stearic acids on plasma lipid levels was determined in healthy middle-aged males fed natural food diets designed to differ in fatty acid composition by varying the levels of Shea butter, palm oil and butter. Dietary palmitic acid was more hypercholesterolemic than stearic acid. There were notable discrepancies in plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels identified while subjects ate the diet high in stearic but not palmitic acid between the 20 and 40 day time-points.
12. Tholstrup T, Marckmann P, Jespersen J, Vessby B, Jart A, Sandstrom B: Effect on blood lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis of a fat high in myristic acid and a fat high in palmitic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 60:919-925.
13. Zock PL, De Vries JHM, Katan KB: Impact of myristic acid versus palmitic acid on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women and men. Arterioscler Thromb 1994, 14:567-575. The effect of diets high in myristic acid (custom-synthesized high myristic acid oil), palmitic acid (palm oil) and oleic acid (high oleic acid sunflower oil) on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations was assessed in healthy female and male subjects. Total and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher after the individuals consumed the diets enriched in myristic acid, compared with palmitic acid, and lowest afler consuming the diet high in oleic acid. HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I levels were highest afler the subjects consumed the diet high in myristic acid, and similar after consuming the other two diets.
14. Schwab US, Niskanen LK, Maliranta HM, Savolainen MJ, Kesaniemi A, Uusitupa MIJ: Lauric and palmitic acid-enriched diets have minimal impact on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and glucose metabolism in healthy young women. J Nutr 1995, 125:466-473. The substitution of oils high in palmitic acid (palm oil) or lauric acid (coconut oil) in the habitual diets of healthy young women resulted in no significant differences in the levels of total, VLDL-, LDL- or HDL-cholesterol, apoB or apoA-I or CETP activity.
15. Nestel P, Clifton P, Noakes M: Effects of increasing dietary palmitoleic acid compared with palmitic and oleic acids on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic men. J Lipid Res 1994, 35:656-662. Hypercholesterolemic men consumed diets supplemented with products rich in high oleic Trisun oil (oleic acid), palm oil (palmitic acid) or macadamia oil (palmitoleic acid). Plasma total and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher during the periods when the products made with palmitic or palmitoleic acids were used, rather than oleic acid. HDL-cholesterol levels were highest after consumption of diets high in palmitic or oleic acids, and lowest after consumption of diets supplemented with palmitoleic acid.
16. Howard BV, Hannah JS, Heiser CC, Jablonski KA, Paidi MC, Alarif L, Robbins DC, Howard WJ: Polyunsaturated fatty acids result in greater cholesterol lowering and less triacylglycerol elevation than do monounsaturated fatty acids in a dose-response comparison in a multiracial study group. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62:392-402. A cross-cultural and gender comparison assessed the impact of altering the relative amounts of dietary MUFA (17% to 6%) and PUFA (3% to 14%) in four diets, consistent with Step 1 guidelines. A progressive decrease in the total and LDL-cholesterol levels and increase in triglyceride levels was noted as the PUFA content of the diet increased, whereas no trend in the levels of HDL-cholesterol levels was reported. The responses of females and males, and African American and white individuals was similar. The hypocholesterolemic response was greater in individuals with higher baseline cholesterol levels and less in individuals with higher body mass indices.
17. Ginsberg HN, Karmally W, Barr SL, Johnson C, Holleran S, Ramakrishnan R: Effects of increasing dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids within the guidelines of the AHA Step 1 diet on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in normal males. Arterioscler Thromb 1994, 14:892-901. Young healthy males were provided with an average American diet, Step 1 diet relatively high in MUFA and a similar diet relatively high in PUFA. Both reduced-fat diets lowered plasma total and LDL-cholesterol to a similar degree compared with an average American diet. HDL-cholesterol levels fell on all diets and differences among diets were not statistically significant. No significant differences between the two low fat diets with respect to apoB concentrations or LDL-apoB fractional catabolic rate and apoA-I levels or HDL-apoA-I fractional catabolic rate were observed.
