Community-acquired pneumonia: An update

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 16-30

  Meeker, David P ^a   Lonoworth, David L ^a,b  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b GENZYME CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; INFLUENZA VACCINE; MACROLIDE; OFLOXACIN; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; RIFAMPICIN; RIMANTADINE; TETRACYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DRUG CHOICE; HUMAN; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; PNEUMONIA; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 0030046266     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.63.1.16     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial thetapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1418-1426.
2. Witt DJ, Craven DE, McCabe WR. Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1987; 82:900-906.
3. Polsky B, Gold JW, Whimbey E, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104:38-41.
4. Selwyn PA, Feingold AR, Hartel D, et al. Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected intravenous drug users without AIDS. AIDS 1988; 2:267-272.
5. Fang GD, Fine M, Orloff J, et al. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy - A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine 1990; 69:307-316.
6. Karalus NC, Cursons RT, Leng RA, et al. Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and prognostic index evaluation. Thorax 1991; 46:413-418.
7. Blanquer J, Blanquer R, Borras R, et al. Aetiology of community acquired pneumonia in Valencia, Spain: a multicentre prospective study. Thorax 1991; 46:508-511.
8. Bates JH, Campbell GD, Barron AL, et al. Microbial etiology of acute pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Chest 1992; 101:1005-1012.
9. Tortes A, Serra-Batlles J, Ferrer A, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia - epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:312-318.
10. Harrison BDW, Farr BM, Pugh S, Selkon JB, Prescott, Connolly CK. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British hospitals in 1982-1983: a survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors, and outcome. Q J Med 1987; 239:195-220.
11. Woodhead MA. Management of pneumonia. Respir Med 1992; 86:459-469.
12. Connor EB. The nonvalue of sputum culture in the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 103:845-848.
13. Garibaldi RA, Brodine S, Matsumiya S. Infections among patients in nursing homes-policies, prevalence, and problems. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:731-735.
14. Rello J, Quintana E, Ausina V, Net A, Prats G. A three-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on outcome. Chest 1993; 103:232-235.
15. Ries K, Levison ME, Kaye D. Transtracheal aspiration in pulmonary infection. Arch Intern Med 1974; 133:453-458.
16. Bartlett JG. Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung. Chest 1991; 6:901-909.
17. Woodhead MA, Arrowsmith J, Chamberlain-Webber R, Wooding S, Williams I. The value of routine microbial investigation in community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 1991; 85:313-317.
18. Balassanian N, Robbins FC. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in families. N Engl J Med 1967; 14:719-725.
19. Verghese A, Berk SL. Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. Medicine 1983; 62:271-285.
20. Schwab R, Walters CA, Weksler ME. Host defense mechanisms and aging. Semin Oncol 1989; 16:20-27.
21. Finkelstein MS, Petkun WM, Freedman ML, Antopol SC. Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: age-dependent differences in presentation and in outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983; 31:19-27.
22. Murphy TF, Fine BC. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Med Sci 1984; 288:114-118.
23. Ebright JR, Rytel MW. Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1980; 28:220-223.
24. Venkatesan P, Gladman J, MacFarlane JT, et al. A hospital study of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Thorax 1990; 45:254-258.
25. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Yates L. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: 5-year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 2:586-599.
26. Marrie TJ, Haldane EV, Faulkner RS, Durant H, Dwan C, Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation - is it different in the elderly? J Am Genatr Soc 1985; 33:671-680.
27. Brancati FL, Chow JW, Wagener MM, Vacarella SJ, Yu VL. Is pneumonia really the old man's friend? Two-year prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 1993; 342:30-33.
28. Mackowiak PH, Martin RM, Jones SR, Smith JW. Pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli in aspiration-prone persons. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138:1224-1227.
29. Nguyen MLT, Yu VL. Legionella infection. Clin Chest Med 1991; 12(2):257-268
30. Nguyen MH, Stout JE, Yu VL. Legionellosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991; 5:561-584.
31. Yu VL, Kroboth FJ, Shonnard J, Brown A, McDearman S, Magnussen M. Legionnaires' disease: new clinical perspective from a prospective pneumonia study Am J Med 1982; 73:357-360.
32. Guthrie R, Sickles RT, Draeger S, et al. The incidence of Legionella pneumophila as the cause of acute ambulatory lower respiratory tract infection. J Fam Pract 1988; 26:633-635.
33. Ruf B, Schurmann D, Horbach I, Fehrenbach FJ, Pohle HD. Prevalence and diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia: a 3-year prospective study with emphasis on application of urinary antigen detection. J Infect Dis 1990; 162:1341-1348.
34. Falco V, Fernandez de Sevilla T, Alegre J, Ferrer A, Vazquez JMM. Legionella pneumophila - a cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1991; 100:1007-1011.
