메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 275, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 390-397

Evaluating new vaccines for developing countries: Efficacy or effectiveness?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; CHOLERA VACCINE; DENGUE VACCINE; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS VACCINE; MEASLES VACCINE; PERTUSSIS VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE; ROTAVIRUS VACCINE; TETANUS TOXOID; TYPHOID VACCINE;

EID: 0030045041     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.275.5.390     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (158)

References (87)
  • 2
    • 0028004218 scopus 로고
    • Children's vaccine initiative
    • Lee JW. Children's vaccine initiative. Science. 1994;266:527-528.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 527-528
    • Lee, J.W.1
  • 4
    • 1642398053 scopus 로고
    • Initial clinical evaluation of new vaccine candidates: Phase I and phase II trials of safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary efficacy
    • Woodrow GC, Levine MM, eds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc
    • Harrington D. Initial clinical evaluation of new vaccine candidates: phase I and phase II trials of safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary efficacy. In: Woodrow GC, Levine MM, eds. New Generation Vaccines. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990:43-50.
    • (1990) New Generation Vaccines , pp. 43-50
    • Harrington, D.1
  • 5
    • 0004474292 scopus 로고
    • Longer term evaluations of vaccine efficacy
    • Woodrow GC, Levine MM, eds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc
    • Clemens J, Stanton B. Longer term evaluations of vaccine efficacy. In: Woodrow GC, Levine MM, eds. New Generation Vaccines. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990:51-68.
    • (1990) New Generation Vaccines , pp. 51-68
    • Clemens, J.1    Stanton, B.2
  • 6
    • 0025365208 scopus 로고
    • Role of epidemiology in vaccine policy
    • Begg N, Miller, E. Role of epidemiology in vaccine policy. Vaccine. 1990;8:180-189.
    • (1990) Vaccine , vol.8 , pp. 180-189
    • Begg, N.1    Miller, E.2
  • 8
    • 0025157072 scopus 로고
    • Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results from long-term follow-up
    • Clemens J, Sack D, Harris J, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: results from long-term follow-up. Lancet. 1990;355:270-273.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 270-273
    • Clemens, J.1    Sack, D.2    Harris, J.3
  • 10
    • 0025900836 scopus 로고
    • Cholera in Africa: Lessons on transmission and control for Latin America
    • Glass R, Claeson M, Blake P, et al. Cholera in Africa: lessons on transmission and control for Latin America. Lancet. 1991;338:791-795.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 791-795
    • Glass, R.1    Claeson, M.2    Blake, P.3
  • 11
    • 0028124110 scopus 로고
    • Cholera control
    • Sack D. Cholera control. Lancet. 1994;344:616-617.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 616-617
    • Sack, D.1
  • 12
    • 0028097399 scopus 로고
    • Cholera control among Rwandan refugees in Zaire
    • Swerdlow D, Levine O. Cholera control among Rwandan refugees in Zaire. Lancet. 1994;344:1302-1303.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1302-1303
    • Swerdlow, D.1    Levine, O.2
  • 13
    • 0028768569 scopus 로고
    • Cholera treatment
    • Blok L, Sondorp E. Cholera treatment. Lancet. 1994;344:1022-1023.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1022-1023
    • Blok, L.1    Sondorp, E.2
  • 14
    • 0025986899 scopus 로고
    • Oral immunization against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine
    • Simanjuntak CH, Paleologo FP, Punjabi NH, et al. Oral immunization against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine. Lancet 1991;338: 1055-1059.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 1055-1059
    • Simanjuntak, C.H.1    Paleologo, F.P.2    Punjabi, N.H.3
  • 15
    • 0023180351 scopus 로고
    • Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation
    • Levine M, Ferreccio C, Black R, et al. Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation. Lancet. 1987;1:1049-1052.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1049-1052
    • Levine, M.1    Ferreccio, C.2    Black, R.3
  • 16
    • 0024580373 scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy of two, three, or four doses of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsules: A field trial in an endemic area
    • Ferreccio C, Levine M, Rodriguez H, et al. Comparative efficacy of two, three, or four doses of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsules: a field trial in an endemic area. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:766-769.
