Anomalies in the endocrine axes of the guinea pig: Relevance to human physiology and disease

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 30-44

  Keightley, Maria Cristina ^a,c   Fuller, Peter J ^a,b  

^a HUDSON INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^b MONASH MEDICAL CENTRE   (Australia)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 HYDROXY 3 METHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A; ALPHA INTERMEDIN; AMYLIN; ANDROGEN; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA INTERMEDIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOSTEROID RECEPTOR; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN[18-39]; GAMMA INTERMEDIN; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE; GLUCAGON; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; GROWTH HORMONE; INSULIN; LIPOPROTEIN; MINERALOCORTICOID; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; PANCREAS HORMONE; PANCREAS POLYPEPTIDE; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; SOMATOMEDIN; SOMATOSTATIN; STEROID; SULFOTRANSFERASE;

ADRENAL CORTEX; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GUINEA PIG; HORMONE RESISTANCE; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEROIDOGENESIS;

ANIMALS; CRICETINAE; DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY; ENDOCRINE GLANDS; GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; PANCREAS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SOMATOMEDINS;

EID: 0030048354     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.17.1.30     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Wriston Jr JC 1984 Comparative biochemistry of the guinea-pig: a partial checklist. Comp Biochem Physiol 77B:253-278
2. Luckett WO, Hartenberger JL (eds) 1985 Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents. Plenum, New York
3. Beintema JJ 1985 Pancreatic ribonuclease. In: Luckett WO, Hartenberger JL (eds) Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents. Plenum, New York, pp 549-565
4. LI WH, Hide WA, Zharkikh A, Ma DP, Graur D 1992 The molecular taxonomy and evolution of the guinea pig. J Hered 83:174-181
5. Graur D, Hide WA, Li W-H 1991 Is the guinea pig a rodent? Nature 356: 649-652
6. Graur D, Hide WA, Zharkikh A, Li WH 1992 The biochemical phylogeny of guinea pigs and gundis, and the paraphyly of the order rodentia. Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 101:495-498
7. Ma DP, Zharkikh A, Graur D, VandeBerg JL, Li WH 1993 Structure, evolution of opossum guinea pig, porcupine cytochrome b genes. J Mol Evol 36:327-334
8. Novacek MJ 1992 Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree. Nature 356:121-125
9. Martignetti JA, Brosius J 1993 Neural BC1 RNA as an evolutionary marker: guinea pig remains a rodent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:9698-9702
10. Thomas RH 1994 What is a guinea-pig? Trends Ecol Evol 9:159-160
11. Claman HN 1972 Glucocorticoids and lymphoid cells. N Engl J Med 287:388-397
12. Westphal U 1967 Steroid-protein interactions. XIII. Concentration and binding affinities of corticosteroid binding globulins in sera of man, monkey, rat, rabbit and guinea-pig. Arch Biochem Biophys 118:556-567
13. Diamond M, Rust N, Westphal U 1969 High affinity binding of progesterone, testosterone and cortisol in normal and androgen-treated guinea-pigs during various reproductive stages: relationship to masculinisation. Endocrinology 84:1143-1151
14. Heap RB, Illingworth DV 1974 The maintenance of gestation in the guinea-pig and other hystricomorph rodents: changes in the dynamics of progesterone-binding globulin (PBG). Symp Zool Soc Lond 34:385-415
15. Smith AI, Wallace CA, Moritz RL, Simpson RJ, Schmauk-White LB, Woodcock EA, Funder JW 1987 Isolation, amino acid sequence and action of guinea pig ACTH on aldosterone production by glomerulosa cells. J Endocrinol 115:R5-R8
16. Keightley M-C, Funder JW, Fuller PJ 1991 Molecular cloning and sequencing of a guinea pig pro-opiomelanocortin cDNA. Mol Cell Endocrinol 82:89-98
17. Kraft N, Hodgson AJ, Funder JW 1979 Glucocorticoid receptor and effector mechanisms: a comparison between the corticosensitive mouse and the corticoresistant guinea pig. Endocrinology 104:344-349
