메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-8

D-lactic acidosis: Turning sugar into acids in the gastrointestinal tract

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMAN; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030034025     PISSN: 00852538     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (101)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0002731777 scopus 로고
    • Quantitating short chain fatty acid production in humans
    • edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • CUMMINGS JH: Quantitating short chain fatty acid production in humans, in Short Chain Fatty Acids, edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp 11-19
    • (1993) Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 11-19
    • Cummings, J.H.1
  • 2
    • 0040064692 scopus 로고
    • Control of short chain volatile acid production in the colon
    • edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • WOLIN MJ: Control of short chain volatile acid production in the colon, in Short Chain Fatty Acids, edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp 3-10
    • (1993) Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 3-10
    • Wolin, M.J.1
  • 3
    • 0018756246 scopus 로고
    • D-lactic acidosis in a man with the short bowel syndrome
    • OH MS, PHELPS KR, TRAUBE M, CARROLL HJ: D-lactic acidosis in a man with the short bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med 301:249-251, 1979
    • (1979) N Engl J Med , vol.301 , pp. 249-251
    • Oh, M.S.1    Phelps, K.R.2    Traube, M.3    Carroll, H.J.4
  • 6
    • 0019903295 scopus 로고
    • Glutaric 3-hydroxy propionic, and lactic aciduria with metabolic acidosis, following extensive small bowel resection
    • MCCABE ER, GOODMAN SI, FENNESSEY PV, MILES BS, WALL M, SILVERMAN A: Glutaric 3-hydroxy propionic, and lactic aciduria with metabolic acidosis, following extensive small bowel resection. Biochem Med 28:229-236, 1982
    • (1982) Biochem Med , vol.28 , pp. 229-236
    • Mccabe, E.R.1    Goodman, S.I.2    Fennessey, P.V.3    Miles, B.S.4    Wall, M.5    Silverman, A.6
  • 7
    • 0021358426 scopus 로고
    • D-lactic acidosis and other complications of intestinal bypass surgery
    • HALVERSON J, GALE A, LAZARUS C, AVIOLI L: D-lactic acidosis and other complications of intestinal bypass surgery. Arch Intern Med 144:357-360, 1984
    • (1984) Arch Intern Med , vol.144 , pp. 357-360
    • Halverson, J.1    Gale, A.2    Lazarus, C.3    Avioli, L.4
  • 9
    • 0022610736 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic acidosis due to D-lactate
    • MASON PD: Metabolic acidosis due to D-lactate, Br Med J 292:1105-1106, 1986
    • (1986) Br Med J , vol.292 , pp. 1105-1106
    • Mason, P.D.1
  • 10
    • 0023894775 scopus 로고
    • An unusual case of D-lactic acidosis
    • NGHIEM CH, BUI HD, CHANEY RH: An unusual case of D-lactic acidosis. West J Med 148:332-334, 1988
    • (1988) West J Med , vol.148 , pp. 332-334
    • Nghiem, C.H.1    Bui, H.D.2    Chaney, R.H.3
  • 11
    • 0025017091 scopus 로고
    • D-lactic acidosis in short bowel syndrome - An examination of possible mechanisms
    • HUDSON M, POCKNEE R, MOWAT MAG: D-lactic acidosis in short bowel syndrome - An examination of possible mechanisms. Quart J Med 74:157-163, 1990
    • (1990) Quart J Med , vol.74 , pp. 157-163
    • Hudson, M.1    Pocknee, R.2    Mowat, M.A.G.3
  • 12
    • 0028964763 scopus 로고
    • D-Lactic acidosis in a patient with Jejunoileal bypass
    • KADAKIA SC: D-Lactic acidosis in a patient with Jejunoileal bypass. J Clin Gastroenterol 20:154-156, 1995
    • (1995) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.20 , pp. 154-156
    • Kadakia, S.C.1
  • 13
    • 0021346582 scopus 로고
    • D-Lactic acidosis and encephalopathy after jejunoileal by-pass: Response to overfeeding and to fasting in humans
    • DAHLQUIST NR, PERRAULT J, CALLAWAY CW: D-Lactic acidosis and encephalopathy after jejunoileal by-pass: Response to overfeeding and to fasting in humans. Mayo Clin Proc 59:141-145, 1984
    • (1984) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.59 , pp. 141-145
    • Dahlquist, N.R.1    Perrault, J.2    Callaway, C.W.3