    • (1989) J Infect Dis , vol.159 , pp. 766-769
    • Ferreccio, C.1    Levine, M.2    Rodriguez, H.3
  • 17
    • 0025186257 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of enteric-coated capsules and liquid formulation of Ty21a typhoid vaccine in a randomised controlled field trial
    • Levine M, Ferreccio C, Cryz S, Ortiz E. Comparison of enteric-coated capsules and liquid formulation of Ty21a typhoid vaccine in a randomised controlled field trial. Lancet. 1990;336:891-894.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 891-894
    • Levine, M.1    Ferreccio, C.2    Cryz, S.3    Ortiz, E.4
  • 18
    • 0023243082 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi polysaecharide of Salmonella typhi: A preliminary report
    • Acharya V, Shrestha M, Cadoz M, et al. Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi polysaecharide of Salmonella typhi: a preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1101-1104.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 1101-1104
    • Acharya, V.1    Shrestha, M.2    Cadoz, M.3
  • 19
    • 0023633872 scopus 로고
    • Protective activity of Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever
    • Khigman K, Gilbertson I, Korrnhof H, et al. Protective activity of Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever. Lancet. 1987;2:1165-1169.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1165-1169
    • Khigman, K.1    Gilbertson, I.2    Korrnhof, H.3
  • 21
    • 0026428599 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy in Navajo infants of a conjugate vaccine consisting of Haemophilus influenzas type b polysaceharide and Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein complex
    • Santosham M, Wolff M, Reid R, et al. The efficacy in Navajo infants of a conjugate vaccine consisting of Haemophilus influenzas type b polysaceharide and Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein complex. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1767-1772.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 1767-1772
    • Santosham, M.1    Wolff, M.2    Reid, R.3
  • 22
    • 0026033321 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy in infancy of oligosaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (HbOC) vaccine in a United States population of 61,080 children
    • Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, et al. Efficacy in infancy of oligosaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (HbOC) vaccine in a United States population of 61,080 children. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1991;10:97-104.
    • (1991) Pediatr Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 97-104
    • Black, S.1    Shinefield, H.2    Fireman, B.3
  • 23
    • 0028023938 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine PRP-T
    • Booy R, Hodgson S, Carpenter L, et al. Efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine PRP-T. Lancet. 1994;344:362-366.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 362-366
    • Booy, R.1    Hodgson, S.2    Carpenter, L.3
  • 24
    • 0028926304 scopus 로고
    • Lot-release criteria, postlicensure quality control, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines
    • Egan W, Frasch C, Anthony B. Lot-release criteria, postlicensure quality control, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. JAMA. 1995;273:888-889.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 888-889
    • Egan, W.1    Frasch, C.2    Anthony, B.3
  • 25
    • 0008556701 scopus 로고
    • On some prerequisites for a successful clinical trial
    • Shapiro S, Louis T, eds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc
    • Sackett DL. On some prerequisites for a successful clinical trial. In: Shapiro S, Louis T, eds. Clinical Trials: Issues and Approaches. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1983:65-80.
    • (1983) Clinical Trials: Issues and Approaches , pp. 65-80
    • Sackett, D.L.1
  • 27
    • 84964180356 scopus 로고
    • The statistics of antityphoid and anti-cholera inoculations, and the interpretation of such statistics in general
    • Greenwood M, Yule U. The statistics of antityphoid and anti-cholera inoculations, and the interpretation of such statistics in general. Pros R Soc Med. 1915;8(pt 2):113-194.
    • (1915) Pros R Soc Med , vol.8 , Issue.2 PART , pp. 113-194
    • Greenwood, M.1    Yule, U.2
  • 28
    • 13344270601 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the value of enteric vaccines: Efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency
    • Sack D, Freij L, Holmgren J, eds. Göteborg, Sweden: SAREC Documentation; Conference report 2
    • Clemens J. Assessing the value of enteric vaccines: efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. In: Sack D, Freij L, Holmgren J, eds. Prospects for Public Health Benefits in Developing Countries From New Vaccines Against Enteric Infections. Göteborg, Sweden: SAREC Documentation; 1990:131-140. Conference report 2.
    • (1990) Prospects for Public Health Benefits in Developing Countries from New Vaccines Against Enteric Infections , pp. 131-140
    • Clemens, J.1
  • 29
    • 0021632262 scopus 로고
    • Approaches to sample size estimation in the design of clinical trials - A review
    • Donner A. Approaches to sample size estimation in the design of clinical trials - a review. Stat Med. 1984;3:199-212.