18. Miller WL, Johnson LL, Baxter JD, Roberts JL 1980 Processing of the precursor to corticotropin and beta-lipotropin in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 7:5211-5215
19. Barr PJ 1991 Mammalian subtilisins: the long-sought dibasic processing endoproteases. Cell 66:1-3
20. Scott AP, Lowry PJ, Ratcliff JG, Rees LH, Landon J 1974 Corticotropin-like peptides in the rat pituitary. J Endocrinol 61:355-364
21. Mains RE, Eipper BA 1975 Molecular weights of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in extracts of anterior and intermediate-posterior lobes of mouse pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:3565-3569
22. Roberts JL, Phillips M, Rasa PA, Herbert E 1978 Steps involved in the processing of common precursor forms of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in extracts of anterior and intermediate-posterior lobes of mouse pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:3565-3569
23. Pedersen RC, Brownie AC 1980 Adrenocortical response to corticotropin is potentiated by part of the amino-terminal region of pro-corticotropin/endorphin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2239-2243
24. Osamura RY, Komatsu N, Watanabe K, Nakai Y, Tanaka I, Imura H 1982 Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical localisation of γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone (γ-MSH)-like immunoreactivity in human and rat hypothalamus. Peptides 3:781-787
25. Levine N, Sheftel SN, Eytan T, Dorr RT, Hadley ME, Weinrach JC, Ertl GA, Toth K, McGee DL, Hruby VJ 1991 Induction of skin tanning by subcutaneous administration of a potent synthetic melanotropin. JAMA 266:2730-2736
26. Mountjoy KG, Robbins SL, Mortrud MT, Cone RD 1992 The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors. Science 257:1248-1251
27. Gantz I, Miwa H, Konda Y, Shimoto Y, Tashiro T, Watson SJ, DelValle J, Yamada T 1993 Molecular cloning, expression and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor. J Biol Chem 268: 15174-15179
28. Chhajlani V, Muceniece R, Wikberg JE 1993 Molecular cloning of a novel human melanocortin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195:866-873
29. Labbe O, Desarnaud F, Eggerickx D, Vassart G, Parmentier M 1994 Molecular cloning of a mouse melanocortin 5 receptor gene widely expressed in peripheral tissues. Biochemistry 33:4543-4549
30. Desarnaud F, Labbe O, Eggerickx D, Vassart G, Parmentier M 1994 Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a mouse melanocortin receptor gene. Biochem J 299:367-373
31. Griffon N, Mignon V, Facchinetti P, Diaz J, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P 1994 Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat fifth menalocortin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:1007-1014
32. Gantz I, Shimoto Y, Konda Y, Miwa H, Dickinson CJ, Yamada T 1994 Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a fifth melanocortin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:1214-1220
33. Dongsi L, Willard D, Patel IR, Kadwell S, Overton L, Kost T, Luther M, Chen W, Woychik RP, Wilkison WO, Cone RD 1994 Agouti protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating-hormone receptor. Nature 371:799-802
34. Searle AG 1968 Comparative Genetics of Coat Colour in Mammals. Logos Press, London
35. Kwon HY, Bultman SJ, Löffler C, Chen W-J, Furdon PJ, Powell JG, Usala A-L, Wilkison W, Hansmann I, Woychik RP 1994 Molecular structure and chromosomal mapping of the human homolog of the agouti gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9760-9764
36. Nakanishi S, Inque A, Kita T, Nakamura M, Chang ACY, Cohen SN, Numa S 1979 Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-β-lipotropin precursor. Nature 278:423-427
37. Takahashi H, Teranishi Y, Nakanidhi S, Numa S 1981 Isolation and structural organization of the human corticotropin-β-lipoprotein precursor gene. FEBS Lett 135:97-102
38. Cochet M, Chang ACY, Cohen SN 1982 Characterisation of the structural gene and putative 5′-regulatory sequences for human pro-opiomelanocortin. Nature 297:335-339
39. Whitfield PL, Seeburg PH, Shine J 1982 The human pro-opiomelanocortin gene: organization, sequence and interspersion with repetitive DNA. DNA 1:133-143
