The clinical potential of endothelin receptor antagonists in cardiovascular medicine

Drugs

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 12-27

  Ferro, Charles J ^a   Webb, David J ^a  

^a WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 [[2 [[2 [[(HEXAHYDRO 1H AZEPIN 1 YL)CARBONYL]AMINO] 4 METHYLPENTANOYL]AMINO] 3 (1 METHYL 1H INDOL 3 YL)PROPIONYL]AMINO] 3 (2 PYRIDYL)PROPIONIC ACID; 3 (2 CARBOXYMETHOXY 4 METHOXYPHENYL) 1 (3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYPHENYL) 5 PROPOXY 2 INDANCARBOXYLIC ACID; 4 TERT BUTYL N [6 (2 HYDROXYETHOXY) 5 (3 METHOXYPHENOXY) 4 PYRIMIDINYL]BENZENESULFONAMIDE; CYCLO(DEXTRO TRYPTOPHYL DEXTRO ASPARTYLPROLYL DEXTRO VALYLLEUCYL); ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN A RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN B RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ERGOT ALKALOID; HYDRALAZINE; ISOPRENALINE; NIFEDIPINE; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTACYCLIN; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; SUMATRIPTAN; TAK 044;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MIGRAINE; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESSOR RESPONSE; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RAYNAUD PHENOMENON; REVIEW; STROKE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; VARIANT ANGINA PECTORIS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

ANGINA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0030047005     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199651010-00003     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988; 332: 411-5
2. Haynes WG, Webb DJ. The endothelin family of peptides: local hormones with diverse roles in health and disease? Clin Sci 1993; 84: 485-500
3. Inoue A, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, et al. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three different genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2863-7
4. Cocks TM, Broughton A, Dib M, et al. Endothelin is blood vessel selective: studies on a variety of human and dog vessels in vitro and on regional blood flow in the conscious rabbit. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1989; 16: 243-6
5. Cocks TM, Faulkner NL, Sudhir K, et al. Reactivity of endothelin-1 on human and canine large veins compared with large arteries in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 171: 17-24
6. Bloch KD, Eddy RL, Shows TB, et al. cDNA cloning and chromosomal alignment of the gene encoding endothelin-3. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 18156-61
7. Opgenorth TJ, Wu-Wong JR, Shiosaki K. Endothelin-converting enzymes. FASEB J 1992; 6: 2653-9
8. Xu D, Emoto N, Giaid A, et al. ECE-1: a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1. Cell 1994; 78: 473-85
9. Emoto N, Yanagisawa M. Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 is a membrane-bound, phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease with acidic pH optimum. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 15262-8
10. Predel H, Meyer-Lehnert H, Backer A, et al. Plasma concentrations of endothelin in patients with abnormal vascular reactivity. Life Sci 1990; 47: 1837-43
11. Yoshimoto S, Ishizaki Y, Sasaki T, et al. Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen on endothelin production by cultured porcine cerebral endothelial cells. Stroke 1991; 22: 378-81
12. Wagner OF, Christ G, Wojta J, et al. Polar secretion of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 16066-8
13. Stewart DJ. Endothelin in cardiopulmonary disease: factor paracrine vs neurohumoral. Eur Heart J 1993; 14 Suppl. 1: 48-54
14. Arai H, Hori H, Aramori I, et al. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 730-2
15. Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Inoue I, et al. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non isopeptide selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 732-5
16. Spokes RA, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Studies with endothelin-3 and endothelin-1 on rat blood pressure and isolated tissues: evidence for multiple endothelin receptor subtypes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 13 Suppl. 5: S191-2
17. Takayanagi R, Kitazumi K, Takashi C, et al. Presence of a non-selective type of endothelin receptor on vascular endothelium and its linkage to vasodilatation. FEBS Lett 1991; 282: 103-6
18. A subtype. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 1110-6
