Life events, social support and marital relationships in the outcome of severe depression

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 121-133

  Paykel, E S ^a,b   Cooper, Z ^a   Ramana, R ^a   Hayhurst, H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; RELAPSE; REMISSION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SYMPTOM; TIME;

EID: 0030053932     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700033766     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1987) DSM-III-R. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edn. Revised. American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC.
2. Andrew, B., Hawton, K., Fagg, F. & Westbrook, D. (1993) Do psychosocial factors influence outcome in severely depressed female psychiatric in-patients? British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 747-754.
3. Beck, A T., Ward, C H , Mendelson, M., Mock, J. E. & Erbaugh, J. K. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression Archives of General Psychiatry 4, 561-571.
4. Billings, A. G. & Moos, R H. (1985) Chronic and nonchronic unipolar depression The differential role of environment stressors and resources. Journal of Nervous Disease 172, 65-75.
5. Bolton, W. & Oatley, K. (1987) A longitudinal study of social support and depression in unemployed men Psychological Medicine 17, 453-460.
6. Brown, G. W & Harris, T. (1978). The Social Origins of Depression A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women Tavistock: London.
7. Brown, G. W. & Harris, T (eds.) (1989). Life Events and Illness Unwin Wyman: London.
8. Brown, G. W., Adler, Z. & Bifulco, A (1988). Life events, difficulties and recovery from chronic depression British Journal of Psychiatry 153, 487-498.
9. Brown, G. W., Lemyre, L. & Bifulco, A. (1992). Social factors and recovery from anxiety and depressive disorders: a test of specificity. British Journal of Psychiatry 161, 44-54
10. Brown, G. W & Moran, P. (1994). Clinical and psychosocial origins of chronic depressive episodes I. a community survey British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 447-456.
11. Brown, G W., Harris, T. O., Hepworth, C. & Robinson, R. (1994a). Clinical and psychosocial origins of chronic depressive episodes II: a patient enquiry British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 457-465
12. Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O & Hepworth, C (1994b) Life events and endogenous depression: a puzzle re-examined Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 525-534
13. Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P E., MacCarthy, B., Sturt, E , Wykes. T & Potter, J. (1990) Gender, social support and recovery from depressive disorders: a prospective clinical study. Psychological Medicine 20, 147-156.
14. Cohen, S. & Wills, T A. (1985) Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis Psychological Bulletin 98, 310-357.
15. Dolan, R. J., Calloway, S. P., Fonagy, P., De Souza, F. V A. & Wakeling, A. (1985). Life events, depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. British Journal of Psychiatry 147, 429-433.
16. Ezquiaga, E., Gutierrez, J. L. A. & López, A. G. (1987). Psychosocial factors and episode number in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 12, 135-138
17. Frank, E., Prien, R. F., Jarret, R. B , Keller, M B., Kupfer, D. J , Lavori, P. W., Rush, A. J. & Weissman, M. M. (1991) Conceptualisation and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 851-855.
18. Frank, E., Anderson, B., Reynolds, C F., Rietnour, A. & Kupfer, D J. (1994). Life events and the Research Diagnostic Criteria endogenous type. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 519-524.
19. George, L. K., Blazer, D. G., Hughes, D. C. & Fowler, N. (1989). Social support and outcome of major depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 478-485.
20. Giel, R., Ten Horn, G. H. M. M., Ormel, J., Schudel, W. J. & Wiersma, O. (1978). Mental illness, neuroticism and life events in a Dutch village sample: a follow up. Psychological Medicine 8, 235-243
21. Goering, P. N., Lancee, W. J. & Freeman, J. J. (1992). Marital support and recovery from depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 160, 76-82.
22. Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 6, 278-296
23. Hayhurst, H., Cooper, Z., Paykel, E. S. & Ramana, R (1996). Expressed emotion and depression: a longitudinal study. (In preparation.)
24. Hickie, I & Parker, G. (1992). The impact of an uncaring partner on improvement in ono-melancholic depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 25, 147-160.
25. Hooley, J. M. & Teasdale, J. D. (1989). Predictors of relapse in unipolar depressives: expressed emotion, marital distress and perceived criticism Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98, 229-235.
26. Hughes, D. C., DeMallie, D. & Blazer, D. G. (1993) Does age make a difference in the effects of physical health and social support on the outcome of a major depressive episode? American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 728-733.
27. Lam, D H, Green, B , Power, M. J. & Checkley, S. (1994) The impact of social cognitive variables on the initial level of depression and recovery. Journal of Affective Disorders 32, 75-83.