18. Valsta LM, Jauhiamen M, Aro A, Katan MB, Mutanen M: Effects of a monounsaturated rapeseed oil and a polyunsaturated sunflower oil diet on lipoprotein levels in humans. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12:50-57.
19. Valsta LM, Jauhiainen M, Aro A, Salminen I, Mutanen M: The effect on serum lipoprotein levels of two monounsaturated fat rich diets differing in their linoleic and α-linolenic acid contents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1995, 5:129-140. To determine whether the hypocholesterolemic effect of rapeseed oil was due to α-linolenic acid, healthy volunteers were fed diets high in low erucic acid rapeseed oil (α-linolenic acid) and Tri-sun sunflower oil (high in linoleic acid). Plasma lipid levels were similar at the end of both dietary intervention, suggesting that substituting α-linolenic for linoleic acids did not account for the lower plasma lipid levels.
20. Rudel LL, Parks JS, Sawyer JK: Compared with dietary monounsaturated and saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat protects African Green Monkeys from coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995, 15:2101-2120. African green monkeys were fed diets high in SFA, MUFA and PUFA for 5 years and the impact on the lipoprotein response and degree of coronary artery atherosclerosis assessed. Monkeys fed the diet high in SFA had higher total and LDL-cholesterol levels than either of the other dietary groups HDL-cholesterol levels were lowest and LDL particle size largest in the monkeys fed the diet high in PUFA and comparable in monkeys fed the diets high in SFA and MUFA. LDL-cholesteryl oleate enrichment was highest and LDL- to HDL-cholesterol ratios lowest in the monkeys fed the MUFA-ennched diet. The intimal area effected by coronary artery atherosclerosis was lowest in monkeys fed the diets high in PUFA compared with SFA or MUFA.
21. Carr TP, Traber MG, Haines JL, Kayden HL, Parks JS, Rudel LL: Interrelationships of α-tocopherol with plasma lipoproteins in African green monkeys: effects of dietary fats. J Lipid Res 1993, 34:1863-1871.
22. Rudel LL, Johnson FL, Sawyer JK, Wilson MS, Parks JS: Dietary polyunsaturated fat modifies low-density lipoproteins and reduces atherosclerosis of nonhuman primates with high and low diet responsiveness. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62:463S-470S. The effects of dietary fatty acids and level of cholesterol was compared in two species of monkeys: diet-induced susceptible (cynomolgus monkey) and less susceptible (African green monkey) The diets high in PUFA resulted in lower concentrations of total. LDL- and HDL-cholesterol relative to diets high in SFA, while dietary cholesterol increased LDL-cholesterol. At similar total cholesterol levels, cynomolgus monkeys had higher LDL-cholesterol and lower HDL-cholesterol levels than African green monkeys. Both dietary perturbations, SFA and cholesterol, resulted in an enrichment of LDL with cholesteryl oleate. Cholesteryl oleate enrichment of LDL. but not LDL particle size, was highly correlated with coronary artery atherosclerosis.
23. Brousseau ME, Schaefer FJ, Stucchi AF, Osada J, Vespa DB, Ordovas JM, Nicolosi RJ: Diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids enhance apolipoprotein A-I catabolism but do not affect either its production or hepatic mRNA abundance in cynomolgus monkeys. Atherosclerosis 1995, 115:107-119 Cynomolgus monkeys were fed diets high in SFA, MUFA and PUFA. Plasma total, LDL plus VLDL and HDL-cholesterol and apoB and apoA-I levels were highest during the period when the monkeys were fed the diet high in SFA, lowest when they were fed the diet high in PUFA and intermediate when they led the diet high in MUFA. Kinetic analysis of HDL-apoA-I metabolism indicated that the fractional catabolic rate was decreased during the period when the monkeys were fed the diet high in SFA relative to the periods when the monkeys were fed the diets high in MUFA or PUFA. Production rates of HDL-apoA-I and hepatic apoA-I mRNA levels were similar among periods when the monkeys were fed the different diets.