19. Tschudi MR, Lüscher TF. Characterization of contractile endothelin and angiotensin receptors in human resistance arteries: evidence for two endothelin and one angiotensin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 204: 685-90
20. B receptors cause vasoconstriction of human resistance and capacitance vessels in vivo. Circulation 1995; 92: 357-63
21. A receptors in humans? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994; 15: 9-11
22. C receptor) from Xenopus laevis dermal melanophores. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 19126-33
23. Clarke JG, Benjamin N, Larkin SW, et al. Endothelin is a potent long-lasting vasoconstrictor in men. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: H2033-5
24. Vierhapper H, Wagner O, Nowotny P, et al. Effect of endothelin-1 in man. Circulation 1990; 81: 1415-8
25. Haynes WG, Webb DJ. Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone. Lancet 1994; 344: 852-4
26. Wenzel RR, Noll G, Lüscher TF. Endothelin receptor antagonists inhibit endothelin in human skin microcirculation. Hypertension 1994; 23: 581-6
27. A/B receptor antagonist, TAK-044, in man. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. In press
28. Warner TD, Allcock GH, Corder R, et al. Use of the endothelin antagonists BQ-123 and PD 142893 to reveal three endothelin receptors mediating smooth muscle contraction and the release of EDRF. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 777-82
29. Rubanyi GM, Polokoff MA. Endothelins: molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacol Rev 1994; 46: 325-415
30. Gray GA, Webb DJ. Molecular biology and pharmacology of the endothelins. Texas: RG Landes Co., 1995
31. Ishikawa T, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, et al. Positive inotropic actions of novel vasoconstrictor peptide on guinea pig atria. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: H970-3
32. + exchange, c-fos expression, and mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 708-12
33. Rabelink TJ, Kaassjager KAH, Boer P, et al. Effects of endothelin-1 on renal function in humans: implications for physiology and pathophysiology. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 376-8
34. Macrae IM, McAuley MA, Robinson MJ, et al. Endothelin induced hypertension: a consequence of medullary ischaemia? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 Suppl. 7: S496-9
35. Nishimura M, Takahashi H, Matsusawa M, et al. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of endothelin elevate arterial pressure in rats. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 71-6
36. Tabuchi Y, Nakamura M, Rakugi H, et al. Endothelin enhances adrenergic vasoconstriction in perfused rat mesenteric arteries. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159: 1304-8
37. Wong-Dusting HK, La M, Rand MJ. Mechanisms of the effects of endothelin on responses to noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1990; 17: 269-73
38. Rakugi H, Tabuchi Y, Nakamura M, et al. Endothelin activates the vascular renin-angiotensin system in rat mesenteric arteries. Biochem Int 1990; 21: 867-72
39. Cozza EN, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Foecking MF, et al. Endothelin binding to cultured calf adrenal glomerulosa cells and stimulation of aldosterone secretion. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1032-5
40. Boarder MR, Marriott DB. Characterisation of endothelin-1 stimulation of catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 13 Suppl. 5: S223-4
41. Yang Z, Richard V, von Segesser L, et al. Threshold concentrations of endothelin-1 potentiate contractions to norepinephrine and serotonin in human arteries: a new mechanism for vasospasm? Circulation 1990; 82: 188-95
42. Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Suzuki H, et al. Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 1994; 368: 703-10
43. Baynash AG, Hosoda K, Giaid A, et al. Interaction of endothelin-3 with endothelin-B receptor is essential for development of epidermal melanocytes and enteric neurons. Cell 1994; 79: 1277-85
44. A knockout mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. In press
45. Kohno M, Murakawa K, Horio T, et al. Plasma immunoreactive endothelin-1 in experimental malignant hypertension. Hypertension 1991; 18: 93-100
46. Lariviére R, Thibault G, Schiffrin EL. Increased endothelin-1 content in blood vessels of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive but not spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1993; 21: 294-300