28. Leenstra, A S., Ormel, J & Giel, R. (1995). Positive life change and recovery from depression and anxiety: a three-stage longitudinal study of primary care attenders British Journal of Psychiatry 166, 333-343.
29. Lloyd, C , Zisook, S., Click, M. & Jaffe, K E. (1981). Life events and response to antidepressants. Journal of Human Stress 7, 2-15.
30. Mendlewicz, J., Charon, F. & Linkowski, P. (1986). Life events and the dexamethasone suppression test in affective illness. Journal of Affective Disorders 10, 203-206
31. Miller, P McC , Ingham, J G , Kreitman, N. B., Surtees, P. G. & Sashidharan, S P (1987). Life events and other factors implicated in onset and remission of psychiatric illness in women. Journal of Affective Disorders 12, 73-88.
32. Monroe, S. M., Thase, M. E., Hersen, M., Himmelhoch, J. M. & Bellack, A. S. (1985) Life events and the endogenous-nonedogenous distinction in the treatment and posttreatment course of depression Comprehensive Psychiatry 26, 175-186.
33. Murphy, E. (1983). The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry 142, 111-119
34. Parker, G. & Blignault, I. (1985). Psychosocial predictors of outcome in subjects with untreated depressive disorder Journal of Affective Disorders 8, 73-81.
35. Parker, G., Blignault, I & Manicavasagar, V. (1988). Neurotic depression, delineation of symptom profiles and their relation to outcome British Journal of Psychiatry 152, 15-23.
36. Paykel, E. S (1983). Methodological aspects of life events research Journal of Psychosomatic Research 27, 341-352.
37. Paykel, E. S. (1985) The clinical interview for depression: development, reliability and validity. Journal of Affective Disorders 9, 85-96
38. Paykel, E. S. & Tanner, J. (1976). Life events, depressive relapse and maintenance treatment. Psychological Medicine 6, 481-485.
39. Paykel, E S. & Cooper, Z. (1992). Life events and social stress. In Handbook of Affective Disorders, 2nd edn. (ed. E. S. Paykel) pp. 149-170. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh.
40. Paykel, E. S., McGuiness, B. M. & Gomez, J. (1976). An Anglo-American comparison of the scaling of life events. British Journal of Medical Psychology 49, 237-247.
41. Paykel, E. S., Rao, B. M. & Taylor, C. N (1984). Life stress and symptom pattern in outpatient depression. Psychological Medicine 14, 559-568.
42. Paykel, E. S., Hollyman, J. A., Freeling, P & Sedgwick, P. (1988). Predictors of therapeutic benefit from amitriptyline in mild depression: a general practice placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 14, 83-95.
43. Paykel, E. S , Ramana, R., Cooper, Z., Hayhurst, H., Kerr, J. & Barocka, A. (1995). Residual symptoms after partial remission, an important outcome in depression. Psychological Medicine 25, 1171-1180.
44. Prien, R. F., Carpenter, L. L. & Kupfer, D. J. (1991). The definition of operational criteria for treatment outcome of major depressive disorder. A review of the current research literature. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 796-800.
45. Ramana, R., Paykel, E. S., Cooper, Z., Hayhurst, H., Saxty, M. & Surtees, P. G. (1995). Remission and relapse in major depression: a two year prospective follow-up study Psychological Medicine 25, 1161-1170.
46. Raskin, A., Schulterbrandt, J. G., Reatig, N & McKeon, J. J. (1970). Differential response to chlorpromazine, imipramine and placebo A study of sub-groups of hospitalised depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 23, 164-173.
47. Reno, R. M. & Halaris, A. E. (1990) The relationship between life stress and depression in an endogenous sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry 31, 25-33.
48. Sireling, L I., Paykel, E. S., Freeling, P., Rao, B. M. & Patel, S. P. (1985). Depression in general practice: case thresholds and diagnosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 147, 113-119.
49. Spitzer, R L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 773-782.
50. Surtees, P G. (1980). Social support, residual adversity and depressive outcome. Social Psychiatry 15, 71-80.
51. Surtees, P. G. & Ingham, J. G. (1980). Life stress and depressive outcome application of a dissipation model to life events. Social Psychiatry 15, 21-31.
52. Tennant, C., Bebbington, P & Hurry, J. (1981). The short-term outcome of neurotic disorders in the community the relation of remission to clinical factors and to 'neutralising' life events. Britiish Journal of Psychiatry 139, 213-220.
53. Tyrer, P (ed.) (1988). Personality Disorders. Diagnosis, Management and Course. Wright: London.
54. Waring, E. M. & Patton, D. (1984). Marital intimacy and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 145, 641-644.
55. Weissman, M M. & Paykel, E. S. (1974) The Depressed Women A Study of Social Relationships. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
56. Wing, J. K., Cooper, J E. & Sartorius, N. (1974). The Measurements and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
57. Wittchen, H.-U. (1987). Chronic difficulties and life events in the long-term course of affective and anxiety disorders: results from the Munich follow-up study. In From Social Class to Social Stress (ed. M C. Angermeyer), pp. 176-196. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
58. World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural. Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines, World Health Organization: Geneva.