Etiology and prevention of age-related hip fractures

Bone

Volumn 18, Issue 1 SUPPL., 1996, Pages S77-S86

  Hayes, Wilson C ^a,c   Myers, E R ^a   Robinovitch, S N ^a,d   Van Den Kroonenberg, A ^a   Courtney, A C ^a,e   McMahon, T A ^b  

^a DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d SAN FRANCISCO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Falls; Fracture; Hip; Injury; Osteoporosis; Prevention

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; VITAMIN D;

AGED; BODY BUILD; BONE DENSITY; BONE MASS; BONE MINERAL; BONE STRENGTH; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; DEATH; DISABILITY; EXERCISE; FALLING; FEMALE; FEMUR; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NUTRITION; PUBLIC HEALTH; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK;

EID: 0030043974     PISSN: 87563282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(95)00383-5     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (110)

1. Anonymous. Injury in America: A continuing public health problem. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1985.
2. Andersson, B. V. G. and Schultz, A. B. Transmission of moments across the elbow joint and the lumbar spine. J Biomech 12:745-755; 1979.
3. Apple, D. and Hayes, W. Prevention of falls and hip fractures in the elderly. Rosemont, IL: AAOS; 1994
4. Blake, A., Morgan, K., and Bendall, M. Falls by elderly people at home: prevalence and associated factors. Age Ageing 17:365-372; 1988.
5. Cameron, I. and Quine, S. External hip protectors; likely non-compliance among high risk elderly living in the community. Arch Gerontol Geriat 19: 273-281; 1994.
6. Campbell, A. J., Borrie, M. J., and Spears, G. F. Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol 44:112-117; 1989.
7. Colvin, D., Lord, C., Bishop, G., Engel, T., and Patra, A. A fall intervention/mobility aid system for elderly and rehabilitative populations. Technol Aging 35:1936-1937; 1990.
8. Courtney A. C., Wachtel, E. F., Myers, E. R., and Hayes, W. C. Effects of loading rate on strength of the proximal femur. Calcif Tissue Int 55:53-58; 1994.
9. Courtney, A. C., Wachtel, B. F., Myers, E. R., and Hayes, W. C. Age-related reductions in the strength of the femur tested in a fall-loading configuration. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 77:387-395; 1995.
10. Cumming, R., Kelsey, J., and Nevitt, M. Methodological issues in the study of frequent and recurrent health problems: Falls in the elderly. Ann Epidemiol 1:49-56; 1990.
11. Curnming, R. and Klineberg, R. Case-control study of risk factors for hip fracture in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 139:493-503; 1994.
12. Cumming, R. and Klineberg, R. Fall Frequency and characteristics and the risk of hip fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 42:774-778; 1994.
13. Cummings, S. R. Epidemiology of hip fractures. Jensen, J., Riis, B., and Christiansen, C., eds. Osteoporosis (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Osteoporosis). Viborg, Denmark: Norhaven; 1987; 40-43.
14. Cummings, S. R., Black, D. M., Nevitt, M. C., Browner, W. S., Cauley, J. A., Genant, H. K., Mascioli, S. R., Scott, J. C., Seeley, D. G., Steiger P., and Vogt, T. M. Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. JAMA 263:665-668; 1990.
15. Cummings, S. R. and Nevitt, M. C. A hypothesis: The causes of hip fracture. J Gerontol 44:M107-M111; 1989.
16. Cummings, S. R. and Nevitt, M. C. Falls [editorial]. N Engl J Med 331:872-873; 1994.
17. Cummings, S. R., Nevitt, M. C., Browner, W. S., Stone, K., Fox, K., Ensrud, K., Cauley, J., Black, D., and Vogt, T. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. N Engl J Med 332:767-773; 1995.
18. Dias, J. An analysis of the nature of injury in fractures of the neck of the femur. Age Ageing 16:373-377; 1987.
19. Dunn, J., Rudberg, M., Furner, S., and Cassel, C. Mortality, disability, and falls in older persons: the role of underlying disease and disability. Am J Public Health 82:395-400; 1992.
