Rural gonorrhea in the southeastern United States: A neglected epidemic?

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 143, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 269-277

  Thomas, James C ^a   Schoenbach, Victor J ^a   Weiner, Debra H ^a   Parker, Edith A ^a   Earp, Jo Anne ^a  

^a IL   (United States)

Author keywords

gonorrhea; rural health; rural population; sexually transmitted diseases

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; CONFIDENTIALITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG ABUSE; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GONORRHEA; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HUMAN; INFANT; INFECTION RISK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEWBORN; POVERTY; REINFECTION; RURAL POPULATION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0030032081     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008738     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Gonorrhea cases, rates, ranking of rates and percent reported by private sources for state, territorial and city health departments, calendar year 1982. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993.
2. Brooks GF, Darrow WW, Day JA. Repeated gonorrhea: an analysis of importance and risk factors. J Infect Dis 1978;137: 161-9.
3. Noble RC, Kirk NM, Slagel WA, et al. Recidivism among patients with gonococcal infection presenting to a venereal disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 1977;4:39-43.
4. Kinghorn GR, Pryce D, Morton RS. Repeated gonorrhea in Sheffield: the size of the problem, epidemiologic significance, and personal characteristics of repeaters. Sex Transm Dis 1982;9:165-9.
5. McEvoy BF, LeFurgy WG. A 13-year longitudinal analysis of risk factors and clinic visitation patterns of patients with repeated gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis 1988;15:40-4.
6. Rothenberg RB. Analysis of routine data describing morbidity from gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis 1979;6:5-9.
7. Beller M, Middaugh J, Gellin B, et al. The contribution of reinfection to gonorrhea incidence in Alaska. 1983 to 1987. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:41-6.
8. Rothenberg RB. The geography of gonorrhea: empirical demonstration of core group transmission. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117:688-94.
9. Potterat JJ, Rothenberg RB, Woodhouse DE, et al. Gonorrhea as a social disease. Sex Transm Dis 1985;12:25-32.
10. Zimmerman HL, Potterat JJ, Dukes RL, et al. Epidemiologic differences between chlamydia and gonorrhea. Am J Public Health 1990;80:1338-42.
11. Potterat JJ, Rothenberg R, Bross DC. Gonorrhea in street prostitutes: epidemiologic and legal implications. Sex Transm Dis 1979;6:58-63.
12. Rothenberg RB, Potterat JJ. Temporal and social aspects of gonorrhea transmission: the force of infectivity. Sex Transm Dis 1988;15:88-92.
13. Balshem M, Oxman G, van Rooyen D, et al. Syphilis, sex and crack cocaine: images of risk and morality. Soc Sci Med 1992;35:147-60.
14. Fullilove MT, Fullilove RE. Intersecting epidemics: black teen crack use and sexually transmitted disease. J Am Med Wom Assoc 1989;44:146-53.
15. Fullilove RE, Fullilove MT, Bowser BP, et al. Risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in Oakland and San Francisco, Calif. JAMA 1990;263:851-5.
16. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1992. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of STD/HIV Prevention, July 1993.
17. Thomas JC, Kulik A, Schoenbach VS, et al. Syphilis in the South: rural rates surpass urban rates in North Carolina. Am J Public Health 1995;85:1119-22.
18. Nakashima AK, Rolfs RT, Ladan AI. Trends in the rural and urban distribution of primary and secondary syphilis, United States, 1986-90. Presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Sexually Transmitted Disease Research, Banff, Canada, October 6-9, 1991.
19. Aral S, Soskoline V, Joesoef RM, et al. Sex partner recruitment as risk factor for STD: clustering of risk modes. Sex Transm Dis 1991;18:10-17.
20. Young RA, Feldman S, Brackin BT, et al. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among adolescent attendees of Mississippi sexually transmitted disease clinics: a rural epidemic. South J Med 1992;85:460-3.
21. Lam NS, Liu K. Spread of AIDS in rural America, 1982-1990. J AIDS 1994;7:485-90.
22. Garwood AN, Hornor LL, eds. Dictionary of US Government statistical terms. Palo Alto, CA: Information Publications, 1991.
23. North Carolina Rural Economic Development Center. North Carolina rural profile: economic and social trends affecting rural North Carolina. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Rural Economic Development Center, November 1992.
24. Smucker DR, Thomas JC. Evidence of thorough reporting of sexually transmitted diseases in a southern rural county. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:149-54.
25. Rice RJ, Roberts PL, Handsfield HH, et al. Sociodemographic distribution of gonorrhea incidence: implications for prevention and behavioral research. Am J Public Health 1991;81: 1252-8.
26. Yorke JA, Hethcote HW, Nold A. Dynamics and control of the transmission of gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis 1978;5:51-6.
27. Harris R, Leininger L. Preventive care in rural primary care practice. Cancer 1993;72:1113-8.
28. Schuster J, Thomas JC, Eng G. Bridging the culture gap in sexually transmitted disease clinics. NC Med J 1995;56: 256-69.
29. Hartman F. Neighbors fight back against crime. The News and Observer of Raleigh, NC, 1993; Dec 12, 4C.
30. Forney MA, Inciardi JA, Lockwood D. Exchanging sex for crack cocaine: a comparison of women from rural and urban communities. J Commun Health 1992;17:73-85.