    • (1984) Stat Med , vol.3 , pp. 199-212
    • Donner, A.1
  • 30
    • 0027839480 scopus 로고
    • Herd immunity: History, theory, practice
    • Fine P. Herd immunity: history, theory, practice. Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15:265-302.
    • (1993) Epidemiol Rev , vol.15 , pp. 265-302
    • Fine, P.1
  • 31
    • 0026033844 scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects in vaccine efficacy and effectiveness
    • Halloran M, Haber M, Longini I, et al. Direct and indirect effects in vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:323-331.
    • (1991) Am J Epidemiol , vol.133 , pp. 323-331
    • Halloran, M.1    Haber, M.2    Longini, I.3
  • 32
    • 0025946690 scopus 로고
    • Study designs for dependent happenings
    • Halloran M, Struchiner C. Study designs for dependent happenings. Epidemiology. 1991;2:331-338.
    • (1991) Epidemiology , vol.2 , pp. 331-338
    • Halloran, M.1    Struchiner, C.2
  • 33
    • 0021339643 scopus 로고
    • Protection of infants against rotavirus diarrhoea by RIT 4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus strain vaccine
    • Vesikari T, Isolauri E, D'Hondt, E, et al. Protection of infants against rotavirus diarrhoea by RIT 4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus strain vaccine. Lancet. 1984;2:977-981.
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 977-981
    • Vesikari, T.1    Isolauri, E.2    D'Hondt, E.3
  • 34
    • 0023274351 scopus 로고
    • Trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) in Gambian infants
    • Hanlon P, Hanlon L, Marsh V, et al. Trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) in Gambian infants. Lancet. 1987;1:1342-1345.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1342-1345
    • Hanlon, P.1    Hanlon, L.2    Marsh, V.3
  • 35
    • 0024533157 scopus 로고
    • Protection, of Peruvian children against rotavirus diarrhea of specific serotypes by one, two, or three doses of the RIT 4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine
    • Lanata C, Black RE, del Aguila R, et al. Protection, of Peruvian children against rotavirus diarrhea of specific serotypes by one, two, or three doses of the RIT 4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:452-459.
    • (1989) J Infect Dis , vol.159 , pp. 452-459
    • Lanata, C.1    Black, R.E.2    Del Aguila, R.3
  • 36
    • 0010598587 scopus 로고
    • Failure of live, attenuated oral rotavirus vaccine
    • De Mol P, Zissis G, Butzler J, et al. Failure of live, attenuated oral rotavirus vaccine. Lancet 1986;2:108.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 108
    • De Mol, P.1    Zissis, G.2    Butzler, J.3
  • 37
    • 0020075393 scopus 로고
    • A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a oral vaccine against typhoid
    • Wahdan M, Serie C, Derisier Y, et al A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a oral vaccine against typhoid. J Infect Dis. 1982;145:292-295.
    • (1982) J Infect Dis , vol.145 , pp. 292-295
    • Wahdan, M.1    Serie, C.2    Derisier, Y.3
  • 38
    • 0025223770 scopus 로고
    • A randomized, prospective field trial of a conjugate vaccine in the protection of infants and young children against invasive Haemophilus influenzas type b disease
    • Eskola J, Kayhty H, Takala A, et al. A randomized, prospective field trial of a conjugate vaccine in the protection of infants and young children against invasive Haemophilus influenzas type b disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1381-1387.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 1381-1387
    • Eskola, J.1    Kayhty, H.2    Takala, A.3
  • 39
    • 0025203188 scopus 로고
    • Limited efficacy of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Alaska native infants
    • Ward J, Brenneman G, Letson G, et al. Limited efficacy of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Alaska native infants. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1393-1401.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 1393-1401
    • Ward, J.1    Brenneman, G.2    Letson, G.3
  • 41
    • 0023754279 scopus 로고
    • Assessing vaccine efficacy in the field: Further observations
    • Orenstein W, Bernier R, Hinman A. Assessing vaccine efficacy in the field: further observations. Epidemiol Rev. 1988;10:212-241.