40. Drouin J, Goodman HM 1980 Most of the coding region of rat ACTHβ-LPH precursor gene lacks intervening sequences. Nature 288:610-613
41. Oates E, Herbert E 1984 5′ Sequence of porcine and rat pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA. J Biol Chem 259:7421-7425
42. Drouin J, Chamberland M, Chasrron J, Jean-Notte L, Nemer M 1985 Structure of the rat pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene. FEBS Lett 193:54-58
43. Notake M, Tobimatsu T, Watanabe Y, Takahashi H, Mishina M, Numa S 1983 Isolation and characterization of the mouse corticotropin-β-lipotropin precursor gene and a related pseudogene. FEBS Lett 156:67-71
44. Uhler M, Herbert E 1983 Complete amino acid sequence of mouse pro- opiomelanocortin derived from the nucleotide sequence of pro-opiomelanocortin cDNA. J Biol Chem 258:257-261
45. Boileau G, Barbeau C, Jeannette L, Chretien M, Drouin J 1983 Complete structure of the porcine pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA derived from the nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res 11:8063-8071
46. Patel PD, Sherman TG, Watson SJ 1988 Characterization of pro-opiomelanocortin cDNA from the Old World Monkey, Macaca nemestrina. DNA 7:627-635
47. Khlebodarova TM, Karasik GI, Matveeva NM, Serov OL, Golovin SY, Bondar AA, Karginov VA, Morozov IS, Zelenin SM, Mertvetsov NP 1988 The mink pro-opiomelanocortin gene. Characterisation of cDNA and chromosomal localisation. Genomics 2:185-188
48. Soma G-I, Kitahara N, Nishizawa T, Nanami H, Kotake C, Okazaki H, Andoh T 1984 Nucleotide sequence of a cloned cDNA for pro-opiomelanocortin precursor of chum salmon, Onchorynchus keta. Nucleic Acids Res 12:8029-8041
49. Martens GJM 1986 Expression of two pro-opiomelanocortin genes in the pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis: complete structures of the two preprohormones. Nucleic Acids Res 14:3791-3798
50. Hilario E, Lihrmann I, Vaudry H 1990 Characterisation of the cDNA encoding pro-opiomelanocortin in the frog Rana ridibunda. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173:653-659
51. Schwartz TW 1986 The processing of peptide precursors. FEBS Lett 200:1-10
52. Provencher PH, Tremblay Y, Bèlanger, Bèlanger A 1992 Studies of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in guinea pigs. Am J Physiol 262:E869-E874
53. Nishikimi M, Kawai T, Yagi K 1992 Guinea pigs possess a highly mutated gene for L-gulone-gamma-lactone oxidase, the key enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in this species. J Biol Chem 267:21967-21972
54. Nishikimi M, Fukuyama R, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Yagi K 1994 Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man. J Biol Chem 269:3685-3688
55. Black VH 1987 Lipoprotein requirements for secretion of ultraviolet-absorbing corticosteroids by guinea pig adrenocortical cells in vitro: inner vs. outer cortices; zona glomerulosa vs. zona fasciculata. Endocrinology 120:640-650
56. Black VH, Brody RI, Martin KO 1988 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase in outer vs. inner cortices of the guinea pig adrenal: effects of adrenocorticotropin and dexamethasone. Endocrinology 122:296-305
57. Roy AB 1981 Sulfotransferases. In: Mulder GJ (ed) Sulfation of Drugs and Related Compounds. CRC Press, Boco Raton, FL, pp 83-130
58. Oeda T, Lee YC, Driscoll WJ, Chen H-C, Strott CA 1992 Molecular cloning and expression of a full-length complementary DNA encoding the guinea pig adrenocortical estrogen sulfotransferase. Mol Endocrinol 6:1216-1226
59. Hobkirk R, Glasier MA 1992 Estrogen sulfotransferase distribution in tissues of mouse and guinea pig: steroidal inhibition of the guinea pig enzyme. Biochem Cell Biol 70:712-715
60. Bernier F, Lopez SI, Labrie F, Luu-The V 1994 Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding human placental estrogen sulfotransferase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 99:R11-R15
61. Belanger B, Fiet J, Belanger A 1993 Effects of adrenocorticotropin on adrenal and plasma 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione in the guinea-pig and determination of its relative androgen potency. Steroids 58:29-34
62. Ohmori S, Taniguchi T, Rikihisa T, Kanakubo Y, Kitada M 1993 Species differences of testosterone 16-hydroxylases in liver microsomes of guinea-pig, rat and dog. Xenobiotics 23:419-426
