Clinical scales for multiple sclerosis

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

Volumn 135, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-9

  Sharrack, Basil ^a   Hughes, Richard A C ^a  

^a GUY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Clinical scales; Disability; Extended Disability Status Scale; Impairment; Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiple sclerosis

Indexed keywords

DISABILITY; HUMAN; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030050650     PISSN: 0022510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0022-510X(95)00261-Y     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Alexander, L. (1951) New concept of critical steps in course of chronic debilitating neurological disease in evaluation of therapeutic response Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 66: 253-258.
2. Amato, M.P., L. Fratiglioni, C. Groppi, G. Siracusa and L. Amaducci (1988) Interrater reliability in assessing functional systems and disability on the Kurtzke scale in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., 45: 746-748.
3. Arkin, H., I.C. Scherman and S.L. Weinberg (1950) Tetraethylammonium chloride in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 64: 536-545.
4. Arnold, D.L., P.M, Mathews, G.S. Francis, J. O'Connor and J.P. Antel (1992) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for metabolic characterisation of demyelination plaques. Ann. Neurol., 31: 235-241.
5. Baumhefner, R.W., W.W. Tourtellotte. K. Syndulko, V. Waluch, G.W. Ellison, L.W. Meyers, S.N. Cohen, M. Osborne and P. Shapshak (1990) Quantitative multiple sclerosis plaque assessment with magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Neurol., 47: 19-26.
6. Beatty, W.W. and D.E. Goodkin (1990) Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. An evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch. Neurol., 47: 297-301.
7. Beatty, W.W. and N. Monson (1991) Metamemory in multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 13: 309-327.
8. Beck, A.T., C.H. Ward, M. Mendelson, J. Mock and J. Erbaugh (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 4: 561-571.
9. Brosseau, L. and C. Wolfson (1994) The inter-rater reliability and construct validity of the Functional Independent Measure for multiple sclerosis subjects. Clin. Rehabil., 8:107-115.
10. Confavreux, C. (1994) Establishment and use of the multiple sclerosis register-EDMUS. Ann. Neurol., 36: S136-S139.
11. Confavreux, C., D.A.S. Compston, O.R. Hommes, W.I. McDonald and A.J. Thompson (1992) EDMUS, a European database for multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 55: 671-676.
12. Cook, S.D., C. Devereux, R. Toriano, M.P. Hafsten, G. Zito, E. Hemandez, M. Lavenhar, R. Vidaver and P.C. Dowling (1986) Effect of total lymphoid irradiation in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 1: 1405-1409.
13. Edwards, M.K., M.R. Farlow and J.C. Stevens (1986) Multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical correlation. Am. J. Roentgenol., 147: 571-574.
14. Ellison, G.W., L.W. Myers, M.R. Mickey, M.C. Graves, W.W. Tourtellotte, K. Syndulko, M.I. Holevoet-Howson, C.D. Lerner, M.V. Frane and P. Pettler-Jennings (1989) A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-masked, variable dosage, clinical trial of azathioprine with and without methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 39: 1018-1026.
15. Ellison, G.W., L.W. Myers and B.D. Leake (1993) Responsiveness os the disability status scale (DSS) (abstract). Neurology, 43 (Suppl. 2): A204.
16. Ellison, G.W., L.W. Myers, B.D. Leake, M.R. Mickey, D. Ke, K. Syndulko, W.W. Tourtellotte and The Cyclosporin Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1994) Design strategies in multiple sclerosis clinical trials. Ann. Neurol., 36: S108-S112.
17. Filippi, M., M.A. Horsfield, S.P. Morrissey, D.G. MacManus, P. Rudge, W.I. McDonald and D.H. Miller (1994) Quantitative brain MRI lesion load predicts the course of clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 44: 635-641.
18. Filippi, M., D.W. Paty, L. Kappos, F. Barkhof, D.A.S. Compston A.J. Thompson, G.J. Zhao, C.M. Wiles, W.I. McDonald and D.H. Miller (1995) Correlations between changes in disability and T2-weighted brain MRI activity in multiple sclerosis: a follow-up study. Neurology, 45: 255-260.
19. Folstein, M.F., S.E. Folstein and P.R. McHugh (1975) A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiat. Res., 12: 189-198.
20. Francis, D.A., P. Bain, A.V. Swan and R.A.C. Hughes (1991) An assessment of disability rating scales used in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., 48; 299-301.
21. Franklin, G.M., R.K. Heaton, L.M. Nelson, C.M. Filley and C. Seibert (1988) Correlation of neuropsychological and MRI findings in chronic/progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 38: 1826-1829.
22. Gass, A., G.J. Barker, D. Kidd, J.W. Thorpe, D. MacManus, A. Brennan, P.S. Tots, A.J. Thompson, W.I. McDonald and D.H. Miller (1994) Correlation of magnetization transfer ratio with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 36: 62-67.