    • (1988) Epidemiol Rev , vol.10 , pp. 212-241
    • Orenstein, W.1    Bernier, R.2    Hinman, A.3
  • 43
    • 0021491506 scopus 로고
    • Resolving the pneumococcal vaccine controversy: Are there alternatives to randomized clinical trials?
    • Clemens J, Shapiro E. Resolving the pneumococcal vaccine controversy: are there alternatives to randomized clinical trials? Rev Infect Dis. 1984; 6:589-600.
    • (1984) Rev Infect Dis , vol.6 , pp. 589-600
    • Clemens, J.1    Shapiro, E.2
  • 44
    • 0001180715 scopus 로고
    • Measles vaccine
    • Plotkin S, Mortimer E, eds. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders
    • Markowitz L, Katz S. Measles vaccine. In: Plotkin S, Mortimer E, eds. Vaccines. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1994:229-276.
    • (1994) Vaccines. 2nd Ed. , pp. 229-276
    • Markowitz, L.1    Katz, S.2
  • 45
    • 0001254774 scopus 로고
    • Live attenuated poliovirus vaccines
    • Plotkin S, Mortimer E, eds. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders
    • Melnick J. Live attenuated poliovirus vaccines. In: Plotkin S, Mortimer E, eds. Vaccines. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1994:155-204.
    • (1994) Vaccines. 2nd Ed. , pp. 155-204
    • Melnick, J.1
  • 46
    • 0022654909 scopus 로고
    • Antibody response to preexposure human diploid-cell rabies vaccine given concurrently with chloroquine
    • Pappaioanou M, Fishbein D, Dreesen D, et al. Antibody response to preexposure human diploid-cell rabies vaccine given concurrently with chloroquine. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:280-284.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.314 , pp. 280-284
    • Pappaioanou, M.1    Fishbein, D.2    Dreesen, D.3
  • 47
    • 0025024299 scopus 로고
    • Effect of breast-feeding on oral rhesus rotavirus vaccine seroconversion: A metaanalysis
    • Pichichero ME. Effect of breast-feeding on oral rhesus rotavirus vaccine seroconversion: a metaanalysis. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:753-755.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 753-755
    • Pichichero, M.E.1
  • 48
    • 0028199777 scopus 로고
    • Eradication of Haemaphilus influenzae type b disease in Southern California
    • Vadheim C, Greenberg D, Eriksen E, et al. Eradication of Haemaphilus influenzae type b disease in Southern California. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;48:51-56.
    • (1994) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.48 , pp. 51-56
    • Vadheim, C.1    Greenberg, D.2    Eriksen, E.3
  • 49
    • 0028763751 scopus 로고
    • Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children - United States, 1987-93
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children - United States, 1987-93. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43:144-146.
    • (1994) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.43 , pp. 144-146
  • 50
    • 0025669856 scopus 로고
    • Tropical trials and tribulations
    • Hall A, Aaby P. Tropical trials and tribulations. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19:777-781.
    • (1990) Int J Epidemiol , vol.19 , pp. 777-781
    • Hall, A.1    Aaby, P.2
  • 51
    • 0023782880 scopus 로고
    • Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau: Protective efficacy
    • Aaby P, Jensen TG, Hansen H, et al. Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau: protective efficacy. Lancet. 1988;2: 809-811.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 809-811
    • Aaby, P.1    Jensen, T.G.2    Hansen, H.3
  • 52
    • 0023733697 scopus 로고
    • Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in the Gambia: Antibody response and side-effects
    • Whittle H, Hanlon P, O'Neill K, et al. Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in The Gambia: antibody response and side-effects. Lancet. 1988;2:811-814.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 811-814
    • Whittle, H.1    Hanlon, P.2    O'Neill, K.3
  • 53
    • 0038610235 scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of high titre measles vaccine at 6 months of age
    • Expanded Programme on Immunization. Safety and efficacy of high titre measles vaccine at 6 months of age. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1991;66:269-261.