63. Meyer JS 1985 Biochemical effects of corticosteroids on neural tissues. Physiol Rev 65:946-1020
64. McEwen BS, de Kloet ER, Rostene W 1986 Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system. Physiol Rev 66:1121-1188
65. Funder JW, Sheppard K 1987 Adrenocortical steroids and the brain. Annu Rev Physiol 49:397-411
66. Tremblay Y, Fleury A, Beaudoin C, Vallee M, Belanger A 1994 Molecular cloning and expression of guinea-pig cytochrome P450c17 cDNA (steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20 lyase): tissue distribution, regulation and substrate specificity of the expressed enzyme. DNA Cell Biol 13:1199-1212
67. Krozowski ZS, Funder JW 1983 Renal mineralocorticoid receptors and hippocampal corticosterone binding species have identical intrinsic steroid specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:6056-6060
68. Sheppard K, Funder JW 1987 Mineralocorticoid specificity of renal type 1 receptors: in vivo binding studies. Am J Physiol 252:E224-E229
69. Arriza JL, Weinberger C, Glaser T, Handelin BL, Housman DE, Evans RM 1987 Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptors complementary DNA; structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science 237:268-275
70. de Kloet R, Wallach G, McEwen BS 1975 Differences in corticosterone and dexamethasone binding to rat brain and pituitary. Endocrinology 96:598-609
71. Sheppard K, Funder JW 1987 Type 1 receptors in parotid, colon and pituitary are aldosterone selective in vivo. Am J Physiol 252: E467-E471
72. Sheppard KE, Funder JW 1987 Equivalent affinity of aldosterone and corticosterone for type 1 receptors in kidney and hippocampus: direct binding studies. J Steroid Biochem 28:737-742
73. Edwards CRW, Stewart PM, Hurt D, McIntyre MA, de Kloet ER, Brett L, Sutanto SW, Monder C 1988 Localization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Lancet 2:986-989
74. Funder JW, Pearce PT, Smith R, Smith AI 1988 Mineralocorticoid action: target-tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated. Science 242:583-585
75. Evans RM 1988 The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240:889-895
76. Fuller PJ 1991 The steroid receptor superfamily: mechanisms of diversity. FASEB J 5:3092-3099
77. Simons Jr SS 1994 Function/activity of specific amino acids in glucocorticoid receptors. Vitam Horm 49:49-130
78. Keightley M-C, Fuller PJ 1994 Unique sequences in the guinea pig glucocorticoid receptor induce constitutive transactivation and decrease steroid sensitivity. Mol Endocrinol 8:431-439; 731 (erratum)
79. Hodgson AJ, Funder JW 1978 Glucocorticoid receptors in the guinea-pig. Am J Physiol 235:R115-R120
80. Miesfeld R, Rusconi S, Godowski PJ, Maler BA, Okret S, Wilkstrom A-C, Gustafsson J-A, Yamamoto KR 1986 Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of a cloned receptor cDNA. Cell 46:389-399
81. Danielsen M, Northrop JP, Ringold GM 1980 The mouse glucocorticoid receptor: mapping of the functional domains by cloning, sequencing and expression of wild-type and mutant receptor proteins. EMBO J 5:2513-2522
82. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM 1985 Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature 318:635-641
83. Hollenberg SM, Giguere V, Segui P, Evans RM 1987 Colocalisation of DNA- binding and transcriptional activation functions in the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 49:39-46
84. Brandon DD, Markwick AJ, Flores M, Dixon K, Albertson BD, Loriaux DL 1991 Genetic variation of the glucocorticoid receptor from a steroid resistant primate. J Mol Endocrinol 7:89-96
85. Fawell SE, Lees JA, White R, Parker MG 1990 Characterisation and colocalisation of steroid binding and dimerisation activities in the mouse estrogen receptor. Cell 60:953-962
86. Baulieu E-E 1987 Steroid hormone antagonists at the receptor level: a role for the heat-shock protein MW 90,000 (hsp 90). J Cell Biochem 35:161-174
87. Sherman MR 1984 Structure of mammalian steroid receptors: evolving concepts and methodological developments. Annu Rev Physiol 46:83-105
88. Pratt WB, Jolly DJ, Pratt DV, Hollenberg SM, Giguere V, Cadepond FM, Schweizer-Groyer G, Catelli MG, Evans RM, Baulieu EE 1988 A region in the steroid binding domain determines formation of the non-DNA-binding, 9S glucocorticoid receptor complex. J Biol Chem 263:267-273
