Effects of diet and exercise on qualitative and quantitative measures of LDL and its susceptibility to oxidation

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 201-207

  Beard, Christopher M ^a   Barnard, R James ^a   Robbins, David C ^b   Ordovas, Jose M ^c   Schaefer, Ernst J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Medlantic Research Institute   (United States)

^c TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

antioxidants; LDL density; LDL phenotype; LDL subfractions

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; CHOLESTEROL; COPPER; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION; DIET; DIETARY FIBER; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIPID OXIDATION; LOW FAT DIET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0030039945     PISSN: 10795642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.16.2.201     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA. 1993;269:3015-3023.
2. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol: modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:915-924.
3. Berliner JA, Haberland ME. The role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1993;4:373-381.
4. Hoff HF, Gaubatz JW. Isolation, purification, and characterization of a lipoprotein containing Apo B from the human aorta. Atherosclerosis. 1982;42:273-297.
5. Palinski W, Rosenfeld M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Gurtner G, Socher S, Butler S, Parthasarathy S, Carew T, Steinberg D, Witztum J. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86:1372-1376.
6. Esterbauer H, Jürgens G. Mechanistic and genetic aspects of susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1993;4:114-124.
7. Staprans I, Rapp JH, Pan X-M, Kim KY, Feingold KR. Oxidized lipids in the diet are a source of oxidized lipid in chylomicrons of human serum. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1900-1905.
8. Bonanome A, Pagnan A, Biffanti S, Opportuno A, Sorgato F, Dorella M, Maiorino M, Ursini F. Effect of dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the susceptibility of plasma low density lipoproteins to oxidative modification. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12:529-533.
9. Williams P, Vranizan K, Krauss K. Correlations of plasma lipoproteins with LDL subfractions by particle size in men and women. J Lipid Res. 1992;33:765-774.
10. Austin MA, Newman B, Selby JV, Edwards K, Mayer EJ, Krauss RM. Genetics of LDL subclass phenotypes in women twins: concordance, heritability, commingling analysis. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:687-695.
11. Austin M, Breslow J, Hennekins C, Buring J, Willett W, Krauss R. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1988;260:1917-1921.
12. Kwiterovich P, Coresh J, Bachorik P. The prevalence of hyperapobetalipoproteinemia and other lipoprotein phenotypes in premature coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:631-639.
13. de Graaf J, Hendriks J, Demacker P, Stalenhoef A. Identification of multiple dense LDL sufractions with enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation among hypertriglyceridemic subjects: normalization after clofibrate treatmenent. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:712-719.
14. Tribble D, Holl L, Wood P, Krauss R. Variations in oxidative susceptibility among six low density lipoprotein subfractions of differing density and particle size. Atherosclerosis. 1992;93:189-199.
15. de Graaf J, Hak-Lemmers H, Hectors MP, Demacker P, Hendriks JC, Stalenhoef AF. Enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation of the dense low density lipoprotein subfraction in healthy subjects. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11:298-306.
16. Chait A, Brazg RL, Tribble DL, Krauss RM. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am J Med. 1993;94:350-356.
17. Barnard R. Effects of life-style modification on serum lipids. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1389-1394.
18. Barnard RJ, Hall JA, Chaudhari A, Miller JE, Kirschenbaum MA. Effects of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on serum lipids, platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation. Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1987;26:241-252.
19. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499-502.
20. Schumaker V, Puppione D. Differential ultracentrifugation. Methods Enzymol. 1986;128:155-170.
21. Chatterton J, Phillips M, Curtiss L, Milne R, Marcel Y, Schumaker V. Mapping apolipoprotein B on the low density lipoprotein surface by immunoclectron microscopy. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:5955-5962.
22. Rumsey SC, Galeano NF, Arad Y, Deckelbaum RJ. Cryopreservation with sucrose maintains normal physical and biological properties of human plasma low density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res. 1992; 33:1551-1561.
