Seizure activity causes elevation of endogenous extracellular kynurenic acid in the rat brain

Brain Research Bulletin

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 155-162

  Wu, Hui Qiu ^a   Schwarcz, Robert ^a  

^a MARYLAND PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Convulsants; Epilepsy; Hippocampus; Kainic acid; Microdialysis

Indexed keywords

AMINOOXYACETIC ACID; BICUCULLINE; CONVULSANT AGENT; KAINIC ACID; KYNURENIC ACID; PENTETRAZOLE; PILOCARPINE; QUINOLINIC ACID;

ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BRAIN; CONTROLLED STUDY; MALE; MICRODIALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SEIZURE;

EID: 0030049657     PISSN: 03619230     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(95)02087-X     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Andiné, P.; Lehmann, A.; Ellrén, K.; Wennberg, E.; Kjellmer, I.; Nielsen, T.; Hagberg, H. The excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid administered after hypoxic ischemia in neonatal rats offers neuroprotection. Neurosci. Lett. 90:208-212; 1988.
2. Ben-Ari, Y.; Tremblay, E.; Riche, D.; Ghilini, G.; Naquet, R. Electrographic, clinical and pathological alterations following systemic administration of kainic acid, bicuculline or pentetrazole: Metabolic mapping using the deoxyglucose method with special reference to the pathology of epilepsy. Neuroscience 6:1361-1391; 1981.
3. Brookes, N. Interaction between the glutamine cycle and the uptake of large neutral amino acids in astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 60:1923-1928; 1993.
4. Brotchi, J. Astrocytes activés et épilepsies focales: Étude histoenzymologique. Acta Neurol. Belgium, 79:137-304; 1979.
5. Carpenedo, R.; Chiarugi, A.; Russi, P.; Lombardi, G.; Carlà, V.; Pellicciari, R.; Mattoli, L.; Moroni, F. Inhibitors of kynurenine hydroxylase and kynureninase increase cerebral formation of kynurenate and have sedative and anticonvulsant activities. Neuroscience 61:237-244; 1994.
6. Connick, J. H.; Heywood, G. C.; Sill, G. J.; Thompson. G. G.; Brodie, M. J.; Stone, T. W. Nicotinylalanine increases cerebral kynurenic acid content and has anticonvulsant activity. Gen. Pharmacol. 23:235-239; 1992.
7. Cook, J. S.; Pogson, C. I.; Smith, S. A. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: A new, rapid, sensitive radiometric assay and its application to the study of the enzyme in rat tissues. Biochem. J. 189:461-466; 1980.
8. Cornford, E. M.; Oldendorf, W. H. Epilepsy and blood-brain barrier. Adv. Neurol. 44:787-812; 1966.
9. Du, F.; Schmidt, W.; Okuno, E.; Köhler, C.; Schwarcz, R. Localization of kynurenine amino-transferase immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 321:477-487; 1992.
10. Du, F,; Williamson, J.; Bertram E.; Lothman, E; Okuno, E; Schwarcz, R. Kynurenine pathway enzymes in a rat model of chronic epilepsy. Immunohistochemical study of activated glial cells. Neuroscience 55:975-989; 1993.
11. Foster, A. C.; Vezzani, A.; French, E. D.; Schwarcz, R. Kynurenic acid blocks neurotoxicity and seizures induced in rats by the related brain metabolite quinolinic acid. Neurosci. Lett. 48:273-278; 1984.
12. Fukui, S.; Schwarcz, R.; Rapoport, S. I.; Takada, Y.; Smith, Q. R. Blood-brain barrier transport of kynurenines: Implications for brain synthesis and metabolism. J. Neurochem. 56:2007-2017; 1991.
13. Heyes, M. P.; Saito, K.; Deveinsky, O.; Nadi, N. S. Kynurenine pathway metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in complex partial seizures. Epilepsia 35:251-257; 1994.
14. Hicks, R. R.; Smith, D. H.; Gennarelli, T. A.; McIntosh, T. Kynurenate is neuroprotective following experimental brain injury in the rat. Brain Res. 655:91-96; 1994.
15. Kessler, M.; Terramani T.; Lynch G.; Baudry M. A glycine site associated with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors: Characteristics and identification of a new class of antagonists. J. Neurochem. 52:1319-1328; 1989.