89. Chakraborti PK, Simons Jr SS 1991 Association of heat shock protein 90 with the 16 kDa steroid binding core fragment of rat glucocorticoid receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 176:1338-1344
90. Keightley M-C, Fuller PJ 1995 Cortisol resistance and the guinea pig glucocorticoid receptor. Steroids 60:87-92
91. Bodwell JE, Orti E, Coull JM, Pappin DJC, Smith LI, Swift F 1991 Identification of phosphorylated sites in the mouse glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 266:7549-7555
92. Myles K, Funder JW 1994 Type I (mineralocorticoid) receptors in the guinea-pig. Am J Physiol 267:E268-E272
93. Hammami M, Siiteri PK, 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) activity in guinea-pig and rat tissues. Program of the 73rd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington, DC, 1991, p 64
94. Vingerhoeds ACM, Thijssen JHH, Schwarz F 1976 Spontaneous hypercortisolism without Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43:1128-1133
95. Chrousos GP, Vingerhoeds A, Brandon D, Eil C, Pugeat M, De-Vroede M, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB 1982 Primary cortisol resistance in man: a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated disease. J Clin Invest 69:1261-1269
96. Chrousos GP, Vingerhoeds ACM, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB 1983 Primary cortisol resistance: a family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:1243-1245
97. Bronnegard M, Werner S, Gustafsson J-A 1986 Primary cortisol resistance associated with a thermolabile glucocorticoid receptor in a patient with fatigue as the only symptom. J Clin Invest 78:1270-1278
98. Karl M, Lamberts SWJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Encio IJ, Stratakis CA, Hurley DM, Accili D, Chrousos GP 1993 Familial glucocorticoid resistance caused by a splice site deletion in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:683-689
99. Linder MJ, Thompson EB 1989 Abnormal glucocorticoid receptor gene and mRNA in primary cortisol resistance. J Steroid Biochem 32:243-249
100. Hurley DM, Accili D, Stratakis CA, Kari M, Vamvakopoulos N, Rorer E, Constantine K, Taylor SI, Chrousos GP 1991 Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in familial glucocorticoid resistance. J Clin Invest 86:680-686
101. Malchoff DM, Brufsky A, Reardon G, McDermott P, Javier EC, Bergh C-H, Rowe D, Malchoff CD 1993 A mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor in primary cortisol resistance. J Clin Invest 91:1918-1925
102. Yamamoto S, Utsu S, Tamioka Y, Ohsawn N 1977 Extremely high levels of corticosteroids and low levels of corticosteroid binding macromolecule in plasma of marmoset monkeys. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 85:398-405
103. Brown FM, Frota LJ, Penney DP, Retchin S 1970 Pituitary-adrenal function in the squirrel monkey. Endocrinology 86:519-529
104. Chrousos GP, Renquist D, Brandon D, Tomita M, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB 1984 Adaptation of the mineralocorticoid target tissues to the high circulating cortisol and progesterone plasma levels in the squirrel monkey. Endocrinology 115:25-32
105. Chrousos GP, Brandon D, Renquist DM, TomitaBarnard D, Fowler D, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB 1984 Uterine estrogen and progesterone receptors in an estrogen and progesterone "resistant" primate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:516-520
106. Preslock JP, Hampton SH, Hampton JK 1973 Cyclic variations of serum progestins and immunoreactive estrogens in marmosets. Endocrinology 92:1096-1101
107. Abbot DJ, Hearn JP 1978 Physical, hormonal behavioural aspects of sexual development in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. J Reprod Fertil 53:155-166
108. Bonney RC, Dixson AF, Fleming D 1979 Cyclic changes in the circulating and urinary levels of ovarian steroids in the adult female owl monkey, Aotus trivigatus. J Reprod Fertil 56:271-280
109. Chrousos GP, Renquist D, Grandon D, Eil C, Cutler GG, Vigersky R, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB 1982 Glucocorticoid resistance and primate evolution: receptor-mediated mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:2036-2040