  • 14
    • 0027639332 scopus 로고
    • Challenging consults: Applications of principles of physiology and biochemistry to the bedside. Metabolic aspects of metabolic acidosis
    • HALPERIN ML: Challenging consults: Applications of principles of physiology and biochemistry to the bedside. Metabolic aspects of metabolic acidosis. Clin Invest Med 16:294-305, 1993
    • (1993) Clin Invest Med , vol.16 , pp. 294-305
    • Halperin, M.L.1
  • 15
    • 0021846183 scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of fasting and low carbohydrate diet in D-lactic acidosis associated with short-bowel syndrome
    • RAMAKRISHNAN T, STOKES P: Beneficial effects of fasting and low carbohydrate diet in D-lactic acidosis associated with short-bowel syndrome. J Parenteral Enteral Nutr 9:361-363, 1985
    • (1985) J Parenteral Enteral Nutr , vol.9 , pp. 361-363
    • Ramakrishnan, T.1    Stokes, P.2
  • 16
    • 0028057393 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic acidosis following jejunoileal bypass
    • SPITAL A, SIERNS RH: Metabolic acidosis following jejunoileal bypass. Am J Kidney Dis 23:135-137, 1994
    • (1994) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.23 , pp. 135-137
    • Spital, A.1    Sierns, R.H.2
  • 17
    • 0015254098 scopus 로고
    • On the maximal possible rate of ketogenesis
    • FLATT JP: On the maximal possible rate of ketogenesis. Diabetes 21:50-53, 1972
    • (1972) Diabetes , vol.21 , pp. 50-53
    • Flatt, J.P.1
  • 18
    • 0022802645 scopus 로고
    • Fuel selection in animals
    • RANDLE P: Fuel selection in animals. Biochem Soc Trans 14:799-806, 1986
    • (1986) Biochem Soc Trans , vol.14 , pp. 799-806
    • Randle, P.1
  • 19
    • 0026439672 scopus 로고
    • Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, and energy turnover-"Figure" you made the correct diagnosis only when you have "counted" on it-quantitative analysis based on principles of metabolism
    • HALPERIN ML, KAMEL KS, CHEEMA-DHADLI S: Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, and energy turnover-"Figure" you made the correct diagnosis only when you have "counted" on it-quantitative analysis based on principles of metabolism. Mt Sinai J 59:1-12, 1992
    • (1992) Mt Sinai J , vol.59 , pp. 1-12
    • Halperin, M.L.1    Kamel, K.S.2    Cheema-Dhadli, S.3
  • 20
    • 0021070223 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic production and renal disposal of hydrogen ions
    • HALPERIN ML, JUNGAS RL: Metabolic production and renal disposal of hydrogen ions. Kidney Int 24:709-713, 1983
    • (1983) Kidney Int , vol.24 , pp. 709-713
    • Halperin, M.L.1    Jungas, R.L.2
  • 21
    • 0018855591 scopus 로고
    • The colonic epithelium in ulcerative colitis: An energy-deficiency disease?
    • ROEDIGER WEW: The colonic epithelium in ulcerative colitis: An energy-deficiency disease? Lancet ii:713-715, 1980
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 713-715
    • Roediger, W.E.W.1
  • 22
    • 0019128183 scopus 로고
    • Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonie mucosa in man
    • ROEDIGER WEW: Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonie mucosa in man. Gut 21:793-798, 1980
    • (1980) Gut , vol.21 , pp. 793-798
    • Roediger, W.E.W.1
  • 23
    • 0025084319 scopus 로고
    • The starved colon-Diminished mucosal nutrition, diminished absorption, and colitis
    • ROEDIGER WEW: The starved colon-Diminished mucosal nutrition, diminished absorption, and colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 33:858-862, 1990
    • (1990) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.33 , pp. 858-862
    • Roediger, W.E.W.1
  • 24
    • 0026600946 scopus 로고
    • Lessons learnt from a quantitative analysis of amino acid oxidation and related gluconeogenesis in man
    • JUNGAS RL, HALPERIN ML, BROSNAN JT: Lessons learnt from a quantitative analysis of amino acid oxidation and related gluconeogenesis in man. Physiol Rev 72:419-448, 1992
    • (1992) Physiol Rev , vol.72 , pp. 419-448
    • Jungas, R.L.1    Halperin, M.L.2    Brosnan, J.T.3
  • 25
    • 0011090454 scopus 로고
    • Absorption of volatile acids from the alimentary tract of the sheep and other animals
