Identification and reduction of sources of dietary lead in the United States

Food Additives and Contaminants

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 53-60

  Bolger, P Michael ^a   Yess, Norma J ^a   Gunderson, Ellis L ^a   Troxell, Terry C ^a   Carrington, Clark D ^a  

^a CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Contaminants; Dietary lead; Food safety

Indexed keywords

LEAD;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BABY FOOD; CERAMICS; CHILD; FEMALE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD PROCESSING; FOOD SAFETY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFANT; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0030041926     PISSN: 0265203X     EISSN: 14645122     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02652039609374380     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1988, The nature and extent of lead poisoning in children in the United States: a report to Congress (Atlanta, GA: Public Health Service).
2. Bourgoin, B. P., Evans, D. R., Cornett, J. R., Lingard, S. M., and Quattrone, A. J., 1993, Lead content in 70 brands of dietary supplements. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1155-1160.
3. Capar, S. G., 1991, Analytical method aspects of assessing dietary intake of trace elements. Biological Trace Element Research. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 445, edited by K. S. Subramanian, G. V. Lyengar and K. Okamoto (Washington, DC: ACS), pp. 181-195.
4. Carrington, C. D., and Bolger, P. M., 1992, An assessment of the hazards of lead in food. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 16, 265-272.
5. Cools, A., Salle, H. J. A., Verberk, M. M., and Zielhuis, R. L., 1976, Biochemical response of male volunteers ingesting inorganic lead for 49 days. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 38, 129-139.
6. EPA, 1986, Air quality criteria for lead. Vol II. EPA-600/8-83/028aF, pp. 7-1 to 7-86.
7. EPA, 1989, Review of the national ambient air quality standards for lead: exposure analysis methodology and validation. EPA-450/2-89-011, pp. II-1 to 11-17.
8. FDA, 1982, Advice on limiting intake of bonemeal. FDA Drug Bulletin, pp. 5-6.
9. FDA, 1989, Lead from ceramic pitchers. Federal Register, 54 (104), 23485-23489 (June 1).
10. FDA, 1989/1990, An unwanted souvenir, lead in ceramic ware. FDA Consumer, pp. 18-21.
11. FDA, 1991, Advice on leaded crystalware. FDA Talk Paper (Rockville, MD: FDA), March 12, 2 pp.
12. FDA, 1992a, Lead in ceramic foodware; revised compliance policy guide; availability. Federal Register, 57 (129), 29734-29736 (July 6).
13. FDA, 1992b, Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles. Federal Register, 57 (228), 55485-55491 (November 25).
14. FDA, 1993a, Emergency action levels: lead in food packed in lead-soldered cans. Federal Register, 58 (61), 17233-17236 (April 1).
15. FDA, 1993b, Lead-soldered food cans. Federal Register, 58 (117), 33860-33871 (June 21).
16. FDA, 1993c, Guidance document for lead in shellfish; availability. Federal Register, 58 (177), 48368-48369 (September 15).
17. FDA, 1994a, Requirements for decorative ceramicware to be deemed not for food use. Federal Register, 59 (8), 1638-1642 (January 12).
18. FDA, 1994b, Quality standards for foods with no known identity standards; bottled water. Federal Register, 59 (100), 26933-26938 (May 25).
19. FDA, 1994c, Lead in food and color additives and GRAS ingredients; request for data. Federal Register, 59 (24), 5363-5370 (February 4).
20. Gunderson, E. L., 1995, Total Diet Study, July 1986-April 1991, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals. Journal of AO AC International (in press).
21. Harley, N. H., and Kneip, T. H., 1985, An integrated metabolic model for lead in humans of all ages. Final report to the US EPA. Contract No. B44899 with New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine (January 30).
22. Jelinek, C. F., 1982, Levels of lead in the United States food supply. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 65, 942-946.
23. Lacey, R. F., Moore, M. R., and Richards, W. N., 1985, Lead in water, infant diet and blood: the Glasgow duplicate diet study. Science of the Total Environment, 41, 235-257.
24. Lake, L. R., 1991, Letter to Daniel Black (Washington, DC: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms), September 9.
25. Mahaffey, K. R., Annest, J. L., Roberts, J., and Murphy, R. S., 1982, National estimates of blood lead levels: United States, 1976-1980. Association with selected demographic and socioeconomic factors. The New England Journal of Medicine, 307, 573-579.
26. Pennington, J. A. T., and Gunderson, E. L., 1987, History of the Food and Drug Administration’s Total Diet Study-1961 to 1987. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 70,772-782.
27. Ryu, J. E., Ziegler, E. E., Nelson, S. E., and Fomon, S. J., 1983, Dietary intake of lead and blood lead concentration in early infancy. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 137, 886-891.
28. Sherlock, J., Smart, G., Forbes, G. I., Moore, M. R., Patterson, W. J., Richards, W. N., and Wilson, T. S., 1982, Assessment of lead intakes and dose-response for a population in Ayr exposed to a plumbosolvent water supply. Human Toxicology, 1, 115-122.