23. Goldberg, D.P. and V.F. Hillier (1979) A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol. Med., 9: 139-145.
24. Goodkin, D.E., D. Hertsgaad and J. Seminary (1988) Upper extremity function in multiple sclerosis: improving assessment sensitivity with box-and-block and nine-hole peg tests. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 69: 850-854.
25. Goodkin, D.E., D. Hertsgaad and R.A. Rudick (1989) Exacerbation rate and adherence to disease type in a prospective followed-up population with multiple sclerosis. Implications for clinical trials. Arch. Neurol., 46: 1107-1112.
26. Goodkin, D.E., D. Cookfair, K. Wende, D. Bourdette, P. Pullicino, B. Scerokman, R. Whitham and The Buffalo MS Consortium (1991) Inter-and intrarater variability for grades 1.0-3.5 Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (abstract). Neurology, 41 (Suppl. 1): 145-146.
27. Goodkin, D.E., D. Cookfair, K. Wende, D. Bourdette, P. Pullicino, B. Scherokman, R. Whitham and the Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Group (1992) Inter-and intrarater scoring agreement using grades 1.0 to 3.5 of the Kurtzke Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Neurology, 42: 859-863.
28. Goodkin, D.E., R.A. Rudick, S. VanderBrug Medendorp, M.M. Daughtry, K.M. Schwetz, J. Fischer and C. Van Dyke (1995) Low-dose (7.5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 37: 30-40.
29. Granger, C.V., A.C. Cotter, B.B. Hamilton and et al. (1990) Functional assessment scales: a study of persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 71: 870-875.
30. Hall, K.M., B.B. Hamilton, A.G. Wayne and M.D. Zasler (1993) Characteristics and comparisons of functional assessment indices: Disability Rating Scale, Functional Independent Measure, and Functional As sessment Measure. J. Head Trauma Rehabil., 8: 60-74.
31. Hamilton, B.B., C.V. Granger, F.S. Sherwin, M. Zielezny and J.S. Tashman (1987) A uniform national data system for medical rehabilitation. In: M.J. Fuhrer (Ed.), Rehabilitation outcomes: analysis and measurements, Brookes, Baltimore, MD, pp. 137-147.
32. Hamilton, M. (1960) A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 23: 56-62.
33. Hauser, S.L., Dawson, D.M., J.R. Lehrich, M.F. Beal, S.V. Kevy, R.D. Propper, J.A. Mills and H.L. Weiner (1983) Intensive immunosuppression in progressive multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 308: 173-178.
34. Heaton, R.K., L.M. Nelson, D.S. Thompson, J.S. Burks and G.M. Franklin (1985) Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 53: 193-110.
35. Henderson, W.G., W.W. Tourtellotte and A.R. Potvin (1975) Training examiners to administer a quantitative neurological examination for a multicenter clinical trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 56: 289-295.
36. Hohol, M.J., E.J. Orav and H.L. Weiner (1995) Disease steps in multiple sclerosis: a simple approach to evaluate disease progression. Neurol ogy, 45: 251-255.
37. International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies (1984) Minimal Record of Disability. Acta Neurol. Scand., 67 (Suppl. 101): 169-217.
38. International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies (1985) Minimal Record of Disability for Multiple Sclerosis. National Multiple Sclerosis Society of the United States, New York.
39. Khoury, S.J., C.R.G. Guttmann, E.J. Orav, M.J. Hohol, S.S. Ahn, L. Hsu, R. Kikinis, G.A. Mckin, F.A. Jolesz and H.L. Weiner (1994) Longitudinal MRI in multiple sclerosis: correlation between disability and lesion burden. Neurology, 44: 2120-2124.
40. Kidd, D., J.W. Thorpe, A.J. Thompson, B.E. Kendall, I.F. Moseley, D.G. MacMans, W.I. McDonald and D.H. Miller (1993) Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 43: 2632-2637.
41. Kidd, D., A.J. Thompson, B.E. Kendall, D.H. Miller and W.I. McDonald (1994) A serial MRI study of the brain and spinal cord in progressive multiple sclerosis (abstract). J, Neurol., 241 (Suppl. 1): S151.
42. Kurtzke, J.F. (1955) A new scale for evaluating disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurology (Minn.), 5: 580-583.
43. Kurtzke, J.F. (1961) On the evaluation of disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurology (Minn.), 11: 686-694.
44. Kurtzke, J.F. (1981) A proposal for a uniform minimal record of disability in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 64 (Suppl. 87): 110-129.
45. Kurtzke, J.F. (1983) Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expended disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology, 33: 1444-1452.
46. Mahoney, F.I. and D.W. Barthel (1965) Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md. State Med. J., 14: 62-63.
47. Mathiowetz, V., G. Volland, N. Kashman and K. Weber (1985a) Adult norms for the box and block test of manual dexterity. Am. J. Occup. Ther., 39: 386-391.
48. Mathiowetz, V., K. Weber, N. Kashman and G. Volland (1985b) Adult norms for the nine hole peg test of finger dexterity. Occup. Ther. J. Res., 5: 24-38.
49. Matthews, W.B. (1991) Clinical aspects. In. W.B. Mathews (Ed.), McAlpine's Multiple Sclerosis. Vol. 2, ch. 9. Churchill Livingstone, Oxford, pp. 254-257.