20. Farmer, M. E., Harris, T., Madans, J. H., Wallace, R. H., Coroni-Huntley, J., and White, L. R. Anthropometric indicators and hip fracture: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. J Am Geriat Soc 37:9-16; 1989
21. Felson, D., Zhang, Y., Hannan, M., and Anderson, J. Effects of weight and body mass index on bone mineral density in men and women: The Framingham study. J Bone Miner Res 8:567-573, 1993.
22. Felson, D., Zhang, V., Hannan, M., Kiel, D., Wilson, P., and Anderson, J. The effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women. N Engl J Med 329:1141-1146; 1993.
23. Frankel, V. H. and Burstein, A. H., Orthopaedic biomechanics. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1970.
24. Gardsell, P., Johnell, O., Nilsson, B., and Gullberg, B. Predicting various fragility fractures in women by forearm bone densitometry; a follow-up study. Calcif Tissue Int 52:348-353; 1993.
25. Greenspan, S. L., Maitland, L. A., Myers, E. R., Krasnow, M., and Kido, T. Femoral bone loss progresses with age: A longitudinal study in women over age 65. J Bone Miner Res 9:1959-1965; 1994.
26. Greenspan, S. L., Myers, E. R., Maitland, L. A., Resnick, N. M., and Hayes, W. C. Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA 271:128-133; 1994.
27. Grisso, J. A., Kelsey, J. L., Strom, B. L., Chiu, G. Y., Maislin, G., O'Brien, L. A., Hoffman, S., and Kaplan, F. Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fracture in women. N Engl J Med 324:1326-1331; 1991.
28. Grisso, J. A., Chiu, G. Y., Maislin, G., Steinmann, W., and Portale, J. Risk factors for hip fractures in men: A preliminary study. J Bone Miner Res 6:865-868; 1991.
29. Grisso, J. A., Kelsey, J. L., Strom, B. L., O'Brien, L., Maislin, G., LaPann, K., Samelson, L., Hoffman, S., and the Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group. Risk factors for hip fracture in black women. N Engl J Med 330:1555-1559; 1994.
30. Gryfe, C. I., Amies, A., and Asliley, M. J. A longitudinal study of falls in an elderly population: I. Incidence and morbidity. Age Ageing 6:20; 1977.
31. Hayes, W. C., Myers, E. R., Morris, J. N., Gerhart, T. N., Yelt, H.S., and Lipsitz, L. A. Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif Tissue Int 52:192-198; 1993.
32. Hayes, W. C., Robinovitch, S. N., and McMahon, T. A. Bone fracture prevention garment and method. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; 1992.
33. Hedlund, R. and Lindgren, U. Trauma type, age and gender as determinants of hip fracture. J Orthop Res 5:242-246; 1987.
34. Hemenway, D., Azrael, D., Eric, B., Rimm, S. D., Feskanich, D., and Willett, W. Risk factors for hip fracture in U.S. men aged 40-75 years. Am J Public Health 84:1843-1845; 1994.
35. Hemenway, D., Feskanich, D., and Colditz, G. A. Body height and hip fracture: Ten years of follow-up on over 90,000 women. Int J Epidemiol (in press).
36. Hindmarsh, J. and Estes, E. Falls in older persons. Arch Intern Med 149: 2217-2222; 1989.
37. Hinton, R., Lennox, D., Ebert, F., Jacobsen, S., and Smith, G. Relative rates of fracture of the hip in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 77:695-702; 1995.
38. Holbrook, T. L., Grazier, K., Kelsey, J. L. and Stauffer, R. N. The frequency of occurrence, impact, and cost of selected musculoskeletal conditions in the United States. Rosemont, IL: AAOS; 1984.
39. Hombrook, M., Stevens, V., Wingfield, D., Mollis, J., Greenlick, M., and Ory, M. Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons: results from a randomized trial. Gerontologist 34:16-23; 1994.