47. Plumpton C, Haynes WG, Webb DJ, et al. Phosphoramidon inhibition of the in vivo conversion of big endothelin-1 to endothelin-1 in the human forearm. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 1821-8
48. Clozel M. Endothelin sensitivity and receptor binding in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1989; 7: 913-7
49. Dohi Y, Lüscher TF. Endothelin-1 in hypertensive resistance arteries: intraluminal and extraluminal dysfunction. Hypertension 1991; 18: 543-9
50. Miyauchi T, Ishikawa T, Tomobe Y, et al. Characteristics of pressure response to endothelin in spontaneously hypertensive and Wystar-Kyoto rats. Hypertension 1989; 14: 427-34
51. Roberts-Thomson P, McRitchie RJ, Chalmers RP. Experimental hypertension produces diverse changes in the regional vascular responses to endothelin-1 in the rabbit and the rat. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 1225-34
52. Ohno A, Naruse M, Kato S, et al. Endothelin specific antibodies decrease blood pressure and increase glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma blood flow in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 781-5
53. Douglas SA, Gellai M, Ezekiel M, et al. BQ-123, a selective endothelin subtype A-receptor antagonist, lowers blood pressure in different rat models of hypertension. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 561-7
54. Fujita K, Matsumura Y, Kita S, et al. Role of endothelin-1 and the ETA receptor in the maintenance of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 925-30
55. Nishikibe M, Tsuchida S, Okada M, et al. Antihypertensive effect of a newly synthesised endothelin antagonist. BQ-123, in a genetic hypertensive model. Life Sci 1993; 52: 717-24
56. Ohlstein EH, Nambi P, Douglas SA, et al. SB 209670, a rationally designed potent non-peptide endothelin receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8052-6
57. Clozel M, Breu V, Burri K, et al. Pathophysiological role of endothelin revealed by the first orally active endothelin receptor antagonist. Nature 1993; 365: 759-61
58. Davenport AP, Ashby MJ, Easton P, et al. A sensitive radioimmunoassay measuring endothelin-like immunoreactivity in human plasma: comparison of levels in patients with essential hypertension and normotensive control subjects. Clin Sci 1990; 78: 261-4
59. Haynes WG, Hand MF, Johnstone H, et al. Direct and sympathetically mediated venoconstriction in essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 1359-64
60. Yoshida M, Nonoguchi H, Owada A, et al. Three cases of malignant hypertension: the roles of endothelin-1 and the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system. Clin Nephrol 1994; 42: 295-9
61. Florijn KW, Derkx FHM, Visser W, et al. Plasma immunoreactive endothelin-1 in pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 Suppl. 7: S446-8
62. Yokokawa K, Tahara H, Kohno M, et al. Hypertension associated with endothelin secreting malignant haemangioendothelioma. Ann Int Med 1991; 114: 213-5
63. Schiffrin EL, Thibault G. Blunted effects of endothelin upon small subcutaneous arteries of mild essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 437-44
64. Haynes WG, Ferro CJ, Webb DJ. Role of endothelin in maintenance of vascular tone in normotensive and hypertensive patients. J Cardiovase Pharmacol. In press
65. Lerman A, Edwards BS, Hallett JW, et al. Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 997-1001
66. Winkles JA, Alberts GF, Brogi E, et al. Endothelin-1 binding and endothelin immunoreactivity in normal and atherosclerotic human arteries. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 191: 1081-8
67. Zeiher AM, Goebel H, Schachlinger V, et al. Tissue endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in the active coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 1995; 91: 941-7
68. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary artery disease: part 2. Short term reductions in blood pressure: an overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827-38
69. Takasaki C, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, et al. Similarity of endothelin to snake venom toxin. Nature 1988; 335: 303
70. Kurihara H, Yamaoki K, Nagai R, et al. Endothelin: a potent vasoconstrictor associated with vasospasm. Life Sci 1989; 44: 1937-44
71. Velasco CE, Turner M, Inagami T, et al. Reperfusion enhances the local release of endothelin after regional myocardial ischaemia. Am Heart J 1994; 128: 441-51