110. Chrousos GP, Renquist D, Brandon D, Barnard D, Fowler D, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB 1982 The squirrel monkey: receptor-mediated end-organ resistance to progesterone? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:364-368
111. Pugeat M, Rock B, Chrousos GP, Dunn JJ, Lipsett MB, Nisula BC 1984 Plasma testosterone transport and primate evolution. J Steroid Biochem 20:473-478
112. 3 in the marmoset, a New World monkey. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 114:452-457
113. Suda T, Takahashi N, Shinki T, Yamaguchi A, Tanioka Y 1986 The common marmoset as an animal model for vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II. In: Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB (eds) Steroid Hormone Resistance: Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects. Plenum Publishing Corp, New York, pp 423-435
114. Gacad MA, Adams JS 1991 Endogenous blockade of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-receptor binding in New World primate cells. J Clin Invest 87:996-1001
115. Gacad MA, Adams JS 1992 Endogenous blockade of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-receptor binding in New World primate cells. Endocrinology 131:2581-2587
116. Moore CCD, Mellon SH, Murai J, Siiteri PK, Miller WL 1993 Structure and function of the hepatic form of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the squirrel monkey, an animal model of glucocorticoid resistance. Endocrinology 133:368-375
117. Albiston AL, Obeyesekere VR, Smith RE, Krozowski ZS 1994 Cloning and tissue distribution of the human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 105:R11-R17
118. Agarwal AK, Mune T, Monder C, White PC 1994 NAD(+)-dependent isoform of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Cloning and characterization of cDNA from sheep kidney. J Biol Chem 269:25959-25962
119. Smith LF 1966 Species variation in the amino acid sequence of insulin. Am J Med 40:662-666
120. Blundell T, Dodgson G, Hodgkin D, Mercola D 1992 Insulin: the structure in the crystal and its reflection in chemistry and biology. Adv Protein Chem 26:279-401
121. Rosenzweig JL, Lesniak MA, Samuels BE, Yip CC, Zimmerman AE, Roth J 1980 Insulin in the extrapancreatic tissues of guinea-pigs differs markedly from the insulin in their pancreas and plasma. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 93:263-278
122. Markussen JA, Volund A 1974 A new method of calculating evolutionary rates of proteins applied to insulin and C-peptides. Int J Peptide Protein Res 6:79-86
123. Zimmerman AE, Moule ML, Yip CC 1974 Guinea-pig insulin II. Biological activity. J Biol Chem 249:4026-4029
124. Muggeo M, Van Obberghen E, Kahn CR, Roth J, Ginsberg BH, DeMeyts P, Emdin SO, Falkmer S 1979 The insulin receptor and insulin of the Atlantic hagfish. Diabetes 28:175-181
125. King GL, Kahn CR 1981 Non-parallel evolution of metabolic and growth- promoting functions of insulin. Nature 292:644-646
126. Chan SJ, Episkopou V, Zeitlin S, Karathanasis SK, MacKrell A, Steiner DF, Efistratiadis A 1984 Guinea-pig preproinsulin gene: an evolutionary compromise? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:5046-5050
127. King GL, Kahn CR, Heldin C-H 1983 Sharing of biological effects and receptors between guinea-pig insulin and platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1308-1312
128. Tong ZQ, Jack E, Moule M, Goldfine ID, Yip CC 1994 Rodent insulin receptors are immunologically different from other mammalian insulin receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 94:374-381
129. Seino S, Blackstone CD, Chan SJ, Whittaker J, Bell GI, Steiner DF 1988 Appalachian Spring: variations on ancient gastro-entero-pancreatic themes in New World mammals. Horm Metab Res 20:430-435
130. Unger RH 1985 Glucagon physiology and pathophysiology in the light of new advances. Diabetologia 28:574-578
131. Bell GI, Sanchez-Pescador R, Laybourn PJ, Najarian RC 1983 Exon duplication and divergence in the human preproglucagon gene. Nature 304:368-371
132. Heinrich G, Gros P, Habener JF 1984 Glucagon gene sequence: four of six exons encode separate functional domains of rat preproglucagon. J Biol Chem 259:14082-14087