24. Brousseau ME, Stucchi AF, Vespa DB, Schaefer EJ, Nicolosi RJ: A diet enriched in monounsaturated fats decreases low density lipoprotein concentrations in cynomolgus monkeys by a different mechanism than does a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fats. J Nutr 1993, 123:2049-2058.
25. Brousseau ME, Ordovas JM, Osada J, Fasulo J, Robins SJ, Nicolosi RJ, Schaefer EJ: Dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are comparable in their effects on hepatic apolipoprotein mRNA abundance and liver lipid concentrations when substituted for saturated fatty acids in cynomolgus monkeys. J Nutr 1995, 125:425-436. Cynomolgus monkeys were fed diets relatively high in SFA, MUFA and PUFA. Hepatic apoA-I. apoB, apoC-II or apoE mRNA levels did not account for the differences observed between the diets high in SFA compared with MUFA or PUFA. Hepatic apoC-III mRNA levels were significantly lower when the monkeys consumed the diet high in SFA.
26. Stucchi AF, Terpstra AHM, Nicolosi RJ: LDL receptor activity is down-regulated similarly by a cholesterol-containing diet high in palmitic acid or high in lauric and myristic acids in cynomolgus monkeys. J Nutr 1995, 125:2055-2063. Cynomolgus monkeys were fed diets high in unsaturated fat (oleic plus linoleic acids; corn oil), saturated fat (lauric plus myristic acids; nonhydrogenated coconut oil) and an 'oil blend' (palmitic acid; corn oil plus olive oil plus butter fat) altered LDL metabolism. The total SFA content of the unsaturated, saturated and 'oil blend' experimental diets was 11.7%, 35.2% and 90.5%, respectively. Total and LDL-cholesterol, and apoB levels were from highest to lowest in the monkeys consuming the saturated fat, 'oil blend', and unsaturated fat diet. Monkeys consuming the diets enriched in saturated fat and the 'oil blend' had a decreased fractional catabolic rate and increased production rate of LDL-apoB compared with the unsaturated fat diet. The nonreceptor-mediated fractional and absolute catabolic rates were decreased in the monkeys fed the saturated fat and 'oil blend'-enriched diets compared with the unsaturated fat enriched diets: the nonreceptor-mediated absolute catabolic rate was increased in the unsaturated fat group.
27. Kushwaha RS, Barrelt PHR, Reardon CA, Lewis DS, Carey KD, Getz GS, McGill HC: Relationships of plasma and hepatic variables with rate of plasma low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B metabolism in baboons fed low- and high-fat diets. Metabolism 1995, 44:1058-1066. Baboons were fed a chow and then high total fat and cholesterol diets. Consumption of the high fat and cholesterol diet resulted in decreases in the LDL-apoB fractional catabolic rate and increases in the LDL-apoB production rate. Hepatic mRNA for apoB levels was unaffected by high intakes of dietary fat and cholesterol. When the baboons were divided on the basis of LDL-cholesterol responsiveness, high responders had lower LDL-apoB fractional catabolic rates and hepatic LDL receptor mRNA. and higher LDL-apoB production rates compared with the baboons having no or moderate response
28. Campos H, Dreon DM, Krauss RM: Associations of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities with changes in dietary composition and low density lipoprotein subclasses. J Lipid Res 1995, 36:462-472. Men were instructed to consume diets high and low in dietary fat. During the period when the subjects consumed the high fat plasma total. LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels were higher and triglyceride levels lower than when the subjects consumed the low fat diet. These differences were associated with higher activities of both hepatic and lipoprotein lipases. Small dense LDL levels were associated with a metabolic slate characterized by higher hepatic lipase and lower lipoprotein lipase activites; the authors concluded that the changes in enzyme activities were not the primary determinants of diet-induced changes in LDL subclasses.