16. Leeson, P. D.; Iversen, L. L. The glycine site on the NMDA receptor: Structure-activity relationships and therapeutic potential. J. Med. Chem. 37:4053-4067; 1994.
17. McMaster, O. G.; Baran, H.; Wu, H.-Q.; Du, F.; French, E. D.; Schwarcz, R. γ-Acetylenic GABA produces axon-sparing neurodegeneration after focal injection into the rat hippocampus. Exp. Neurol. 124:184-191; 1994.
18. McMaster, O. G.; Du, F.; French, E. D.; Schwarcz, R. Focal injection of aminooxyacetic acid produces seizures and lesions in rat hippocampus: Evidence for mediation by NMDA receptors. Exp. Neurol. 113:367-374; 1991.
19. Moroni, F.; Russi, P.; Gallo-Mezo, M. A.; Moneti, G.; Pelliciari, R. Modulation of quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid content in the rat brain: Effects of endotoxins and nicotinylalanine. J. Neurochem. 57:1630-1635; 1991.
20. Nadler, J. V. Kainic acid as a tool for the study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Life Sci. 29:2031-2042; 1981.
21. Nitsch, C.; Goping, G.; Klatzo, I. Pathophysiological aspects of blood-brain barrier permeability in epileptic seizures. In: Schwarcz, R.; Ben-Ari, Y., eds. Excitatory amino acids and epilepsy. New York: Plenum; 1986:175-189.
22. Nozaki, K.; Beal, M. F. Neuroprotective effects of L-kynurenine on hypoxia/ischemia and NMDA lesions in neonatal rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12:400-407; 1992.
23. Olney, J. W.; Collins, R. C.; Sloviter, R. S. Excitotoxic mechanisms of epileptic brain damage. In: Delgado-Escueta, A. V.; Ward, Jr., A. A.; Woodbury, D. M.; Porter, R. J., eds. Basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. Molecular and cellular approaches. Adv. Neurol. vol. 44, New York: Raven Press; 1986:857-876.
24. Pont, F.; Collet, A; Lallement, G. Early and transient increase of rat hippocampal blood-brain barrier permeability to amino acids during kainic acid-induced seizures. Neurosci. Lett. 184:52-54; 1995.
25. Roberts, R. C.; Du, F.; McCarthy, K. E.; Okuno, E.; Schwarcz, R. Immunocytochemical localization of kynurenine aminotransferase in the rat striatum: A light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 326:82-90; 1992.
26. Rogawski, M. A. The NMDA receptor, NMDA antagonists and epilepsy therapy. Drugs 44:279-292; 1992.
27. Russi, P.; Carlà, V.; Moroni F. Indolepyruvic acid administration increases the brain content of kynurenic acid. Is this a new avenue to modulate excitatory amino acids in vivo? Biochem. Pharmacol. 38:2405-2409; 1989.
28. Saito, K.; Markey, S. P.; Heyes, M. P. Chronic effects of γ-interferon on quinolinic acid and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in brain of C57BL6 mice. Brain Res. 546:151-154; 1991.
29. Schneiderman, J. H.; MacDonald, J. F. Excitatory amino acid blockers differentially affect bursting of in vitro hippocampal neurons in two pharmacological models of epilepsy. Neuroscience 31:593-603; 1989.
30. Schwarcz, R.; Brush, G. S.; Foster, A. C.; French, E. D. Seizure activity and lesions after intrahippocampal quinolinic acid injection. Exp. Neurol. 84:1-17; 1984.
31. Schwarcz, R.; Du, F.; Schmidt, W.; Turski, W. A.; Gramsbergen, J. B. P.; Okuno, E.; Roberts, R. C. Kynurenic acid: A potential pathogen in brain disorders. In: Langsten, J. W.; Young, A., eds. Neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease. New York: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1992:648:140-153.
32. Schwarcz, R.; Foster, A. C.; French, E. D.; Whetsell, W. O. Jr.; Köhler, C. Excitotoxic models for neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci. 35:19-32; 1984.
33. Schwob, J. E.; Fuller, T.; Price, J. L.; Olney, J. W. Widespread patterns of neuronal damage following systemic or intracerebral injections of kainic acid: A histological study. Neuroscience 5:991-1014; 1980.