133. Lopez LC, Frazier ML, Su C, Kumar A, Saunders GF 1983 Mammalian pancreatic preproglucagon contains three glucagon-related peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:5485-5489
134. Bell GI, Santerre RF, Mullenbach GT 1983 Hamster preproglucagon contains the sequence of glucagon and two related peptides. Nature 302:716-718
135. Seino S, Welsh M, Bell GI, Chan SJ, Steiner DF 1986 Mutations in the guinea-pig preproglucagon gene are restricted to a specific portion of the prohormone sequence. FEBS Lett 203:25-30
136. Lund PK, Goodman RH, Dee PC, Habener JF 1982 Pancreatic preproglucagon cDNA contains two glucagon-related coding sequences arranged in tandem. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:3345-3349
137. Andrews PC, Ronner P 1985 Isolation and structures of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide from catfish pancreas. J Biol Chem 260: 3910-3914
138. Hasegawa S, Terazono K, Nata K, Takada T, Yamamoto H, Okamoto H 1990 Nucleotide sequence determination of chicken glucagon precursor cDNA. FEBS Lett 264:117-120
139. Pollock HG, Hamilton JW, Rouse JB, Ebner KE, Rawitch AB 1988 Isolation of peptide hormones from the pancreas of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. J Biol Chem 263:9746-9751
140. Sundby F 1976 Species variations in the primary structure of glucagon. Metabolism 25:[Suppl 1]:1319-1321
141. Conlon JM, Hansen HF, Schwartz TW 1985 Primary structure of glucagon and a partial sequence of oxyntomodulin (glucagon-37) from the guinea-pig. Regul Pept 11:309-320
142. Huang C-G, Eng J, Pan Y-C, Hulmes JD, Yalow RS 1986 Guinea-pig glucagon differs from other mammalian glucagons. Diabetes 35:508-512
143. Weir GC 1995 Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): a piece of the incretin puzzle. J Clin Invest 95:1
144. Blackstone CD, Seino S, Takeuchi T, Yamada T, Steiner DF 1987 Novel organization and processing of the guinea-pig pancreatic polypeptide precursor. J Biol Chem 263:2911-2916
145. Conlon JM 1984 Isolation and structure of guinea-pig gastric and pancreatic somatostatin. Life Sci 35:213-220
146. Westermark P, Wernstedt C, Wilander E, Sietten K 1986 A novel peptide in the calcitonin-gene related peptide family as an amyloid fibril protein in the endocrine pancreas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 140:827-831
147. Clark A, Lewis CE, Willis AC, Cooper GJS, Morris JR, Reid KBM, Turner RC 1987 Islet amyloid formed from diabetes-associated peptide may be pathogenic in type-2 diabetes. Lancet 2:231-234
148. Nishi M, Chan SJ, Nagamatsu S, Bell GI, Steiner DF 1989 Conservation of the sequence of islet amyloid polypeptide in five mammals is consistent with its putative role as an islet hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5738-5742
149. Nishi M, Steiner DF 1990 Cloning of complementary DNAs encoding islet amyloid polypeptide, insulin, and glucagon precursors from a New World rodent, the Degu, Octodon degus. Mol Endocrinol 4:1192-1198
150. Bajaj M, Blundell T, Wood S 1984 Evolution in the insulin family: molecular clocks that tell the wrong time. Biochem Soc Symp 49: 45-54
151. Watahiki M, Yamamoto M, Yamakawa M, Tanaka M, Nakashima K 1989 Conserved and unique amino acid residues in the domains of the growth hormones. J Biol Chem 264:312-316
152. Simpson ME, Asling CW, Evans HM 1950 Some endocrine influences on skeletal growth and differentiation. Yale J Biol Med 23: 1-27
153. Davidson MB 1987 Effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Endocr Rev 8:115-131
154. Mitchell ML, Guillemin R, Selye H 1954 The effect of somatotropic hormone in the growth of normal and hypophysectomized guinea-pigs. Endocrinology 54:111-114
155. Clayton BE, Worden JA 1960 Growth in young hypophysectomized guinea-pigs. J Endocrinol 20:36-47
156. Knobil E, Greep RO 1959 The physiology of growth hormone with particular reference to its actions in the rhesus monkey and the 'species-specificity' problem. Recent Prog Horm Res 15:1-69
157. Gabrielsson B, Fairhall KM, Robinson ICAF 1990 Growth hormone secretion in the guinea-pig. J Endocrinol 124:371-380
158. Fairhall KM, Gabrielsson BG, Robinson ICAF 1990 Effect of food withdrawal and insulin on growth hormone secretion in the guinea-pig. Endocrinology 127:716-723