23. Rumsey SC, Stucchi AF, Nicolosi RJ, Ginsberg HN, Ramakrishnan R, Deckelbaum RJ. Human plasma LDL cryopreserved with sucrose maintains in vivo kinetics indistinguishable from freshly isolated human LDL in cynomolgus monkeys. J Lipid Res. 1994;35: 1592-1598.
24. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;93: 265-275.
25. Warnick G. Enzymatic methods for quantification of lipoprotein lipids. Methods Enzymol. 1986;129:101-123.
26. Krauss R, Burke D. Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans. J Lipid Res. 1982;23: 97-104.
27. Shen M, Krauss R, Lindgren F, Forte T. Heterogeneity of serum low density lipoproteins in normal human subjects. J Lipid Res. 1981;22:236-244.
28. Esterbauer H, Striegl G, Puhl H, Rotheneder M. Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res Commun. 1989;6:67-75.
29. Bieri JG, Tolliber TJ, Catignani GL. Simultaneous determination of alpha-tocopherol and retinol in plasma or red cells by high pressure liquid chromatography. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32: 2143-2149.
30. Roels OA, Trout M, Lui NST, Anderson OR. Vitamin A and carotene. In: Cooper GR ed. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1972:215-230.
31. Barnard R, Guzy P, Rosenberg J, O'Brein L. Effects of an intensive exercise and nutrition program on patients with coronary artery disease: five-year follow-up. J Card Rehabil. 1983;3:183-190.
32. Barnard RJ, Massey MR, Cherny S, O'Brian LT, Pritikin N. Long- term use of a high-complex-carbohydrate, high-fiber, low-fat diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1983;6:268-273.
33. Barnard RJ, Ugianskis EJ, Martin DA, Inkeles SB. Role of diet and exercise in the management of hyperinsulinemia and associated atherosclerotic risk factors. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:440-444.
34. Ornish D, Brown S, Scherwitz L, Billings J, Armstrong W, Ports T, McLanahan S, Kirkeeide R, Brand R, Gould K. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet. 1990;336:129-133.
35. Shintani T, Hughes C, Beckham S, O'Connor H. Obesity and cardiovascular risk intervention through the ad libitum feeding of traditional Hawaiian diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:1647S-1651S.
36. Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE. Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57:875-883.
37. McMurry M, Connor W, Lin D, Cerqueira M, Connor S. The absorption of cholesterol and the sterol balance in the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico fed cholesterol-free and high cholesterol diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;41:1289-1298.
38. Brinton EA, Eisenberg S, Breslow JL. A low-fat diet decreases high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels by decreasing HDL apolipoprotein transport rates. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:144-151.
39. Brinton EA, Eisenberg S, Breslow JL. Human HDL cholesterol levels are determined by apoA-I fractional catabolic rate, which correlates inversely with estimates of HDL particle size: effects of gender, hepatic and lipoprotein lipases, triglyceride and insulin levels, and body fat distribution. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14: 707-720.
40. Oscai LB, Patterson JA, Bogard DL, Beck RJ, Rothermel BL. Normalization of serum triglycerides and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns by exercise. Am J Cardiol. 1972;30:775-780.
41. Beltz W, Kesäniemi Y, Miller N, Fisher W, Grundy S, Zech L. Studies on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B in hypertriglyceridemic subjects using simultaneous administration of tritiated leucine and radioiodinated very low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:361-374.
42. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Miller B, Krauss RM. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a reduced-fat diet in men. FASEB J. 1994;8:121-126.
43. Grundy S, Denke M. Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:1149-1172.
44. Stacpoole PW, von Bergmann K, Kilgore LL, Zech LA, Fisher WR. Nutritional regulation of cholesterol synthesis and apolipoprotein B kinetics: studies in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and normal subjects treated with a high carbohydrate, low fat diet. J Lipid Res. 1991;32:1837-1848.
45. Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ, Bryant CA, Tietyen-Clark J. Dietary fiber and diabetes: a comprehensive review and practical application. J Am Diet Assoc. 1987;87:1189-1197.
46. Campos H, Genest JJ Jr, Blijlevens E, McNamara JR, Jenner JL, Ordovas JM, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ. Low density lipoprotein particle size and coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992; 12:187-195.
47. Coresh J, Kwiterovich P, Smith H, Bachorik P. Association of plasma triglyceride concentration and LDL particle diameter, density, and chemical composition with premature coronary artery disease in men and women. J Lipid Res. 1993;34:1687-1697.