40. Hutchinson, T., Polansky, S., and Feinstein, A. Postmenopansal estrogens protect against fractures of hip and distal radius. A case-control study. Lancet ii:705-709; 1979,
41. Jensen, J. S. Determining factors for the mortality following hip fractures. Injury 15:411-414; 1984.
42. Jokl, P. Muscle and low back pain. White, A. A., III and Gordon, S. L., Eds. AAOS Symposium on Idiopathic Low Back Pain. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1982; 456-462.
43. Kelsey, J. L. and Hoffman, S. Risk factors for hip fracture. N Engl J Med 316:404-406; 1987.
44. Kenzora, J. E., McCarthy, R. E., Lowell, J. D., and Sledge, C. B. Hip fracture mortality. Clin Orthop 1986:45-56; 1984.
45. Kiel, D., Felson, D. T., Anderson, J. J., Wilson, P. W. F., and Moskowitt, M. A. Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 317:1169-1174; 1987.
46. Kosorok, M., Omenn, G., Diehr, P., Koepsell, T., and Patrick, D. Restricted activity days among older adults. Am J Public Health 82:1263-1267; 1992.
47. Kreutzeldt, J., Haim, M., and Bach, E. Hip fracture among the elderly in a mixed urban and rural population. Age Ageing 13:111-119; 1984.
48. Krieger, N., Kelsey, I., Holford, T., and O'Connor, T. An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 116:141-148; 1982.
49. Kroonenberg, A., Hayes, W. C., and McMahon, T. A. Dynamic models for sideways falls from standing height. J Biomech Eng 117:309-318; 1995.
50. Kroonenberg, A., Hayes, W. C., and McMahon, T. A. A 15-segment computer model to simulate sideways falls from standing height. Unpublished.
51. Kroonenberg, A., Munih, P., Weigent-Hayes, M., and McMahon, T. A. Hip impact velocities and body configurations for experimental falls from standing height. Trans 39th ORS 18:24; 1993.
52. Lauritzen, J. and Askegaard, V. Protection against hip fractures by energy absorption. Dan Med Bull 39:91-93; 1992.
53. Lauritzen, J. and Lund, B. Impacts and padding of the hip in relation to hip fractures. Trans 37th ORS 16:140; 1991.
54. Lauritzen, J., Petersen, M., and Lund, B. Effect of external hip protectors on hip fractures. Lancet 341:11-13; 1993.
55. Lindsay, R., Cosman, F., Herrington, B., and Himmelstein, S. Bone mass and body composition in normal women. J Bone Miner Res 7:55-63; 1992
56. Lotz, J. C. and Hayes, W. C. The use of quantitative computed tomography to estimate risk of fracture of the hip from falls. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 72: 689-700; 1990.
57. Maitland, L. A., Hipp, J. A., Myers, E. R., Hayes, W.C., and Greenspan, S. L. Read my hips: Measuring trochanteric soft tissue thickness. Calcif Tissue Int 52:85-89; 1993.
58. Maki, B. and Fernie, G. Impact attenuation of floor coverings in simulated falling accidents. Appl Ergonomics 21:107-114; 1990.
59. Mazess, R. B. On aging bone loss. Clin Orthop 165:239-252; 1982.
60. Melton, L. J., Chao, E. Y. S., and Lane, J. Biomechanical aspects of fractures. Riggs, B. L. and Melton, L. J., Eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, diagnosis and management. New York: Raven: 1988; 111-131.
61. Melton, L. J., O'Fallon, W. M., and Riggs, B. L. Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 41:57-64; 1987.
62. Melton, L. J. and Riggs, B. L. Epidemiology of age-related fractures. Avioli, L. V., Ed. The osteoporotic syndrome: detection, prevention, and treatment. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton; 1987; 1-30.
63. Meyer, H., Tverdal, A., and Falch, J. Risk factors for hip fracture in middle-aged Norwegian women and men. Am J Epidemiol 137:1203-1211; 1993.
64. Michelson, J., Myers, A., Jinnah, R., Cox, Q., and Van Natta, M. Epidemiology of hip fractures among the elderly. Clin Orthop 311:129-135, 1995.
65. Muckle, D. S., Bentley, G., Deane, G., and Kemp, F. H. Basic science of the hip. Muckle, D. S., ed. Femoral neck fractures and hip joint injuries. New York: Wiley; 1978; 1-54.