    • BARCROFT J, MCANALLY RA, PHILLIPSON AT: Absorption of volatile acids from the alimentary tract of the sheep and other animals. J Exp Biol 20:120-129, 1944
    • (1944) J Exp Biol , vol.20 , pp. 120-129
    • Barcroft, J.1    Mcanally, R.A.2    Phillipson, A.T.3
  • 27
    • 8544263909 scopus 로고
    • Absorption and secretion of weak electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract
    • edited by JOHNSON LR, New York, Raven Press
    • JACKSON MJ: Absorption and secretion of weak electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract, in Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by JOHNSON LR, New York, Raven Press, 1981, pp 1243-1269
    • (1981) Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract , pp. 1243-1269
    • Jackson, M.J.1
  • 28
    • 2542493909 scopus 로고
    • In vitro studies of short chain fatty acid transport with intact tissue
    • edited by BINDER JH, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • RECHKEMMER G: In vitro studies of short chain fatty acid transport with intact tissue, in Short Chain Fatty Acids, edited by BINDER JH, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp 83-92
    • (1993) Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 83-92
    • Rechkemmer, G.1
  • 29
    • 0025296813 scopus 로고
    • Short-chain fatty acid absorption in rabbit colon in vitro
    • SELLIN JH, DESOIGNIE R: Short-chain fatty acid absorption in rabbit colon in vitro. Gastroenterology 99:676-683, 1990
    • (1990) Gastroenterology , vol.99 , pp. 676-683
    • Sellin, J.H.1    Desoignie, R.2
  • 30
    • 1842303778 scopus 로고
    • Short chain fatty acid transport by human intestinal apical membranes
    • edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • RAMASWAMY K, HARIG JM, SOERGEL KH: Short chain fatty acid transport by human intestinal apical membranes, in Short Chain Fatty Acids, edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp 93-103
    • (1993) Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 93-103
    • Ramaswamy, K.1    Harig, J.M.2    Soergel, K.H.3
  • 31
    • 0002189858 scopus 로고
    • 3 and SCFA-Cl exchanges
    • edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL, K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • 3 and SCFA-Cl exchanges, in Short Chain Fatty Acids, edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL, K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp 104-116
    • (1993) Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 104-116
    • Rajendran, V.M.1    Binder, H.J.2
  • 32
    • 0006626372 scopus 로고
    • Segmental differences in colonic function
    • edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • SANDLE GI: Segmental differences in colonic function, in Short Chain Fatty Acids, edited by BINDER HJ, CUMMINGS J, SOERGEL K, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp 29-43
    • (1993) Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 29-43
    • Sandle, G.I.1
  • 34
    • 0014750409 scopus 로고
    • Conversion of carbohydrate to fat in adipose tissue, an energy yielding and therefore self-limiting process
    • FLATT JP: Conversion of carbohydrate to fat in adipose tissue, an energy yielding and therefore self-limiting process. J Lipid Res 11:131-143, 1970
    • (1970) J Lipid Res , vol.11 , pp. 131-143
    • Flatt, J.P.1
  • 36
    • 0015303934 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of lactate by the intact functioning kidney of the dog. Studies in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
    • LEAL-PINTO L, PARK HC, KING F, MACLEOD M, PITTS RF: Metabolism of lactate by the intact functioning kidney of the dog. Studies in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. J Clin Invest 51:557-565, 1972
    • (1972) J Clin Invest , vol.51 , pp. 557-565
    • Leal-Pinto, L.1    Park, H.C.2    King, F.3    Macleod, M.4    Pitts, R.F.5
  • 37
    • 0025179399 scopus 로고
    • The colon, the rumen and D-lactic acidosis
    • The colon, the rumen and D-lactic acidosis. (Editorial) Lancet 336: 599-560, 1990
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 599-1560
  • 40
    • 0023797027 scopus 로고