    • (1991) Wkly Epidemiol Rec , vol.66 , pp. 269-1261
  • 54
    • 0026040322 scopus 로고
    • Child mortality after high-titre measles vaccines: Prospective study in Senegal
    • Garenne M, Leroy O, Beau F, Sene I. Child mortality after high-titre measles vaccines: prospective study in Senegal. Lancet. 1991;338:903-920.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 903-920
    • Garenne, M.1    Leroy, O.2    Beau, F.3    Sene, I.4
  • 55
    • 0027378468 scopus 로고
    • Divergent mortality for male and female recipients of low-titre and high-titre measles vaccines in rural Senegal
    • Aaby P, Samb B, Simondon F, et al. Divergent mortality for male and female recipients of low-titre and high-titre measles vaccines in rural Senegal. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:746-755.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.138 , pp. 746-755
    • Aaby, P.1    Samb, B.2    Simondon, F.3
  • 56
    • 0027128059 scopus 로고
    • Safety of high titre measles vaccine
    • Expanded Programme on Immunization. Safety of high titre measles vaccine. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1992;67:357-361.
    • (1992) Wkly Epidemiol Rec , vol.67 , pp. 357-361
  • 57
    • 12944325117 scopus 로고
    • Measles immunization before 9 months of age
    • Expanded Programme on Immunization. Measles immunization before 9 months of age. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1990;65:2-8.
    • (1990) Wkly Epidemiol Rec , vol.65 , pp. 2-8
  • 58
    • 0343718129 scopus 로고
    • Public health considerations for the use of cholera vaccines in cholera control programs
    • Wachsmuth IK, Blake P, Olsvik O, eds. Washington, DC: ASM Press
    • Clemens J, Spriggs D, Sack D. Public health considerations for the use of cholera vaccines in cholera control programs. In: Wachsmuth IK, Blake P, Olsvik O, eds. Vibrio cholerae and Cholera. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1994:425-442.
    • (1994) Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera , pp. 425-442
    • Clemens, J.1    Spriggs, D.2    Sack, D.3
  • 59
    • 0026650291 scopus 로고
    • Non-participation as a determinant of ad verse health outcomes in a field trial of oral cholera vaccines
    • Clemens JD, Sack DA, van Loon FPL, et al. Non-participation as a determinant of ad verse health outcomes in a field trial of oral cholera vaccines. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:865-874.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 865-874
    • Clemens, J.D.1    Sack, D.A.2    Van Loon, F.P.L.3
  • 60
    • 0025176653 scopus 로고
    • Breastfeeding and the risk of severe cholera in rural Bangladeshi children
    • Clemens J, Sack D, Harris J, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of severe cholera in rural Bangladeshi children. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131:400-411.
    • (1990) Am J Epidemiol , vol.131 , pp. 400-411
    • Clemens, J.1    Sack, D.2    Harris, J.3
  • 61
    • 0023876187 scopus 로고
    • Impact of B subunit killed whole-cell and killed whole-cell-only oral vaccines against cholera upon treated diarrhoeal illness and mortality in an area endemic for cholera
    • Clemens JD, Sack D, Harris JR, et al. Impact of B subunit killed whole-cell and killed whole-cell-only oral vaccines against cholera upon treated diarrhoeal illness and mortality in an area endemic for cholera. Lancet. 1988;2:1375-1378.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1375-1378
    • Clemens, J.D.1    Sack, D.2    Harris, J.R.3
  • 62
    • 0021338511 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the protective efficacy of vaccines against common diseases using ease-control and cohort studies
    • Smith P, Rodrigues L, Fine P. Assessment of the protective efficacy of vaccines against common diseases using ease-control and cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 1984;13:87-93.
    • (1984) Int J Epidemiol , vol.13 , pp. 87-93
    • Smith, P.1    Rodrigues, L.2    Fine, P.3
  • 63
    • 0025380224 scopus 로고
    • Vaccination evaluation by case-control or prospective studies
    • Comstock GW. Vaccination evaluation by case-control or prospective studies. Am J Epidermol. 1990;131:205-207.
    • (1990) Am J Epidermol , vol.131 , pp. 205-207
    • Comstock, G.W.1
  • 64
    • 0028364410 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating vaccination effectiveness and vaccine efficacy by means of case-control studies
    • Comstock G. Evaluating vaccination effectiveness and vaccine efficacy by means of case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev. 1994;16:77-89.