50. McDonald, W.I., D.H. Miller and A.J. Thompson (1994) Are magnetic resonance findings predictive of clinical outcome in therapeutic trials in multiple sclerosis? The dilemma of interferon-β. Ann. Neurol., 36: 14-18.
51. McIntosh-Michaelis, S.A., M.H. Roberts, S.M. Wilkinson, I.D. Diamond, D.L. McLellan, J.P. Martin and A.J. Spackman (1991) The prevalence of cognitive impairment in a community survey of multiple sclerosis, Br. J. Clin. Psychol., 30: 333-348.
52. Mickey, M.R., G.W. Ellison and L.W. Myers (1984) An illness severity score for multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 34: 1343-1347.
53. Millar, D.H., P. Rudge, G. Johnson, B.E. Kendall, D.O. Macmanus, I.F. Mosely, D. Barnes and W.I. McDonald (1988) Serial gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Brain, 111: 927-939.
54. Miller, D.H. (1994) Magnetic resonance in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 36: S91-S94.
55. Minden, S.L. and R.B. Schiffer (1990) Affective disorders in multiple sclerosis. Review and recommendations for clinical research. Arch. Neurol. 47: 98-104.
56. Morrissey, S.P., D.H. Miller, B.E. Kendall, D.P.E. Kingsley, M.A. Kelly, D.A. Francis, D.G. MacMannus, W.I. McDonald (1993) The significance of brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Brain, 116:135-146.
57. Mumford, C.J. and A. Compston (1993) Problems with rating scales for multiple sclerosis: a novel approach - the CAMBS score. J. Neurol., 240: 209-215.
58. Myers, L.W., B.D. Leake and G.W. Ellison (1992) Use of survival analysis to describe the course of multiple sclerosis (abstract). Ann. Neurol., 32: 259.
59. Noseworthy, J.H. (1994) Clinical scoring methods for multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 36: S80-S85.
60. Paty, D.W., E.W. Willoughby and J. Whitaker (1992) Assessing the outcome of experimental therapies in multiple sclerosis patients. In: R.A. Rudick and D.E. Goodkin (Eds.), Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Springer-Verlag, London, pp. 47-90.
61. Paty, D., D. Studey, K. Redekop and F. Lublin (1994) MS COSTAR: a computerised patient record adapted for clinical purposes. Ann. Neurol., 36: S134-S135.
62. Peyser, J.M., S.M. Rao, N.G. LaRocca and E. Kaplan (1990) Guidelines for neuropsychological research in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., 47: 94-97.
63. Potvin, A.R. and W.W. Tourtellotte (1975) The Neurological examination: advancements in its quantification. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 56: 425-437.
64. Rao, S.M., G.J. Leo, L. Barnardin and F. Unverzagt (1991) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology, 41: 685-691.
65. Sipe, J.C., R.L. Knobler, S.L. Braheny, G.P.A. Rice, H.S. Panitch and M.B.A. Oldstone (1984) A neurological rating scale (NRS) for use in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 34: 1368-1372.
66. Sipe, J.C., J.S. Romine, J.R. Koziol, R. McMillan, J. Zyroff and E. Beutler (1994) Cladribine in treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 344: 9-13.
67. Slater, R.J. (1983) Scoring techniques and problems in the evaluation of changes in patients. Arch. Neurol., 40: 675-677.
68. Slater, R.J. (1984) Criteria and uses of the Minimal Record of Disability in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 67 (suppl 101): 16-20.
69. The IFNβ Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1993) Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 43: 655-661.
70. Thompson, A.J., A.G. Kermode, D.G. MacManus, B.E. Kendall, D.P.E. Kingsley and I.F. Moseley (1990) Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Br. Med. J., 631: 634.
71. Thompson, A.J., A.G. Kermode, D. Wicks, D.G. MacManus, B.E. Kendall, D.P.E. Kingsley and W.I. McDonald (1991) Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 29: 53-62.
72. Truyen, I., J. Gheuens, F.L. Van der Vayver, P.M. Parizel, G.V. Peersman and J.J. Martin (1990) Improved correlation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with clinical status in multiple sclerosis (MS) by use of an extensive standardised imaging-protocol. J. Neurol. Sci., 96: 173-182.
73. Van Walderveen, M.A.A., F. Barkhof, O.R. Hommes, C.H. Polman and J. Valker (1994) Correlation of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and disability in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 57: 1299.
74. Weiner, H.L. and G.W. Ellison (1983) A working protocol to be used as a guideline for trials in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., 40: 704-710.
75. Weinshenker, B.G. (1994) Natural history of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 36: S6-S11.
76. Willoughby, E.W. and D.W. Paty (1988) Scales for rating impairment in multiple sclerosis: a critique. Neurology, 38: 1793-1798.
77. Whitaker, J.N., H.F. McFarland, P. Rudge and S.C. Reingold (1995) Outcomes assessment in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: a critical analysis. Multiple Sclerosis, 1: 37-47.
78. World Health Organisation (1980) International Classification of Impairment. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
79. Young, I.R., A.S. Hall, C.A. Pallis, N.J. Legg, G.M. Budder and R.E. Steiner (1981) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 2: 1063-1066.