35. Bhopas RS, Fallon RJ, Buist EC, Black RJ, Urquhart JD. Proximity of the home to a cooling tower and risk of non-outbreak legionnaires' disease. Br Med J 1991; 302:378-383.
36. Finegold SM. Legionnaires'disease - still with us N Engl J Med 1988; 318:571-573.
37. O'Brien SJ, Bhopal RS. Legionnaires' disease: the infective dose paradox. Lancet 1993; 342:5.
38. Yu VL. Could aspiration be the major mode of transmission for Legionella? Am J Med 1993; 95:13-21.
39. Kirby BD, Snyder KM, Meyer RD, Finegold SM. Legionnaires' disease: report of sixty-five nosocomially acquired cases and review of the literature. Medicine 1980; 59:188-205.
40. Woodhead MA, MacFarlane JT. Comparative clinical and laboratory features of Legionella with pneumococcal and mycoplasma pneumonias. Br J Dis Chest 1987; 81:133-139.
41. Kaufman AF, McDade JE, Patton CM, et al. Pontiac fever: isolation of the ctiologic agent (Legionella pneumophila) and demonstration of its mode of transmission. Am J Epidermol 1981; 111:337-339.
42. Miller LA, Beebe JL, Butler JC, et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiologic investigation of Pontiac fever. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:769-772.
43. MacFarlane JT, Miller AC, Roderick Smith WH, Morris AH, Rose DH. Comparative radiographic features of community acquired Legionnaires' disease, pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, and psittacosis. Thorax 1984; 39:28-33.
44. Kohler RB. Antigen detection for the rapid diagnosis of mycoplasma and Legionella pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1986; 4:47S-59S
45. Marrie TJ. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia requiring hospitahzation, with emphasis on infection in the elderly Arch Intern Med 1993, 153:488-494.
46. Tuazon CU, Murray HW. Atypical pneumonias. In: Pepnington JE, editor. Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. New York. Raven Press, 1988:341-363.
47. Khatib R, Schnarr D. Point-source outbreak of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a family unit. J Infect Dis 1985; 151:186-187.
48. Murray HW, Masur H, Senterfit LB, Roberts RB. The protean manifestations of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in adults. Am J Med 1975; 58:229-242.
49. Janower ML, Weiss EB. Mycoplasmal, viral, and rickettsial pneumonias. Semin Roentgenol 1980, 15:25-34.
50. Ali NJ, Sillias M, Andrews BE, Jenkins PF, Harrison BDW. The clinical spectrum and diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Q J Med 1986; 58:241-251.
51. Sillis M. The limitations of IgM assays in the serological diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. J Med Microbiol 1990; 33:253-258.
52. Grayston JT, Kuo CC, Wang SP, Altman J. A new chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:161-168
53. Grayston JT, Campbell LA, Kuo CC, et al. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:618-625.
54. Marrie TJ. Chlamydia pneumontae. Thorax 1993; 48:1-4.
55. Kleemola M, Saikku P, Visakorpi R, Wang SP, Grayston JT. Epidemics of pneumonia caused by TWAR, a new chlamydia organism, in military trainees in Finland. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:230-236.
56. Marrie TJ, Grayston JT, Wang SP, Kuo CC. Pneumonia associated with the TWAR strain of chlamydia. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:507-511.
57. Grayston JT, Aldous MB, Easton A, et al. Evidence that Chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia and bronchitis. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:1231-1235.
58. Berdal BP, Scheel O, Ogaard AR, Hoel T, Gutteberg TJ, Anestad G. Spread of subclinical chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a closed community. Scand J Infect Dis 1992; 24:431-436.
59. Falsey AR, Walsh EE. Transmission of chlamydia pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:493-496.
60. Kauffman RS. Viral pneumonia, In: Pennington JE, editor. Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1988.
61. Barker WH, Mullooly JP. Impact of epidemic type A influenza in a defined adult population. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112:798-513.
62. Glezen WP, Decker M, Perrotta. Survey of underlying conditions of persons hospitalued with acute respiratory disease during influenza epidemics in Houston, 1978-1981. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987, 136:550-555.
63. Margolis KL, Lofgren RP, Korn JE. Organizational strategies to improve influenza vaccine delivery - a standing order in a general medicine clinic. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:2205-2207.
64. Nichol KL, Lind A, Margolis KL, et al. The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:889-893.
65. Waner JL, Todd SJ, Shalaby H, Murphy P, Wall LV. Comparison of Directigen FLU-A with viral isolation and direct immunofluorescence for the rapid detection and identification of influenza A virus. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:479-482.
66. Dolin R, Reichman RC, Madore HP, Maynard R, Linton PN, Webber-Jones J. A controlled trial of amantadine and rimantadine in the prophylaxis of influenza A infection. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:580-584-
67. Van Voris LP, Betts RF, Hayden FG, Christmas WA, Douglas RG Jr. Successful treatment of naturally occurring influenza A/USSR/77 H1N1. JAMA 1981; 245:1128-1131.