72. Liu J, Chen R, Casley DJ, et al. Ischaemia and reperfusion increase 1251-labelled endothelin-1 binding in rat cardiac membranes. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: 829-35
73. Grover GJ, Sleph PG, Fox M, et al. Role of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in modulating coronary artery vascular tone, contractile function and severity of ischaemia in rat hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 263: 1074-82
74. Watanabe T, Suzuki N, Shimamoto N, et al. Contribution of endogenous endothelin to the extension of myocardial infarct size in rats. Circ Res 1991; 69: 370-7
75. Grover GJ, Dzwonczyk S, Parham CS. The endothelin-1 receptor antagonist BQ-123 reduces infarct size in a canine model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 1613-8
76. B receptor antagonist. TAK-044 and the inhibition of myocardial infarct size in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114; 949-54
77. Miyauchi T, Yanagisawa M, Tomizawa T, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1989; 2: 53-4
78. Ray SG, McMurray JJ, Morton JJ, et al. Circulating endothelin in acute ischaemic syndromes. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 383-6
79. Omland T, Lie RT, Aakvaag A, et al. Plasma endothelin determination as a prognostic indicator of 1-year mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994; 89: 1573-9
80. Wieczorek I, Haynes WG, Webb DJ, et al. Raised plasma endothelin in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: relation to cardiovascular outcome. Br Heart J 1994; 72: 436-41
81. Lechleitner P, Genser N, Mair J, et al. Plasma immunoreactive endothelin in the acute and subacute phases of myocardial infarction in patients undergoing fibrinolysis. Clin Chem 1992; 39: 955-9
82. Tahara A, Kohno M, Yanagi S, et al. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Metabolism 1991; 40: 1235-7
83. MERCATOR Study Group. Does the new angiotensin converting enzyme cilazapril prevent restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty? Circulation 1992; 86: 100-10
84. Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merlis R, et al. A variant form of angina pectoris. Am J Med 1959; 27: 375-88
85. Dhurandhar RW, Watt DL, Silver MD, et al. Prinzmetal's variant form of angina with arteriographic evidence of coronary arterial spasm. Am J Cardiol 1972; 30: 902-5
86. Quyumi AA, Cannon RO, Panza JA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries. Circulation 1989; 86: 1864-71
87. Lüscher TF. Endothelin, key to coronary vasospasm? Circulation 1991; 83: 701-3
88. Matsuyama K, Yasue H, Okumura K, et al. Increased plasma levels of endothelin-1 -like immunoreactivity during coronary spasm in patients with coronary spastic angina. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 991-5
89. Artigou JY, Salloum J, Carayoni A, et al. Variations in plasma endothelin levels during coronary spasm. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 780-4
90. Miller D, Waters DD, Warnica W, et al. Is variant angina the coronary manifestation of a generalized vasospastic disorder? N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 763-6
91. O'Keefe ST, Tsapatsaris NP, Beetham WP, et al. Increased prevalence of migraine and chest pain in patients with primary Raynaud's disease. Ann Int Med 1992; 116: 985-9
92. Task Force on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 741-51
93. Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive cardiac failure: a substudy of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 1990; 82: 1724-9
94. Swedberg K, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. Circulation 1990; 82: 1730-6
95. van Zwieten PA. Neuroendocrine effects of diuretics in heart failure. Br Heart J 1994; 72 Suppl.: S51-3
96. Miller WL, Redfield MM, Burnett JC. Integrated cardiac, renal, and endocrine actions of endothelin. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 317-20
97. Firth JD, Roberts AF, Raine AE. Effect of endothelin on the function of the isolated perfused working rat heart. Clin Sci 1990; 79: 221-6
98. Ishikawa T, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, et al. Positive chronotropic effects of endothelin, a novel endothelium derived vasoconstrictor peptide. Pflugers Arch 1988; 413: 108-10
99. Cavero PG, Miller WL, Heublein DM, et al. Endothelin in experimental heart failure in the anaesthetized dog. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: F312-7