66. Myers, E. R., Robinovitch, S. N., Greenspan, S. L., and Hayes, W. C. Factor of risk is associated with frequency of hip fracture in a case-control study. Trans 40th ORS 19:526; 1994.
67. Nelson, M., Fiatarone, M., Morganti, C., Trice, I., Greenberg, R., and Evans, W. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 272:1909-1914; 1994.
68. Neufeld, R., Tideiksaar, R., and Yew, E. A multidisciplinary falls consultation service in a nursing home. Gerontologist 31:120-123; 1991.
69. Nevitt, M. C., Cummings, S. R., Kidd, S., and Black, D. Risk factors for recurrent nonsyncopal falls: A prospective study. JAMA 261:2663-2668; 1989.
70. Nevitt, M. and Cummings, S. Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:1226-1234; 1993.
71. Paganini-Hill, A., Ross, R.K., and Henderson, B. E. Exercise and other factors in the prevention of hip fracture: The leisure world study. Epidemiology 2:16-25; 1991.
72. Parkkari, J., Kannus, P., Heikkila, J., Poutala, J., Sievanen, H., and Vuori, I. Energy-shunting external hip protector attenuates the peak femoral impact force below the theoretical fracture threshold. J Bone Miner Res (in press).
73. Perez Cano, R., Galan, F., and Disen, G. Risk factors for hip fracture in Spanish and Turkish women. Bone 14(suppl):S69-S72; 1993.
74. Phillips, S., Fox, N., Jacobs, J., and Wright, W. The direct medical costs of osteoporosis for American women aged 45 and older. Bone 9:271-279; 1988.
75. Province, M., Hadley, E., Hornbrook, M., Lipsitz, L., Miller, I., Mulrow, C., Ory, M., Sattin, R., Tinetti, M., and Wolf, S. The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. JAMA 273:1341-1347; 1995.
76. Prudham, D. and Evans, J. G. Factors associated with falls in the eldelry: a community study. Age Ageing 10:141-146; 1981.
77. Pruzansky, M. E., Turano, M., Luckey, M., and Senie, R. Low body weight as a risk factor for hip fracture in both black and white women. J Orthop Res 7:192-197; 1989.
78. Radebaugh, T. S., Hadley, E., and Suzman, R. Falls in the elderly: Biologic and behavioral aspects. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1985.
79. Reid, J. Treatment of osteoporosis in postemenopausal women with oral alendronate. XIIth International Conference on Calcium Regulating Hormones: Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
80. Reinsch, S., MacRai, P., Lachenbruch, P., and Tobis, J. Attempts to prevent falls and injury: a prospective community study. Gerontologist 32:450-456; 1992.
81. Resnick, N. M. and Greenpan, S.L. "Senile" osteoporosis reconsidered. JAMA 261:1025-1029; 1989.
82. Ribot, C., Tremollieres, F., Pouilles, J., Albarede, J., Mansat, M., Utheza, G., Banneu, M., Bonnissent, P., and Ricoeur, C. Risk factors for hip fracture. MEDOS study: results of the Toulouse Centre. Bone 14(suppl):S77-S80; 1993.
83. Riggs, B. L. and Melton, L. J. The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 3:620-627; 1992.
84. Robbins, A. S., Rubenstein, L. Z., Josephson, K. R., Schulman, B. L., Osterweil, D., and Fine, G. Predictors of falls among elderly people. Arch Intern Med 149:1628-1633; 1989.
85. Robinovitch, S. N., Hayes, W. C., and McMahon, T. A. Prediction of femoral impact forces in falls on the hip. J Biomech Eng. 113:366-374; 1991.
86. Robinovitch, S. N., Hayes, W. C., and McMahon, T. A. Pelvis-release experiments to estimate the relation between trunk angle at impact and hip fracture risk. Unpublished.
87. Robinovitch, S. N., McMahon, T. A., and Hayes, W. C. Force attenuation in trochanteric soft tissues during impact from a fall. J Orthop Res (in press).
