Speed estimates from grating patches are not contrast-normalized

Vision Research

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 667-674

  Thompson, Peter ^a   Stone, Leland S ^b   Swash, Sarah ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Area MT; Area V1; Contrast; Motion energy; Motion perception; Speed discrimination

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTRAST; CONTROLLED STUDY; GRATING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; METHODOLOGY; MOVEMENT PERCEPTION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VELOCITY; VISUAL SYSTEM FUNCTION;

EID: 0030030966     PISSN: 00426989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(95)00148-4     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Adelson, E. H. & Bergen, J. R. (1985). Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 284-299.
2. Adelson, E. H. & Bergen, J. R. (1986). The extraction of spatiotemporal energy in human and machine vision (pp. 135-139). Charleston, S.C.: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Computer Society.
3. Albrecht, D. G. & Hamilton, D. B. (1982). Striate cortex of monkey and cat: Contrast response function. Journal of Neurophysiology, 48, 217-237.
4. Bulthoff, H., Little, J. & Poggio, T. (1989). A parallel algorithm for real-time computation of optical flow. Nature, 337, 549-554.
5. Campbell, F. W. & Maffei, L. (1981). The influence of spatial frequency and contrast on the perception of moving patterns. Vision Research, 21, 713-721.
6. Carandini, M., Heeger, D. J., O'Keefe, L. P., Tang, C. & Movshon, J. A. (1994). Simple cells, spatiotemporal frequency and contrast Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.), 35, 1469.
7. Dean, A. F. (1981). The relationship between response amplitude and contrast for cat striate cortical neurones. Journal of Physiology, 318, 413-427.
8. Diener, H. C., Wist, E. R., Dichgans, J. & Brandt, T. (1976). The spatial frequency effect on perceived velocity. Vision Research, 16, 169-176.
9. Emerson, R. C., Adelson, E. H. & Bergen, J. R. (1992). Directionally selective complex cells and the computation of motion energy in cat visual cortex. Vision Research, 32, 203-219.
10. Ferrera, V. P. & Wilson, H. R. (1991). Perceived speed of moving two-dimensional patterns. Vision Research, 31, 877-893.
11. Findlay, J. M. (1978). Notes and comment estimates on probability functions: A more virulent PEST. Perception & Psychophysics, 23, 181-185.
12. Hamilton, D. B., Albrecht, D. G. & Geisler, W. S. (1989). Visual cortical receptive fields in monkey and cat: Spatial and temporal phase transfer function. Vision Research, 29, 1285-1308.
13. Harris, M. G. (1980). Velocity specificity of the flicker to pattern sensitivity ratio in human vision. Vision Research, 20, 687-691.
14. Hawken, M. J., Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Tang, C. (1994). Contrast dependence of colour and luminance motion. Nature, 367, 268-270.
15. Heeger, D. J. (1987). Model for the extraction of image flow. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 4, 1455-1471.
16. Heeger, D. J. (1990). Normalization of cell responses in cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience, 9, 181-197.
17. Heeley, D. W. & Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (1994). Evidence for separate, task dependent noise processes in orientation and size perception. Vision Research, 34, 2059-2069.
18. Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A. T. (1994). The perceived speed of second-order motion patterns. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.), 35, 1405.
19. Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A. T. (1995). The perceived speed of second-order motion and its dependence on stimulus contrast. Vision Research, 35, 1421-1434.
20. Levinson, E. & Sekuler, R. (1975). The independence of channels in human vision selective for direction of movement. Journal of Physiology, 250, 347-366.
21. McKee, S. P., Silverman, G. & Nakayama, K. (1986). Precise velocity discrimination despite random variations in temporal frequency and contrast. Vision Research, 26, 609-619.
22. McLean, J. & Palmer, L. A. (1994). Organization of simple cell responses in the three dimensional (3-D) domain. Visual Neuroscience, 11, 295-306.
23. Morgan, M. J. (1992). On the scaling of size judgements by orientational cues. Vision Research, 32, 1433-1445.
24. Müller, R. & Greenlee, M. W. (1994). Effect of contrast and adaptation on the perception of the direction and speed of drifting gratings. Vision Research, 34, 2071-2092.
25. Reid, R. C., Soodak, R. E. & Shapley, R. M. (1991). Directional selectivity and spatiotemporal structure of receptive fields of simple cells in cat striate cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 66, 505-529.
26. Sclar, G., Maunsell, J. H. R. & Lennie, P. (1990). Coding of image contrast in central visual pathways of the macaque monkey. Vision Research, 30, 1-10.
27. Smith, A. T. & Edgar, G. K. (1990). The influence of spatial frequency on perceived temporal frequency and perceived speed. Vision Research, 30, 1467-1474.
28. Stone, L. S. & Thompson, P. (1992). Human speed perception is contrast dependent. Vision Research, 32, 1535-1549.
29. Thompson, P. (1976). Velocity aftereffects and the perception of movement. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
30. Thompson, P. (1982). Perceived rate of movement depends on contrast. Vision Research, 22, 377-380.
31. Thompson, P., Stone, L. S. & Brooks, K. (1995). Speed perception in the fovea is not always independent of contrast. Perception (Suppl.), 24, 2.
32. Thompson, P., Stone, L. S. & Stone, R. (1992). Contrast-dependence of speed perception: Effects of temporal presentation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.) 33, 97.
33. Thompson, P., Stone, L. S., Swash, S. & Stone, R. (1994). Contrast-dependence of speed perception: Effects of background contrast. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.), 35, 2077.
34. Tolhurst, D. J., Sharpe, C. R. & Hart, G. (1973). The analysis of the drift rate of moving sinusoidal gratings. Vision Research, 13, 2545-2556.
35. Verghese, P. & Stone, L. S. (1995). Combining speed information across space. Vision Research, 35, 2811-2823.
36. Watson, A. B. & A. J. Ahumada, J. (1983). A look at motion in the frequency domain. In Motion: Perception and representation. New York: Association for Computing Machinery (also published as NASA Technical Memorandum 84352).
37. Watson, A. B. & Ahumada, A. J. Jr (1985). Model of human visual-motion sensing. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 322-342.