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85035162162
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note
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We measured / versus V and dI/dV versus V; both measurements indicated that, to within 5%, there was no V dependence over the range ±30 mV to the resistances we report here.
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13
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85035170682
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note
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We have held the voltage drop across the STM junction constant as we extended the z-piezo toward the surface. Adjustments in the applied voltage become important when the resistance of the junction becomes comparable to the finite input resistance (20 kilohms) of our electrometer.
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14
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85035162990
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note
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7 ohms for an STM junction corresponds to a tip height above the surface of ∼7 Å. We have found Lang's calculation to be consistent with / versus D measurements taken on this same Ni surface (6). We used this calibration, together with the measured changes in tip height due to the presence of one or two Xe atoms in the junction, to determine the tip-surface separation.
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15
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85035161435
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note
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We set d = 2.6 Å, the equilibrium Xe binding distance (18), except when s < 2.6 Å where we then set s = d to account for the compression of the Xe atom.
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23
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84956125412
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See, for example, R. Landauer, Phys. Scr. T42, 110 (1992); J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1, 8099 (1989); Y. Imry, in Directions in Condensed Matter Physics: Memorial Volume in Honor of Shang-keng Ma, G. Grinstein and G. Mazenko, Eds. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1986), pp. 101-163.
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0012419303
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See, for example, R. Landauer, Phys. Scr. T42, 110 (1992); J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1, 8099 (1989); Y. Imry, in Directions in Condensed Matter Physics: Memorial Volume in Honor of Shang-keng Ma, G. Grinstein and G. Mazenko, Eds. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1986), pp. 101-163.
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25
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84956125412
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G. Grinstein and G. Mazenko, Eds. World Scientific, Singapore
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M. Büttiker, IBM J. Res. Dev. 32, 63 (1988); E. O. Kane, in Tunneling Phenomena in Solids, E. Burstein and S. Lundqvist, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1969), pp. 1-11.
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E. Burstein and S. Lundqvist, Eds. Plenum, New York
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Kane, E.O.1
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29
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85035166395
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note
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We thank D. J. Auerbach, R. Landauer, C. P. Lutz, and C. T. Rettner for helpful discussions. We are also indebted to C. P. Lutz for technical assistance.
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