100. McMurray JJ, Ray SG, Abdullah I, et al. Plasma endothelin in heart failure. Circulation 1992; 85: 1374-9
101. Pacher R, Bergler-Klein J, Globits S, et al. Plasma big endothelin-1 concentrations in congestive heart failure patients with or without systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 1293-9
102. Wei CM, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation 1994; 89: 1580-6
103. Emori T, Hirata Y, Ohta K, et al. Cellular mechanism of endothelin 1 release by angiotensin and vasopressin. Hypertension 1991; 18: 165-70
104. Love MP, Haynes WG, Webb DJ, et al. Anti-endothelin therapy is of potential benefit in heart failure. Circulation 1994; 90: 1-547
105. Love MP, Haynes WG, Webb DJ, et al. Endothelin receptors in chronic heart failure (abstract). Eur Heart J 1995; 16 Suppl.: 156
106. Roubert P, Gillard V, Plas P, et al. Angiotensin II and phorbolesters potently down-regulate endothelin (ET-1) binding sites in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164: 809-15
107. B receptor subtype mRNA by angiotensin II in rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 194: 1282-7
108. Kiowski W, Sütsch G, Hunziker P, et al. Evidence for endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction in severe chronic heart failure. Lancet 1995; 346: 732-6
109. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 303-10
110. SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive cardiac failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293-302
111. Cacoub P, Dorent R, Maistre G, et al. Endothelin-1 in primary pulmonary hypertension and the Eisenmenger syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 448-50
112. Sandoval J, Bauerle O, Gomez A, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension in children: clinical characterization and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 466-74
113. Nicod P, Moser K. Primary pulmonary hypertension: the risk and benefit of lung biopsy. Circulation 1989; 80: 1486-8
114. Wood P. Pulmonary hypertension with special reference to the vasoconstrictive factor. Br Heart J 1958; 20: 557-70
115. Barnes PJ, Liu SF. Regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. Pharmacol Rev 1995; 47: 87-131
116. Toga H, Raj JU, Hillyard R, et al. Endothelin effects in isolated, perfused lamb lungs: role of cyclooxygenase inhibition and vasomotor tone. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: H443-50
117. Wong J, Vanderford PA, Fineman JR, et al. Endothelin-1 produces pulmonary vasodilatation in the intact newborn lamb. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: H318-25
118. Horgan MJ, Pinheiro JMB, Malik AB. Mechanism of endothelin-1 induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circ Res 1991; 69: 157-64
119. Janakidevi K, Fisher MA, Del Vecchio PJ, et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: C1295-301
120. Stelzner TJ, O'Brien RF, Yanagisawa M, et al. Increased lung endothelin-1 production in rats with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: L614-20
121. Hay DWP, Luttmann MA, Hubbard WC, et al. Endothelin receptor subtypes in human and guinea-pig pulmonary tissues. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 1175-83
122. A receptor antagonist, inhibits endothelin-1 mediated proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 429-33
123. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Eng J Med 1993; 328: 1732-9
124. Raynaud M. On local asphyxia and symmetrical gangrene of the extremities, 1862, and New research on the nature and treatment of local asphyxia of the extremities, 1872. In: Barlow T, editor. Selected Monographs, vol. 121. London: New Sydenham Society, 1988
125. Cotton LT, Khan O. Raynaud's phenomenon: a review. Int Angiol 1986; 5: 215-36
126. Wollersheim H, van Zwieten PA. Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 147-9
127. Dowd P, Goldsmith PG, Bull HA, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 1995; 346: 283-90
128. Monge L, Garcia-Villalon GA, Montoya JJ, et al. Response of rabbit ear artery to endothelin-1 during cooling. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 104: 609-12
129. Bedarida GV, Kim D, Blaschke TF, et al. Venodilatation in Raynaud's disease. Lancet 1993; 342: 1451-4
130. Fyhrquist F, Saijonmaa O, Metsarinne K, et al. Raised plasma endothelin-1 concentration following cold pressor test. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 169: 217-21
131. Zamora MR, O'Brien RF, Rutherford RB, et al. Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 1990; 336: 1144-7