    • (1994) Epidemiol Rev , vol.16 , pp. 77-89
    • Comstock, G.1
  • 65
    • 0026725878 scopus 로고
    • Rapid disappearance of H. influenzae type b meningitis after routine childhood immunization with conjugate vaccines
    • Peltola H, Kilpi T, Anttila M. Rapid disappearance of H. influenzae type b meningitis after routine childhood immunization with conjugate vaccines. Lancet 1992;40:592-594.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.40 , pp. 592-594
    • Peltola, H.1    Kilpi, T.2    Anttila, M.3
  • 66
    • 0018736142 scopus 로고
    • Biases in analytic research
    • Sackett DL, Biases in analytic research. J Chrome Dis. 1979;32:51-55.
    • (1979) J Chrome Dis , vol.32 , pp. 51-55
    • Sackett, D.L.1
  • 67
    • 0020075577 scopus 로고
    • Retrospective assessment of the effectiveness of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis using the case-control method
    • Smith PG. Retrospective assessment of the effectiveness of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis using the case-control method. Tubercle. 1982;62:23-35.
    • (1982) Tubercle , vol.62 , pp. 23-35
    • Smith, P.G.1
  • 68
    • 0022006756 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of BCG and childhood tuberculosis in Cali, Colombia
    • Shapiro C, Cook N, Evans D, et al. A case-control study of BCG and childhood tuberculosis in Cali, Colombia. Int J Epidemiol 1985;14:441-446.
    • (1985) Int J Epidemiol , vol.14 , pp. 441-446
    • Shapiro, C.1    Cook, N.2    Evans, D.3
  • 69
    • 0023029870 scopus 로고
    • The protective effect of BCG vaccination of the newborn against childhood tuberculosis in an African community
    • Tidjani O, Amedome A, ten Dam H. The protective effect of BCG vaccination of the newborn against childhood tuberculosis in an African community. Tubercle. 1986;67:269-281.
    • (1986) Tubercle , vol.67 , pp. 269-281
    • Tidjani, O.1    Amedome, A.2    Ten Dam, H.3
  • 70
    • 0022468284 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of BCG vaccination of the newborn against childhood tuberculosis in Bangkok
    • Padungchan S, Konjanart S, Kasiratta S, et al. The effectiveness of BCG vaccination of the newborn against childhood tuberculosis in Bangkok. Bull World Health Organ. 1986;64:247-258.
    • (1986) Bull World Health Organ , vol.64 , pp. 247-258
    • Padungchan, S.1    Konjanart, S.2    Kasiratta, S.3
  • 71
    • 0023579640 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of BCG in Ahmednagar, India
    • Stanford J, Sheikh N, Bogle G, et al. Protective effect of BCG in Ahmednagar, India. Tubercle. 1987;68:169-176.
    • (1987) Tubercle , vol.68 , pp. 169-176
    • Stanford, J.1    Sheikh, N.2    Bogle, G.3
  • 72
    • 0026640617 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal tetanus in rural Bangladesh: Risk factors and toxoid efficacy
    • Hlady WG, Bennett JV, Samadi AR, et al. Neonatal tetanus in rural Bangladesh: risk factors and toxoid efficacy. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1365-1369.
    • (1992) Am J Public Health , vol.82 , pp. 1365-1369
    • Hlady, W.G.1    Bennett, J.V.2    Samadi, A.R.3
  • 73
    • 0020538734 scopus 로고
    • Measles mortality and vaccine efficacy in rural West Africa
    • Hull H, Williams P, Oldfield S. Measles mortality and vaccine efficacy in rural West Africa. Lancet. 1983;1:972-975.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 972-975
    • Hull, H.1    Williams, P.2    Oldfield, S.3
  • 74
    • 0027178709 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of measles vaccines after controlling for exposure
    • Garenne M, Leroy O, Beau J-P, et al. Efficacy of measles vaccines after controlling for exposure. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:182-195.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.138 , pp. 182-195
    • Garenne, M.1    Leroy, O.2    Beau, J.-P.3
  • 75
    • 0020396455 scopus 로고
    • Measles and measles vaccine efficacy in a remote island population
    • McIntyre R, Preblud S, Polloi A, et al. Measles and measles vaccine efficacy in a remote island population. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60:767-775.