34. + -independent transporter of neutral amino acids in astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 9:2066-2072; 1989.
35. Speciale, C.; Wu, H.-Q.; Gramsbergen, J. B. P.; Turski, W. A.; Ungerstedt, U.; Schwarcz, R. Determination of extracellular kynurenic acid in the striatum of unanesthetized rats: Effect of aminooxyacetic acid. Neurosci. Lett. 116:198-203; 1990.
36. Sperk, G. Kainic acid seizures in the rat. Progr. Neurobiol. 42:1-32; 1994.
37. Sperk, G.; Lassmann, H.; Baran, H.; Kish, S. J.; Seitelberger, F.; Hornykiewicz, O. Kainic acid induced seizures: Neurochemical and histopathological changes. Neuroscience 10:1301-1315; 1983.
38. Steward, O.; Torre, E. R.; Tomasulo, R.; Lothman, E. Neuronal activity upregulates astroglial gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6819-6823; 1991.
39. Stone, T. W. Comparison of kynurenic acid and 2-APV suppression of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 84:234-238; 1988.
40. Stone, T. W. Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids. Pharmacol. Rev. 45:309-379; 1993.
41. Swartz, K.; During, J.; Freese, M. J.; Beal, M. F. Cerebral synthesis and release of kynurenic acid: An endogenous antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors. J. Neurosci. 10:2965-2973; 1990.
42. Thompson, J. L.; Holmes, G. L.; Taylor, G. W.; Feldman, D. R. Effect of kynurenic acid on amygdaloid kindling in the rat. Epilepsy Res. 2:302-308; 1988.
43. Turski, W. A.; Cavalheiro, E. A.; Schwarz, M.; Czuczwar, S. J.; Kleinrok, Z.; Turski, L. Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: Behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study. Behav. Brain. Res. 9:315-335; 1983.
44. Turski, W. A.; Gramsbergen, J. B. P.; Traitler, H.; Schwarcz, R. Rat brain slices produce and liberate kynurenic acid upon exposure to L-kynurenine. J. Neurochem. 52:1629-1636; 1989.
45. Vécsei, L.; Miller, J.; MacGarvay, U.; Beal, M. F. Kynurenine and probenecid inhibit pentylenetetrazol- and NMDLA-induced seizures and increase kynurenic acid concentrations in the brain. Brain Res. Bull. 28:233-238; 1992.
46. Vezzani, A.; Wu, H.-Q.; Tullii, M.; Samanin, R. Anticonvulsant drugs effective against human temporal lobe epilepsy prevent seizures but not neurotoxicity induced in rats by quinolinic acid: Electroencephalographic, behavioral and histological assessments. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 239:256-263; 1986.
47. Walz W. Role of glial cells in the regulation of the brain ion microenvironment. Prog. Neurobiol. 33:309-333; 1989.
48. Wu, H.-Q.; Baran, H.; Ungerstedt, U.; Schwarcz R. Kynurenic acid in the quinolinate-lesioned rat hippocampus: Studies in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1264-1270; 1992.
49. Wu, H.-Q.; Monno, A.; Schwarcz, R.; Vezzani, A. Electrical kindling is associated with a lasting increase in the extracellular levels of kynurenic acid in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett., 198:91-94; 1995.
50. Wu, H.-Q.; Schwarcz, R. Seizure-related increases in extracellular kynurenic acid levels in the rat hippocampus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:173.9; 1994.
51. Wu, H.-Q.; Turski, W. A.; Ungerstedt, U.; Schwarcz, R. Systemic kainic acid administration in rats: Effects on kynurenic acid production in vitro and in vivo. Exp. Neurol. 113:47-52; 1991.
52. Wu, H.-Q.; Ungerstedt, U.; Schwarcz, R. Regulation of kynurenic acid synthesis studied by microdialysis in the dorsal hippocampus of unanesthetized rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213:375-380; 1992.
53. Wu, H.-Q.; Ungerstedt, U.; Schwarcz, R. L-α-Aminoadipic acid as a regulator of kynurenic acid production in the hippocampus: A microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 281:55-61; 1995.
54. Young, S. N.; Joseph, M. H.; Gauthier, S. Studies of kynurenine in human cerebrospinal fluid: Lowered levels in epilepsy. J. Neural Transm. 58:193-204; 1983.