    • The untoward effects of the anions in dialysis fluid
    • VEECH RL: The untoward effects of the anions in dialysis fluid. J Clin Invest 34:587-597, 1988
    • (1988) J Clin Invest , vol.34 , pp. 587-597
    • Veech, R.L.1
  • 42
    • 0028897124 scopus 로고
    • Colonic lactate metabolism and D-lactic acidosis
    • HOVE H, MORTENSEN PB: Colonic lactate metabolism and D-lactic acidosis. Digest Dis Sci 40:320-330, 1995
    • (1995) Digest Dis Sci , vol.40 , pp. 320-330
    • Hove, H.1    Mortensen, P.B.2
  • 44
    • 0017764326 scopus 로고
    • Generation of protons by metabolic processes in heart cells
    • GEVERS W: Generation of protons by metabolic processes in heart cells. J Molec Cell Cardiol 9:867-874, 1977
    • (1977) J Molec Cell Cardiol , vol.9 , pp. 867-874
    • Gevers, W.1
  • 47
    • 0024374580 scopus 로고
    • Renal and hepatic aspects of ketaocidosis: A quantitative analysis based on energy turnover
    • HALPERIN ML, CHEEMA-DHADLI S: Renal and hepatic aspects of ketaocidosis: A quantitative analysis based on energy turnover. Diab Metabol Rev 5:321-336, 1989
    • (1989) Diab Metabol Rev , vol.5 , pp. 321-336
    • Halperin, M.L.1    Cheema-Dhadli, S.2
  • 48
    • 0018556694 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in mammalian tissues
    • DENTON RM, HALESTRAP AP: Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in mammalian tissues. Essays Biochem 15:37-77, 1979
    • (1979) Essays Biochem , vol.15 , pp. 37-77
    • Denton, R.M.1    Halestrap, A.P.2
  • 49
    • 0016285850 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by dichloroacetate and other halogenated carboxylic acids
    • WHITEHOUSE S, COOPER R, RANDLE P: Mechanism of activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by dichloroacetate and other halogenated carboxylic acids. Biochem J 141:761-774, 1974
    • (1974) Biochem J , vol.141 , pp. 761-774
    • Whitehouse, S.1    Cooper, R.2    Randle, P.3
  • 50
    • 0028904053 scopus 로고
    • Insulin action and insulin signaling network
    • CHEATHAM B, KAHN R: Insulin action and insulin signaling network. Endocrine Rev 16:117-142, 1995
    • (1995) Endocrine Rev , vol.16 , pp. 117-142
    • Cheatham, B.1    Kahn, R.2
  • 51
    • 0020384178 scopus 로고
    • Glycogen synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500-g carbohydrate meal
    • ACHESON KJ, FLATT J-P, JEQUIER E: Glycogen synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500-g carbohydrate meal. Metab Clin Exp 31:1234-1240, 1982
    • (1982) Metab Clin Exp , vol.31 , pp. 1234-1240
    • Acheson, K.J.1    Flatt, J.-P.2    Jequier, E.3
  • 55
    • 0024321160 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of D-lactate in the dog and in man
    • FINE A: Metabolism of D-lactate in the dog and in man. (abstract) Perit Dial Int 9:99, 1989
    • (1989) Perit Dial Int , vol.9 , pp. 99
    • Fine, A.1
  • 56
    • 0021060212 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the kinetics and utilization of D (-) and L (+) sodium lactate in normal man
    • CONNOR H, WOODS HF, LEDINGHAM JGG: Comparison of the kinetics and utilization of D (-) and L (+) sodium lactate in normal man. Ann Nutr Metab 27:481-487, 1983
    • (1983) Ann Nutr Metab , vol.27 , pp. 481-487
    • Connor, H.1    Woods, H.F.2    Ledingham, J.G.G.3
  • 57
    • 0025319928 scopus 로고
    • D-lactic acid metabolism after an oral load of D L-lactate
    • DEVERESE M, KOPPENHOEFER B, BARTH CA: D-lactic acid metabolism after an oral load of D L-lactate. Clin Nutr 9:23-28, 1990
    • (1990) Clin Nutr , vol.9 , pp. 23-28
    • Deverese, M.1    Koppenhoefer, B.2    Barth, C.A.3
  • 58
    • 0013856963 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism of D-α-hydroxy acids in animal tissues
    • TUBBS PK: The metabolism of D-α-hydroxy acids in animal tissues. Ann NY Acad Sci 119:920-926, 1965
    • (1965) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.119 , pp. 920-926
    • Tubbs, P.K.1
  • 59
    • 0014587523 scopus 로고
    • Assay, purification and properties of mammalian d-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase
    • CAMMACK R: Assay, purification and properties of mammalian d-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase. Biochem J 115:55-64, 1969