48. Austin MA, King MC, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype: a proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk. Circulation. 1990;82:495-506.
49. de Graaf J, Swinkels DW, de Haan AFJ, Demacker PNM, Stalenhoef AFH. Both inherited susceptibility and environmental exposure determine the low-density lipoprotein-subfraction pattern distribution in health Dutch families. Am J Hum Genet. 1992;51: 1295-1310.
50. McNamara JR, Jenner JL, Li Z, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ. Change in LDL particle size is associated with change in plasma triglyceride concentration. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12:1284-1290.
51. Watson TDG, Caslake MJ, Freeman DJ, Griffin BA, Hinnie J, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Determinants of LDL subfraction distribution and concentrations in young normolipidemic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:902-910.
52. Hokanson JE, Austin MA, Zambon A, Brunzell JD. Plasma triglyceride and LDL heterogeneity in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:427-434.
53. Yuan J, Tsai MY, Hunninghake DB. Changes in composition and distribution of LDL subspecies in hypertriglyceridemic and hypercholesterolemic patients during gemfibrozil therapy. Atherosclerosis. 1994;110:1-11.
54. Lahdenpera S, Tilly-Kiesi M, Vuorinen-Markkola H, Kuusi T, Taskinen M-R. Effects of gemfibrozil on low-density lipoprotein particle size, density distribution, and composition in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:584-592.
55. McNamara JR, Campos H, Ordovas JM, Peterson J, Wilson PW, Schaefer E. Effect of gender, age, and lipid status on low density lipoprotein subfraction distribution: results from the Framingham Offspring Study. Arteriosclerosis. 1987;7:483-490.
56. Griffin BA, Freeman DJ, Tait GW, Thomson J, Caslake MJ, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Role of plasma triglyceride in the regulation of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions: relative contribution of small, dense LDL to coronary heart disease risk. Atherosclerosis. 1994;106:241-253.
57. Williams PT, Krauss RM, Stefanick ML, Vranizan KM, Wood PD. Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction, and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentration in moderately overweight men. Metabolism. 1994;43:655-663.
58. Regnström J, Nilsson J, Tornvall P, Landou C, Hamsten A. Susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation and coronary atherosclerosis in man. Lancet. 1992;339:1183-1186.
59. Reaven P, Khouw A, Beltz W, Parthasarathy S, Witztum J. Effect of dietary antioxidant combinations in humans: protection of LDL by vitamin E but not by β-carotene. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:590-600.
60. Reaven PD, Witztum JL. Comparison of supplementation of RRR-α-tocopherol and racemic α-tocopherol in humans: effects on lipid levels and lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:601-608.
61. Maggi E, Chiesa R, Melissano G, Castellano R, Astore D, Grossi A, Finardi G, Bellomo G. LDL oxidation in patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis: a study of in vitro and in vivo oxidation markers. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1892-1899.
62. Steinberg D. Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: a current assessment. Circulation. 1991;84:1420-1425. Editorial.
63. Steinberg D. Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1992;85:2337-2344.
64. Addis PB, Park PSW. Cholesterol oxide content of foods. In: Peng S-K, Morin RJ, eds. Biological Effects of Cholesterol Oxides. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1992:71-88.
65. Taylor CB, Peng S-K. Introduction and historical perspective. In: Peng S-K, Morin RJ, eds. Biological Effects of Cholesterol Oxides. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1992:1-6.
66. Bowie A, Owens D, Collins P, Johnson A, Tomkin GH. Glycosylated low density lipoprotein is more sensitive to oxidation: implications for the diabetic patient? Atherosclerosis. 1993;102:63-67.
67. Sobenin IA, Tertov VV, Koschinsky T, Bünting CE, Slavina ES, Dedov II, Orekhov AN. Modified low density lipoprotein from diabetic patients causes cholesterol accumulation in human intimal aortic cells. Atherosclerosis. 1993;100:41-54.
68. Nakamura Y, Horii Y, Nishino T, Shiiki H, Sakaguchi Y, Kagoshima T, Dohi K, Makita Z, Vlassara H, Bucala R. Immunohistochemical localization of advanced glycosylation endproducts in coronary atheroma and cardiac tissue in diabetes mellitus. Am J Pathol. 1993;143: 1649-1656.
69. Czernin J, Barnard RJ, Sun KT, Krivokapich J, Nitzsche E, Dorsey D, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR. Effect of short-term cardiovascular conditioning and low-fat diet on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation. 1995;92:197-204.