Effects of removing sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis): Stability of the barren state and succession of kelp forest recovery in the east Atlantic

Oecologia

Volumn 105, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 524-536

  Leinaas, Hans Fetter ^a,b   Christie, Hartvig ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Barren ground; Kelp sea urchin interactions; Stability; Succession

Indexed keywords

STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROEBACHIENSIS;

EID: 0030042085     PISSN: 00298549     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00330016     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Bernstein BB, Welsford RW (1982) An assessment of feasibility of using high-calcium quicklime as an experimental tool for research into kelp bed/sea urchin ecosystems in Nova Scotia. Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci 968: 1-51
2. Boudouresque CF, Nedelec N, Sheperd SA (1980) The decline of a population of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in the Bay of Port-Cros (Var, France). Trav Sci Parc Nat Port-Cros 6: 243-251
3. Breen PA, Mann KH (1976) Destructive grazing of kelp beds by sea urchins in eastern Canada. J Fish Res Bd Can 33: 1278-1283
4. Chapman ARO (1981) Stability of sea urchin dominated barren grounds following destructive grazing of kelp in St. Margaret's Bay, eastern Canada. Mar Biol 62: 307-311
5. Christie HC, Leinaas HP, Skadsheim A (1995) Local patterns in mortality of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, at the Norwegian coast. In: Skjoldal HR, Hopkins CCE, Erikstad KE, Leinaas HP (eds) Ecology of fjords and coastal waters. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 571-582
6. Council JH, Sousa WP (1983) On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. Am Nat 121: 789-824
7. Dayton PK (1985) Ecology of kelp communities. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16: 215-245
8. Dayton PK, Tegner MJ, Parnell PE, Edwards PB (1992) Temporal and spatial patterns of disturbance and recovery in a kelp forest community. Ecol Monogr 62: 421-445
9. Duggins DO (1980) Kelp beds and sea otters: an experimental approach. Ecology 61: 447-453
10. Gagnon J-M, Gilkinson KD (1994) Discrimination and distribution of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (OF Müller) and S. pallidus (GO Sars) in the Northwest Atlantic. Sarsia 79: 1-11
11. Grenager B (1955) Quantitative investigations on the occurence of kelps in Sør-Helgeland in 1952 and 1953 (In Norwegian). Nor Inst Tang Tareforsk Rep 7: 1-70
12. Hagen NT (1983) Destructive grazing of kelp beds by sea urchins in Vestfjorden, northern Norway. Sarsia 68: 177-190
13. Hagen NT (1987) Sea urchin outbreaks and nematode epizootics in Vestfjorden, northern Norway. Sarsia 72: 213-229
14. Harris LG (1981) Studies of community succession in a sea urchin barrens area following sea urchin removal. Am Zool 21: 1019
15. Himmelman JH, Cardinal A, Bourget E (1983) Community development following removal of urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, from the rocky subtidal zone of the St. Lawrence Estuary, eastern Canada. Oecologia 59: 27-39
16. Jensen M (1969) Age determination of echinoids. Sarsia 37: 41-44
17. Jensen M (1974) The Strongylocentridae (Echinoidea), a morphologic and systematic study. Sarsia 57: 113-158
18. Johnson CR, Mann KH (1982) Adaptions of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis for survival on barren grounds. In: Lawrence JM (ed) Echinoderms: proceedings of the international conference, Tampa Bay. Balkema. Rotterdam, pp 277-283
19. Johnson CR, Mann KH (1988) Diversity, patterns of adaptation, and stability of Nova Scotian kelp beds. Ecol Monogr 58: 129-154
20. Jones NS, Kain JM (1967) Subtidal algal colonization following the removal of Echinus. Helgoländ wiss Meeresunters 15: 460-466
21. Jones GM, Scheibling RE (1985) Paramoeba sp. (Amoebida, Paramoebidae) as the possible causative agent of sea urchin mass mortality in Nova Scotia. J Parasitol 71: 559-565
22. Kain JM (1963) Aspects of the biology of Laminaria hyperborea. II. Age, weight and length. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 43: 129-151
23. Kain JM (1971) The biology of Laminaria hyperborea.VI. Some Norwegian populations. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 51: 387-408
24. Keats DW (1991) Refugial Laminaria abundance and reduction in urchin grazing in communities in the North-West Atlantic. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 71: 867-876
25. Keats DW, South GR, Steele DH (1990) Effects of an experimental reduction in grazing by green sea urchins on a benthic macroalgal community in eastern Newfoundland. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 68: 181-193
26. Lang C, Mann KH (1976) Changes in sea urchin populations after the destruction of kelp beds. Mar Biol 36: 321-326
27. Levin SA (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73: 1943-1967
28. Lüning K (1990) Seaweeds. Their environment, biogeography and ecophysiology. Wiley, New York
29. Mann KH (1977) Destruction of kelp-beds by sea urchins: a cyclical phenomenon or irreversible degradation? Helgoländ wiss Meeresunters 30: 455-467
30. May RM (1977) Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature 269: 471-477
31. Miller RJ (1985) Succession in sea urchin and seaweed abundance in Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar Biol 84: 275-286
32. Miller RJ, Colodey AG (1983) Widespread mass mortalities of the green sea urchin in Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar Biol 73: 263-267
33. Parke M (1948) Studies on British Laminariaceae. I. Growth in Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 27: 651-709
34. Pearce CM, Scheibling RE (1991) Effect of macroalgae, microbial films, and conspecifics on the induction of metamorphosis of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 147: 147-162
35. Pearce JS, Hines AH (1979) Expansion of a central California kelp forest following the mass mortality of sea urchins. Mar Biol 51: 83-91
36. Pimm SL (1984) The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307: 321-326
37. Pimm SL (1986) Community stability and structure. In: Soulé ME (ed) Conservation biology. Sinauer Sunderland, pp 309-329
38. Rinde E, Christie H, Fredriksen S, Sivertsen A (1992) Ecological consequences of kelp trawling: importance of the structure of the kelp forest for abundance of fauna in kelp holdfasts, benthic fauna and epiphytes (in Norwegian, English abstract). Nor Inst Nat Res Oppdragsmeld 127: 1-37
39. Rowley RJ (1990) Newly settled sea urchins in a kelp bed and urchin barren around: a comparison of growth and mortality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 62: 229-240
40. Scheibling R (1986) Increased macroalgal abundance following mass mortalities of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Oecologia 68: 186-198
41. Scheibling R, Raymond BG (1990) Community dynamics on a subtidal cobble bed following mass motalities of sea urchins. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 63: 127-145
42. Simenstad CA, Estes JA, Kenyon KW (1978) Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities. Science 200: 403-411
43. Sivertsen K (1982) Distribution and variation in sea urchin grazing on the kelp forest off the west coast of Norway (in Norwegian). Nordlandsforsk Bodø Rep 7/82: 1-31
44. Sivertsen K, Bjørge A (1980) Reduction of algal vegetation in Helgeland coastal waters (in Norwegian). Fisk Hav 4: 1-9
45. Skadsheim A, Christie H, Leinaas HP (1995) Population reductions of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinodermata) in Norway and the distribution of its endoparasite Echinomermella masti (Nematoda). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 119: 199-209
46. Vadas RL, Elner RW, Garwood PE, Babb IG (1986) Experimental evaluation of aggregation behaviour in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Mar Biol 90: 433-448
47. Wharton WG, Mann KH (1981) Relationship between destructive grazing by the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and the abundance of American lobster, Hamarus americanus, on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38: 1339-1349
48. Wiens JA (1989) Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct Ecol 3: 385-397