    • (1969) Biochem J , vol.115 , pp. 55-64
    • Cammack, R.1
  • 61
    • 0001362535 scopus 로고
    • Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in perfused rat heart by dichloroacetate
    • WHITEHOUSE S, RANDLE P: Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in perfused rat heart by dichloroacetate. Biochem J 134:651-653, 1973
    • (1973) Biochem J , vol.134 , pp. 651-653
    • Whitehouse, S.1    Randle, P.2
  • 62
    • 0025221771 scopus 로고
    • Molecular biology and biochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes
    • PATEL M, ROCHE T: Molecular biology and biochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. FASEB J 4:3224-3233, 1990
    • (1990) FASEB J , vol.4 , pp. 3224-3233
    • Patel, M.1    Roche, T.2
  • 63
    • 0020671984 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic acidosis in the alcoholic: A pathophysiologic approach
    • HALPERIN ML, HAMMEKE M, JOSSE RG, JUNGAS RL: Metabolic acidosis in the alcoholic: A pathophysiologic approach. Metabolism 32:308-315, 1983
    • (1983) Metabolism , vol.32 , pp. 308-315
    • Halperin, M.L.1    Hammeke, M.2    Josse, R.G.3    Jungas, R.L.4
  • 65
    • 0017333988 scopus 로고
    • Clinical use of the anion gap
    • EMMETT M, NARINS R: Clinical use of the anion gap. Medicine 56:38-54, 1977
    • (1977) Medicine , vol.56 , pp. 38-54
    • Emmett, M.1    Narins, R.2
  • 66
  • 67
    • 0025142412 scopus 로고
    • The removal of an inorganic acid load in subjects with ketoacidosis of chronic fasting: The role of the kidney
    • KAMEL K, ETHHER J, STINEBAUGH B, SCHLOEDER F, HALPERIN M: The removal of an inorganic acid load in subjects with ketoacidosis of chronic fasting: The role of the kidney. Kidney Int 38:507-511, 1990
    • (1990) Kidney Int , vol.38 , pp. 507-511
    • Kamel, K.1    Ethher, J.2    Stinebaugh, B.3    Schloeder, F.4    Halperin, M.5
  • 69
    • 0020412233 scopus 로고
    • Reabsorption of monocarboxylic acids in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. I. Transport kinetics of d-lactate, Na-dependence, pH-dependence and effects of inhibitors
    • ULLRICH KJ, RUMRICH G, KLOSS S: Reabsorption of monocarboxylic acids in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. I. Transport kinetics of d-lactate, Na-dependence, pH-dependence and effects of inhibitors. Pflügers Arch 395:212-219, 1982
    • (1982) Pflügers Arch , vol.395 , pp. 212-219
    • Ullrich, K.J.1    Rumrich, G.2    Kloss, S.3
  • 70
    • 0019983292 scopus 로고
    • Transport of inorganic and organic substances in the renal proximal tubule
    • ULLRICH KJ, RUMRICH G, KLOSS S: Transport of inorganic and organic substances in the renal proximal tubule. Klin Wochenschr 60:1165-1172, 1982
    • (1982) Klin Wochenschr , vol.60 , pp. 1165-1172
    • Ullrich, K.J.1    Rumrich, G.2    Kloss, S.3
  • 72
    • 0021886145 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of chronic tubulo-interstitial disease in rats
    • NATH K, HOSTETTER M, HOSTETTER T: Pathophysiology of chronic tubulo-interstitial disease in rats. J Clin Invest 76:667-675, 1985
    • (1985) J Clin Invest , vol.76 , pp. 667-675
    • Nath, K.1    Hostetter, M.2    Hostetter, T.3
  • 74
    • 0023219436 scopus 로고
    • Plasma glulamine and renal ammoniagencsis in dogs with chronic metabolic acidosis
    • HALPERIN ML, CHEN CB: Plasma glulamine and renal ammoniagencsis in dogs with chronic metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 252:F474-F479, 1987
    • (1987) Am J Physiol , vol.252
    • Halperin, M.L.1    Chen, C.B.2
  • 75
    • 0020403631 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative analysis of renal ammoniagenecsis and energy balance: A theoretical approach
    • HALPERIN ML, JUNGAS RL, PICHETTE, C, GOLDSTEIN MB: A quantitative analysis of renal ammoniagenecsis and energy balance: A theoretical approach. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60:1431-1435, 1982
    • (1982) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.60 , pp. 1431-1435
    • Halperin, M.L.1    Jungas, R.L.2    Pichette, C.3    Goldstein, M.B.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.