132. Asano T, Ikega I, Satoh S, et al. Endothelin: a potential modulator of cerebral vasospasm. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 190: 365-72
133. Seiffert V, Loffler BM, Zimmermann M, et al. Endothelin concentrations in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 55-62
134. Asano T, Ikega I, Suzuki Y, et al. Endothelin and the production of cerebral vasospasm in dogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159: 1345-51
135. Alafaci C, Jansen I, Arbab MAR, et al. Enhanced vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin in cerebral arteries from rats with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Physiol Scand 1990; 138: 317-9
136. Yamaura I, Tani E, Maeda Y, et al. Endothelin-1 of canine basilar artery in vasospasm. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: 99-105
137. Schini VB, Hendrickson H, Heublein DM, et al. Thrombin enhances the release of endothelin from porcine aortic cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 165: 333-4
138. Mayberg MR, Okada T, Bark DH. The role of haemoglobin in arterial narrowing after subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1990; 72: 634-40
139. Matsumura Y, Ikegawa R, Suzuki Y, et al. Phosphoramidon prevents cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage in dogs: the relationship to endothelin-1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Life Sci 1991; 49: 841-8
140. A receptor antagonist, BQ-485, and its preventative effect on experimental cerebral vasospasm in dogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 195: 969-75
141. A receptor antagonist, FR139317, ameliorates cerebral vasospasm in dogs. Life Sci 1993; 52: 1869-74
142. Dorsch N. Cerebral arterial spasm: a clinical review. Br J Neurosurg 1995; 9: 403-12
143. Masaoka H, Suzuki R, Hirata Y, et al. Raised plasma endothelin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 1989; 2: 1402
144. Suzuki H, Masaoka H, Hirata Y, et al. The role of endothelin-1 in the origin of cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 96-100
145. Willette RN, Ohlstein EH, Pullen M, et al. Transient forebrain ischaemia alters acutely endothelin receptor density and immunoreactivity in gerbil brain. Life Sci 1993; 52: 35-40
146. Barone FC, Globus MYT, Price WJ, et al. Endothelin levels increase in rat focal ischaemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 337-42
147. Feuerstein G, Gu JL, Ohlstein EH, et al. Peptidic endothelin-1 receptor antagonist, BQ-123, and neuroprotection. Peptides 1994; 15: 467-9
148. Ziv I, Fleminger G, Djaldetti R, et al. Increased plasma endothelin-1 levels in acute ischaemic stroke. Stroke 1942; 23: 1014-6
149. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalagia 1988; 8 Suppl. 7: 1-96
150. Rasmussen BK, Olesen MD. Epidemiology of migraine and tension-type headache. Current Opin Neurol 1994; 7: 264-71
151. Fozard JR, Kalkman HO. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the initiation of migraine: new perspectives. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1994; 350: 225-9
152. Goadsby PJ. The challenge of headache for the 1990s. Curr Opin Neurol 1994; 7: 272-7
153. Welch KMA. Drug therapy of migraine. N Engl J Med 1994; 329: 1476-83
154. Silberstein SD, Young WB. Safety and efficacy of ergotamine tartrate and dihydroergotamine in the treatment of migraine and status migrainous. Neurology 1995; 45: 577-84
155. Norris JW, Hachinski VC, Cooper PW. Changes in cerebral blood flow during a migraine attack. BMJ 1975; 3: 676-84
156. Laritzen M, Olesen J. Regional blood flow during migraine attacks by xenon-133 inhalation and emission tomography. Brain 1984; 107: 447-61
157. Woods RP, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC. Bilateral spreading cerebral hypoperfusion during spontaneous migraine headache. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1689-92
158. Farkkila M, Palo J, Saijonmaa O, et al. Raised plasma endothelin during an acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia 1992; 12: 383-4
159. Gallai V, Sarchielli P, Firenze C, et al. Endothelin-1 in migraine and tension-type headache. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 89: 47-55
160. Milner P, Bodin P, Loesch A, et al. Rapid release of endothelin and ATP from isolated aortic endothelial cells exposed to increased flow. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170: 649-56