29. Harris WS, Connor WE, Illingworth DR, Rothrock DW, Foster DM: Effects of fish oil on VLDL triglyceride kinetics in humans. J Lipid Res 1990, 31:1549-1558.
30. Kasim-Karakas SE, Herrmann R, Almario R: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on intravascular lipolysis of very-low-density lipoproteins in humans. Metabolism 1995, 44:1223-1230. Hypertriglycendemic individuals were provided with placebo (primarily oleic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentanoic and decosahexanoic acids) capsules for 1 month periods. Differences in experimental treatment period were reflected in the plasma and phospholipid triglyceride fatty acid patterns. Plasma triglyceride, VLDL-triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol levels during heparin-induced lipolysis were lower after the period when the subjects consumed the fish oil capsules than after the period when the subjects consumed the placebo capsules Postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity correlated inversely with fasting triglyceride levels but not with the decreased concentrations of VLDL-triglyceride or cholesterol, nor with the increased LDL-cholesterol. Small but significant decreases in hepatic triglyceride lipase activity were observed as a result of n-3 fatty acid supplementation.
31. Zock PL, Katan MB: Hydrogenation alternatives: effects of trans fatty acids and stearic acid versus linoleic acid on serum lipids and lipoproteins in humans. J Lipid Res 1992, 33:399-410.
32. van Tol A, Zock PF, van Gent T, Scheek, LM, Katan MB: Dietary trans fatty acids increase serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in man. Atherosclerosis 1995, 115:129-134. The activities of CETP and LCAT were measured in normolipidemic individuals after they consumed each of three diets enriched in trans-fatty acids. linoleic acid and stearic acid. Plasma total and LDL-cholesterol levels were comparable or higher, and HDL-cholesterol levels lower, after the subjects consumed the diets high in stearic and trans-fatty acids relative to the diet high in linoleic acid. LCAT activity appeared to be independent of the dietary fat composition. The activity of CETP was increased during the period when the subjects consumed the diet enriched in trans-fatty acids.
33. Parks JS, Martin JA, Sonbert BL, Bullock SJ: Alterations of high density lipoprotein subfractions of nonhuman primates fed fish-oil diets. Arteriosclerosis 1987, 7:71-79.
34. Thornburg JT, Parks JS, Rudel LL: Dietary fatty acid modification of HDL phospholipid molecular species alters lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reactivity in cynomolgus monkeys. J Lipid Res 1995, 36:277-289. The effected of the fatty acid composition of HDL-associated phosphatidylcholine on LCAT activity was assessed in cynomolgus monkeys. Consumption of a diet high in PUFA (either n-6 or n-3) decreased plasma levels of apoA-I, apoA-II, HDL-cholesterol and HDL-associated phosphatidylcholine relative to the diet high in SFA. The diet high in n-3 fatty acids resulted in decreased rates of LCAT activity.
35. Mehlum A, Staels B, Duverger N, Tailleux A, Castro G, Fievet C, Luc G, Fruchart J-C, Olivecrona G, Skretting G, Auwerx J, Prydz H: Tissue-specific expression of the human gene for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in transgenic mice alters blood lipids, lipoproteins and upases towards a less atherogenic profile. Eur J Biochem 1995, 230:567-575.
36. Kushwaha RS, Guntupalli B, Rice KS, Carey KD, McGill HC: Effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on the expression of hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase and other hepatic cholesterol-responsive genes in baboons. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995, 15:1404-1411. On the basis of plasma lipid response when switched from chow to a high fat and cholesterol diet, baboons were divided into low, medium and high responders. In the low and medium responders both plasma 27-hydroxycholesterol and hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA levels increased. In high responders neither plasma 27-hydroxycholesterol nor hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA levels increased.
37. Shaefer EJ, Lichtenstein AH, Lamon-Fava S, Contois JH, Li Z, Rasmussen H, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM: Efficacy of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet in normolipidemic and hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995, 15:1079-1085.