159. Merimee TJ, Fineberg SE 1974 Growth hormone secretion in starvation - a reassessment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:385-386
160. Ho KY, Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML, Furlanetto R, Evans WS, Alberti KGHM, Thorner MO 1988 Fasting enhances growth hormone secretion and amplifies the complex rhythmns of growth hormone secretion in man. J Clin Invest 81:968-975
161. Tannenbaum GS, Rorstad O, Brazeau P 1989 Effects of prolonged food deprivation on the ultradian growth hormone rhythmn and immunoreactive somatostatin tissue levels in the rat. Endocrinology 104:1733-1738
162. Harvey S, Fraser RA 1992 Expression and translation of the growth hormone- receptor gene in the guinea-pig. J Endocrinol 133:357-362
163. Ymer SI, Herington AC 1985 Evidence for the specific binding of growth hormone to a receptor-like protein in rabbit serum. Mol Cell Endocrinol 41:153-161
164. Herington AC, Ymer S, Stevenson J 1986 Identification and characterization of specific binding proteins for growth hormone in normal human sera. J Clin Invest 77:1817-1823
165. Baumann G 1990 Growth hormone binding proteins. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1:342-347
166. Herington AC 1994 Growth hormone binding proteins and their relationship to the growth hormone receptor. Endocrinol and Metab 1[Suppl A]:9-15
167. Smith WC, Kuniyoshi J, Talamantes F 1989 Mouse serum growth hormone binding protein has GH receptor extracellular and substituted transmembrane domains. Mol Endocrinol 3:984-990
168. Baumbach WR, Horner DL, Logan JS 1989 The growth hormone-binding protein in rat serum is an alternatively spliced form of the rat growth hormone receptor. Genes Dev 3:1199-1205
169. Harvey S, Janssens WJC, Hull KL, Growth hormone-binding protein in guinea-pig plasma. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cytokines and GH Receptors, Haifa, Israel, 1993, Abstract C10
170. Knobil E, Hotchkiss J 1964 Growth hormone. Annu Rev Physiol 26:47-74
171. Yamashita S, Melmed S 1986 Insulin-like growth factor I action on rat anterior pituitary cells: suppression of growth hormone secretion and messenger ribonucleic acid levels. Endocrinology 118: 176-182
172. Abe H, Molitch ME, van Wyk JJ, Underwood LE 1983 Human growth hormone and somatomedin-C suppress the spontaneous release of growth hormone in unanesthetized rats. Endocrinology 113:1319-1324
173. Holly JMP, Wass JAH 1990 Insulin-like growth factors: cytocrine, paracrine or endocrine? New perspectives of the somatomedin hypothesis in the light of recent developments. J Endocrinol 122: 611-618
174. Daughaday WH, Tobin GS, Lenny NT, Heath-Monnig E, Lauterio TJ 1986 Growth hormone independence: the guinea-pig problem revisited. Clin Res 34:950A
175. Bell GI, Stempien MM, Fong NM, Seino S 1990 Sequence of a cDNA encoding guinea-pig IGF-1. Nucleic Acids Res 18:4275
176. Levinovitz A, Norstedt G, van den Berg S, Robinson IC, Ekstrom TJ 1992 Isolation of an insulin-like growth factor II cDNA from guinea-pig liver: expression and developmental regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 89:105-110
177. Daughaday WH, Kapadia M, Yanow CE, Fabrick K, Mariz IK 1985 Insulin-like growth factors I and II of nonmammalian sera. Gen Comp Endocrinol 59:316-325
178. Daughaday WH, Yanow CE, Kapadia M 1986 Insulin-like growth factors I and II in maternal and fetal guinea-pig serum. Endocrinology 119:490-494
179. Towns R, Kostyo JL, Vogel T, Sakal E, Tchelet A, Maher R, Gertler A 1992 Evidence that the N-terminus of human growth hormone is involved in expression of its growth promoting, diabetogenic and insulin-like activities. Endocrinology 130:1225-1230
180. Chen WY, Wight DC, Mehta BV, Wagner TE, Kopchick JJ 1991 Glycine 119 of bovine growth hormone is critical for growth-promoting activity. Mol Endocrinology 5:1845-1852
181. Stewart TA, Clift S, Pitts-Meek S, Martin L, Terrell TG, Liggitt D, Oakley H 1992 An evaluation of the functions of the 22-kilodalton (kDa), the 20-kDa, and the N-terminal polypeptide forms of human growth hormone using transgenic mice. Endocrinology 130:405-414
182. 44-191) with enhanced diabetogenic activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 78:45-54