    • (1982) Bull World Health Organ , vol.60 , pp. 767-775
    • McIntyre, R.1    Preblud, S.2    Polloi, A.3
  • 76
    • 0026572773 scopus 로고
    • Epidemic poliomyelitis in the Gambia following the control of poliomyelitis as an endemic disease, II: Clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine
    • Deming M, Jaiteh K, Otten M, et al. Epidemic poliomyelitis in The Gambia following the control of poliomyelitis as an endemic disease, II: clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:393-408.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 393-408
    • Deming, M.1    Jaiteh, K.2    Otten, M.3
  • 77
    • 84968353977 scopus 로고
    • Polio outbreak in Honduras: Clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine tested
    • Expanded Programme on Immunization in the Americas. Polio outbreak in Honduras: clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine tested. Expanded Programme Immunization Newslett. 1985;7:1-4.
    • (1985) Expanded Programme Immunization Newslett , vol.7 , pp. 1-4
  • 78
    • 0019969094 scopus 로고
    • Epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Bamako, Mali: Epidemiological features and analysis of vaccine efficacy
    • Binkin N, Band J. Epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Bamako, Mali: epidemiological features and analysis of vaccine efficacy. Lancet. 1982;2:315-317.
    • (1982) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 315-317
    • Binkin, N.1    Band, J.2
  • 79
    • 0021884544 scopus 로고
    • Age-specific differences in duration of clinical protection after vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide A vaccine
    • Reingold A, Broome C, Hightower A, et al. Age-specific differences in duration of clinical protection after vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide A vaccine. Lancet. 1985;2:114-118.
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 114-118
    • Reingold, A.1    Broome, C.2    Hightower, A.3
  • 80
    • 0019463512 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative method of assessing the health impact of different diseases in less-developed countries
    • Ghana Health Assessment Team. A quantitative method of assessing the health impact of different diseases in less-developed countries. Int J Epidemiol. 1981;10:73-80.
    • (1981) Int J Epidemiol , vol.10 , pp. 73-80
  • 81
    • 0023262867 scopus 로고
    • Economic evaluation and the rational diffusion and use of health technology
    • Drummond M. Economic evaluation and the rational diffusion and use of health technology. Health Policy. 1987;7:309-324.
    • (1987) Health Policy , vol.7 , pp. 309-324
    • Drummond, M.1
  • 83
    • 0025158089 scopus 로고
    • Impact of measles vaccination upon childhood mortality: Results of five years of surveillance
    • Koenig M, Alam A, Wojtyniak B, et al. Impact of measles vaccination upon childhood mortality: results of five years of surveillance. Bull World Health Organ. 1990;68:441-447.
    • (1990) Bull World Health Organ , vol.68 , pp. 441-447
    • Koenig, M.1    Alam, A.2    Wojtyniak, B.3
  • 84
    • 0024602068 scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B vaccine in the expanded programme of immunization: The Gambian experience
    • The Gambia Hepatitis Study Group. Hepatitis B vaccine in the expanded programme of immunization: the Gambian experience. Lancet. 1989;1:1057-1059.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1057-1059
  • 85
    • 13344286550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale post-licensure effectiveness and efficacy trial of PRP-T conjugate vaccine in preventing invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in Chilean infants
    • In press
    • Lagos R, Horwitz I, Toro J, et al. Large-scale post-licensure effectiveness and efficacy trial of PRP-T conjugate vaccine in preventing invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in Chilean infants, Pediatr Infect Dis. In press.
    • Pediatr Infect Dis
    • Lagos, R.1    Horwitz, I.2    Toro, J.3
  • 86
    • 0016632212 scopus 로고
    • Problems of future measles vaccination in developing countries
    • Hendrickse RG. Problems of future measles vaccination in developing countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1975;69:31-34.
    • (1975) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.69 , pp. 31-34
    • Hendrickse, R.G.1
  • 87
    • 13344270600 scopus 로고
    • Policy analyses for new vaccines: Their effects on the development and implementation of vaccine recommendations
    • Sack D, Freij L, eds. Stockholm, Sweden: SAREC Documentation; Conference report 2
    • Fedson DS. Policy analyses for new vaccines: their effects on the development and implementation of vaccine recommendations. In: Sack D, Freij L, eds. Prospects for Public Health Benefits in Developing Countries From New Vaccines Against Enteric Infections. Stockholm, Sweden: SAREC Documentation; 1990:131-140. Conference report 2.
    • (1990) Prospects for Public Health Benefits in Developing Countries from New Vaccines Against Enteric Infections , pp. 131-140
    • Fedson, D.S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.