88. Robinovitch, S. N., McMahon, T. A., and Hayes, W. C. Energy-shunting hip padding system improves femoral impact force attenuation in a simulated fall. J Biomech Eng (in press).
89. Rubenstein, L. Z., Robbins, A.S., Josephson, K. R., Schulman, B. L., and Osterweil, D. The value of assessing falls in an elderly population. A randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 113:308-316; 1990.
90. Sattin, R. W. Falls among older persons. Annu Rev Publ Health 13:489-508, 1992.
91. Sellberg, M., Huston, J., and Kruger, D. The development of a passive protective device for the elderly to prevent hip fractures from accidental falls. Adv Bioeng BED 22:505-508; 1992.
92. Sloan, J. and Holloway, G. Fractured neck of the femur: The cause of the fall? InJ Br J Accident Surg 13:230-232; 1981.
93. Streit, D., Casalena, J., and Cavanagh, P. Preliminary design of a dual-stiffness floor for injury prevention due to falls. Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on Injury Control (Atlanta) 1993; 184.
94. Tinetti, M. E., and Speechley, M. Prevention of falls among the elderly. N Engl J Med 320:1055-1059; 1989,
95. Tinetti, M. E., Speechley, M., and Ginter, S. F. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 319:1701-1707; 1988.
96. Tinetti, M. E., Williams, T. F., and Mayewski, R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med 80:429-434; 1986.
97. Tinetti, M. E., Baker, D., Garrett, P., Gottschalk, C., Koch, M., and Horwitz, R. Yale ficsit: Risk factor abatement strategy for fall prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:315-320; 1993.
98. Tinetti, M. E., Baker, D., McAvay, G., Claus, E., Garrett, P., Gottschalk, M., Koch, M., Trainor, K., and Horwitz, R. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med 331:821-827; 1994.
99. Tinetti, M. E., Liu, W., and Claus, E. Predictors and prognosis of inability to get up after falls among elderly persons. JAMA 269:65-70, 1993.
100. Tinetti, M. E., Mendes de Leon, C., Doucette, J., and Baker, D. Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. J Gerontol 49:M140-M147; 1994.
101. Vetter, N., Lewis, P., and Ford, D. Can health visitors prevent fractures in elderly people? Br Med J 304:888-890; 1992.
102. Weber, T., Yang, K., Woo, R., and Fitzgerald, R. J. Proximal femur strength: correlation of the rate of loading and bone mineral density. ASME Adv Bioeng 22:111-114; 1992
103. Weiss, N. S., Liff, J. M., Ure, C. L., Ballard, J. H., Abbott, G. H., and Daling, J. R. Mortality in women following hip fraclure. J Chron Dis 30:879-882; 1983.
104. Whipple, R. H., Wolfson, L. I., and Amerman, P. M. The relationship of knee and ankle weakness to falls in nursing home residents: an isokinetic study. J Am Geriatr Soc 35:13-20; 1987.
105. Wolf-Klein, G., Silverstone, F., Basavaraju, N., Foley, C., Pascaru, A., and Ma, P. Prevention of falls in the elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 69:689-691; 1988.
106. Wolinsky, F., Johnson, R., and Fitzgerald, J. Falling, health status, and the use of health services by older adults. A prospective study Med Care 30:587-597; 1992.
107. Wootton, R., Bryson, E., Elsasser, U., Freeman, H., Green, J. R., Hudson, E. A., and Klenerman, L. Risk factors for fractured neck of femur in the elderly. Age Ageing 11:160-168; 1982.
108. Wortberg, W. Huft-fraktur-bandage zur verhinderung von oberschenkelhalsbruchen bei alteren menschen der oberschenkelhalsbruch, ein biomechanisches problem. Zeilschrift fur Geront 21:169-173; 1988.
109. Yang, K., Shen, K., Demetropoulos, C., King, A., Levine, R., and Fitzgerald, R. The relationship between muscle contraction and fracture of the proximal femur. Trous 41st ORS 16:238; 1995.
110. Zylke, J. Research focuses not only on where, why, how of falls, but also on preventing them. JAMA 263:2022-2023; 1990.