68. Clover RD, Crawford SA, Abell TD, Ramsey CN Jr, Glezen QP, Couch RB. Effectiveness of rimantadine prophylaxis of children within families. Am J Dis Child 1986; 140:706-709.
69. Farr BM, Mandell GL. Gram-positive pneumonia. In: Pennington JE, editor. Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1988.
70. Austrian R. Pneumococcal pneumonia - diagnostic, epidemiologic, therapeutic and prophylactic considerations. Chest 1986; 90:738-743.
71. Esposito AL. Community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia - effect of age on manifestations and outcome. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144:945-948.
72. Garcia-Leoni ME, Moreno S, Rodeno P, Cercenado E, Vincente T, Bouza E. Pneumococcal pneumonia in adult hospitalized patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:1808-1812.
73. Boersma WG, Lowenberg A, Holloway Y, Kuttschrutter H, Anijder JAM, Koeter GH. Rapid detection of pneumococcal antigen in pleural fluid of patients with community acquired pneumonia. Thorax 1993; 48:160-162.
74. Venkatesan P, MacFarlane JT. Role of pneumococcal antigen in the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax 1992; 47:329-331. Editorial.
75. Sims RV, Steinmann WC, McConville JH, King LR, Zwick WC, Schwartz JS. The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly Ann Intern Med 1988; 108:653-657.
76. Caputo GM, Appelbaum PC, Liu HH. Infections due to penicillin-resistant pneumococci - clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic features. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:1301-1310.
77. Klugman KP. Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3:171-196.
78. Pallares R, Gudiol F, Linares J, et al. Risk factors and response to antibiotic therapy in adults with bacteremic pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:18-22.
79. Murphy TF, Apicella MA. Nontypable haemophilus influenzae: a review of clinical aspects, surface antigens, and the human immune response to infection. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9:1-15.
80. Musher DM, Kuhitschek KR, Crennan J, Baughn RE. Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to haemophilus influenzae. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99:444-450.
81. Wallace RJ, Musher DM, Martin RR. Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults. Am J Med 1978; 64:87-93.
82. Farley MM, Stephens DS, Brachman PS, et al. Invasive Haemophilus influereae disease in adults. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:806-312.
83. Levin DC, Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, LaForce FM. Bacteremic hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults. A report of 24 cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med 1977; 62:219-224.
84. Wallace RJ Jr, Musher DM. In honor of Dr. Sarah Branham, a star is born. The realization of branhamella catarrhalis as a respiratory pathogen. Chest 1986; 90:447-450.
85. Sarubbi FA, Myers JW, Williams JJ, Shell CG. Respiratory infections caused by branhamella catarrhalis-selected epidemiologic features. Am J Med 1990; 88:5A-9S-14S.
86. Wright PW, Wallace RJ, Shepherd JR. A descriptive study of 42 cases of branhamella catarrhalis pneumonia. Am J Med 1990; 88:5A-2S-5A-8S.
87. Nicotra B, Rivera M, Luman JI, Wallace RJ. Branhamella catarrhalis as a lower respiratory tract pathogen in patients with chronic lung disease. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:890-893.
88. Farr BM, Sloman AJ, Fisch MJ. Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1992, 115:428-436.
89. Fine MJ, Singer DE, Hanusa BH, Lave JR, Kapoor WN. Validation of a pneumonia prognostic index using the MedisGroups comparative hospital database. Am J Med 1993; 94:153-159.
90. Fine MJ, Orloff JJ, Arisumi D, et al. Prognosis of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 1990; 88:5-1N-5-SN.
91. Murray PR, Washington JA II. Microscopic and bacteriologic analysis of expectorated sputum Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50:339-344.
92. Davidson M, Tempest B, Palmer DL. Bacteriologic diagnosis of acute pneumonia - comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates, and lung aspirates. JAMA 1976; 235:158-163.
93. Jimenez P, Saldias F, Meneses M, Silva ME, Wilson MG, Otth L. Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia - comparison between bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter cultures. Chest 1993; 103:1023-1027.
94. Sorensen J, Forsberg P, Hakanson E, et al. A new diagnostic approach to the patient with severe pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 1989; 21:33-41.
95. Levy M, Dromer F, Brion N, Leturdu F, Carbon C. Community-acquired pneumonia - importance of initial noninvasive bacteriologic and radiographic investigations. Chest 1988; 92:43-48.
96. Kirtland SH, Winterbauer RH. Slowly resolving chronic and recurrent pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1991; 12(2):303-318.
97. Mittl RL Jr, Schwab J, Duchin JS, Goin JE, Albeida SM, Miller WT. Radiographic resolution of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:630-635.