161. Penfield W, McNaughton F. Dural headache and innervation of the dura mater. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1940; 44: 43-75
162. Saito K, Markowitz S, Moskowitz MA. Ergot alkaloids block neurogenic extravasation in dura mater: proposed action in vascular headaches. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 732-7
163. Buzzi MG, Moskowitz MA. The antimigraine drug, sumatriptan (GR43175), selectively blocks neurogenic plasma extravasation from blood vessels in dura mater. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 99: 202-6
164. Smolens P, Stein JH. Pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Am J Med 1981; 70: 479-82
165. Turney JH. Acute renal failure: some progress. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1372-4
166. A receptor antagonist in the rat. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 900-6
167. Brooks DP, DePalma PD, Pullen M, et al. Characterization of canine renal endothelin receptor subtypes and their function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268: 1091-7
168. Kohan DE, Padilla E. Osmolar regulation of endothelin-1 production by rat inner medullary collecting duct. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1235-40
169. Firth JD, Raine AEG, Ratcliffe PJ, et al. Endothelin: an important factor in acute renal failure? Lancet 1988; 2: 1179-82
170. Shibouta Y, Suzuki N, Shino A, et al. Pathophysiological role of endothelin in acute renal failure. Life Sci 1990; 46: 1611-8
171. Badr K, Murray J, Breyer M, et al. Mesangial cell, glomerular and renal vascular responses to endothelin in the rat kidney. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 336-42
172. Katoh T, Chang H, Uchida S, et al. Direct effects of endothelin in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: F397-402
173. Gellai M, DeWolf R, Pullen M, et al. Distribution and functional role of renal ET receptor subtypes in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 1287-94
174. Karet FE, Davenport AD. Endothelin and the human kidney: a potential target for new drugs. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 465-8
175. Clozel M, Löffler BM, Gloor H. Relative preservation of the responsiveness to endothelin-1 during reperfusion following renal ischaemia in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 Suppl. 7: S313-5
176. Nambi P, Pullen M, Jugus M, et al. Rat kidney endothelin receptors in ischaemia-induced acute renal failure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 264: 345-8
177. Roubert P, Gillard-Roubert V, Pourmarin L, et al. Endothelin receptor subtypes A and B are up-regulated in an experimental model of acute renal failure. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 45: 182-8
178. Firth JD, Ratcliffe PJ. Organ distribution of the three rat endothelin messenger RNAs and the effects of ischaemia on renal gene expression. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1023-31
179. Mino N, Kobayashi M, Nakajima A, et al. Protective effect of a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, BQ-123, in ischaemic acute renal failure in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 221: 77-83
180. Chan L, Chittinandana A, Shapiro JI, et al. Effect of an endothelin-receptor antagonist on ischaemic acute renal failure. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: F135-8
181. Kusumoto K, Kubo K, Kandori H, et al. Effects of a new endothelin antagonist, TAK-044, on post-ischaemic acute renal failure in rats. Life Sci 1994; 55: 301-10
182. Stingo AJ, Clavell AL, Aarhus LL, et al. Biological role for the endothelin-A receptor in aortic cross-clamping. Hypertension 1993; 22: 62-6
183. Brooks DP, DePalma PD, Gellai M, et al. Nonpeptide endothelin antagonists: III. Effect of SB 209679 and BQ123 on acute renal failure in anaesthetized dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 271: 769-75
184. Tomita K, Ujhe K, Nakanishi T, et al. Plasma endothelin levels in patients with acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1127
185. Kon V, Suguira M, Inagami T, et al. Role of endothelin in cyclosporine-induced glomerular dysfunction. Kidney Int 1990; 37: 1487-91
186. Fogo A, Hellings SE, Inagami T, et al. Endothelin receptor antagonism is protective in in vivo acute cyclosporine toxicity. Kidney Int 1992; 42: 770-4
187. Marguiles KB, Hildebrand FL, Heublein DM, et al. Radiocontrast increases plasma and urinary endothelin. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 2: 1041-5