Are the β-cell signaling molecules malonyl-CoA and cytosolic long-chain acyl-CoA implicated in multiple tissue defects of obesity and NIDDM?

Diabetes

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 273-283

  Prentki, Marc ^b   Corkey, Barbara E ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACYL COENZYME A; MALONYL COENZYME A;

B LYMPHOCYTE; BODY FAT; HUMAN; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0030029605     PISSN: 00121797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/diab.45.3.273     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Fajans S: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. In Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus. Theory and Practice. Rifkin H, Porte D Jr, Eds New York, Elsevier, 1990, p. 346-356
2. Bennett PH: Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. In Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus: Theory and Practice Rifkin H, Porte D Jr. Eds. New York, Elsevier, 1990, p. 357-377
3. Wajngot A, Giacca A, Grill V, Vranic M, Efendic S: The diabetogenic effects of glucocorticoids are more pronounced in low than in high insulin responders Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:6035-6039, 1992
4. Fraze E, Donner C, Swislocki ALM, Chiou Y-A, Chen Y-D, Reaven GM Ambient plasma free fatty acid concentrations in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:807-811, 1985
5. Lewis B, Mancini M, Mattock M: Plasma triglyceride and fatty acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 2:445-453, 1972
6. Reaven GM: The fourth musketeer from Alexandre Dumas to Claude Bernard. Diabetologia 38:3-13, 1995
7. McGarry JD. What if Minkowski had been ageusic? An alternative angle on diabetes. Science 258:766-770, 1992
8. De Fronzo RA, Ferrannini E: Insulin resistance: a multi-faceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14:173-194, 1991
9. Reaven GM. Banting Lecture 1988. role of insulin resistance in human diabetes. Diabetes 37:1595-1607, 1988
10. McGarry JD, Mannaerts GP, Foster DW: A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis J Clin Invest 60:265-270, 1977
11. McGarry JD, Takabayashi Y, Foster DW. The role of malonyl-CoA in the coordination of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 253:8294-8300, 1978
12. Woldegiorgis G, Spennetta T, Corkey BE, Williamson JR, Shrago E: Extraction of tissue long-chain acyl-CoA esters and measurement by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 150:8-12, 1985
13. Corkey BE: Analysis of acyl-coenzyme A esters in biological samples. Methods Enzymol 166.55-70, 1988
14. Budohoski L, Panczenko-Kresowska B, Langfort J, Zernicka E, Dubaniewicz A, Ziemlanski S, Challiss RA, Newsholme EA: Effects of saturated and polyunsaturated fat enriched diet on the skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in young rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 44:391-398, 1993
15. Boden G, Chen X, Rosner J, Barton M: Effects of 48-h fat infusion on insulin secretion and glucose utilization. Diabetes 44:1239-1242, 1995
16. Chen M-T, Kaufman LN, Spennetta T, Shrago E Effects of high fat-feeding to rats on the interrelationship of body weight, plasma insulin and fatty acyl-coenzyme A esters in liver and skeletal muscle. Metabolism 41.564-569, 1992
17. Milburn JL Jr, Hirose H, Lee YH, Nagasawa Y, Ogawa A, Ohneda M, Beltrandel Rio H, Newgard CB, Johnson JH, Unger RH: Pancreatic β-cells in obesity: evidence for induction of functional, morphological, and metabolic abnormalities by increased long chain fatty acids. J Biol Chem 270:1295-1299, 1995
18. Zhou YP, Gril VE: Long-term exposure of rat pancreatic islets to fatty acids inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and biosynthesis through a glucose fatty acid cycle J Clin Invest 93:870-876, 1994
19. Prentki M, Vischer S, Glennon MC, Regazzi R, Deeney JT, Corkey BE: Malonyl-CoA and long chain acyl-CoA esters as metabolic coupling factors in nutrient-induced insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 267:5802-5810, 1992
20. Porte D. Banting Lecture 1990: β-cells in type II diabetes mellitus Diabetes 40:166-180, 1991
21. Giroix MH, Veseo L, Portha B: Functional and metabolic perturbations in isolated pancreatic islets from the GK rat, a genetic model of noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Endocrinology 132:815-822, 1993
22. Hedeskov CJ: Mechanism of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Physiol Rev 60:442-509, 1980
23. Ashcroft FM, Harrison DE, Ashcroft SJ: Glucose induces closure of single potassium channels in isolated rat pancreatic β-cells. Nature 312:446-448, 1984
24. 2+ concentration in pancreatic β-cells. J Biol Chem 262:5448-5454, 1987
25. 2+, cAMP, and phospholipid-derived messengers in coupling mechanisms of insulin secretion. Physiol Rev 67:1185-1248, 1987
26. 2+ in glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets Prog Lipid Res 26:125-181, 1987
27. Wollheim CB, Sharp GW: Regulation of insulin release by calcium. Physiol Rev 61:914-973, 1981
28. Newgard CB, McGarry JD: Metabolic coupling factors in pancreatic β-cell signal transduction. Annu Rev Biochem 64:689-719, 1995
29. 2+ levels by the ATP/ADP ratio and orthophosphate in permeabilized RIHm5F insulinoma cells. J Biol Chem 263:4247-4253, 1988
30. 2+ and the ATP/ADP ratio in permeabilized RINm5F insulinoma cells supplemented with a glycolyzing cell-free muscle extract. J Biol Chem 263:4254-4258, 1988
31. 2+, oxygen consumption, and insulin secretion in glucose-stimulated rat pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 266:9314-9319, 1991
32. Malaisse WJ, Malaisse-Lagae F, Sener A: Coupling factors involved in insulin release. Experientia 40:1035-1043, 1984
33. 2+ and secretion EMBO J 9:53-60, 1990
34. Corkey BE, Glennon MC, Chen KS, Deeney JT, Matschinsky FM, Prentki M: A role for malonyl-CoA in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from clonal pancreatic β-cells. J Biol Chem 264.21608-21612, 1989
35. +-channels in pancreatic β-cells are regulated by intracellular ATP. Pflugers Arch 405:305-309, 1985
36. Cook DL, Satin LS, Hopkins WF: Pancreatic β-cells are bursting, but how? Trends Neurosci 14:411-414, 1991
37. Hopkins WF, Fatherazi S, Peter-Riesch B, Corkey BE, Cook DL: Two sites for adenine-nucleotide regulation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in mouse pancreatic β-cells and HIT cells. J Membr Biol 129:287-295, 1992
38. Leahy JL: Natural history of β-cell dysfunction in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 13:992-1010, 1991
39. Lefebvre PJ, Paolisso G, Scheen AJ, Henquin JC: Pulsatility of insulin and glucagon release: physiological significance and pharmacological implications. Diabetologia 30:443-452, 1987
40. Weigle DS: Pulsatile secretion of fuel-regulatory hormones. Diabetes 36:764-775, 1987
41. Bergstrom RW, Fujimoto WY, Teller DC, de Haën C: Oscillatory insulin secretion in perifused isolated rat islets. Am J Physiol 257:E479-E485, 1989
42. Chou, H-F and Ipp E: Pulsatile insulin secretion in isolated rat islets-Diabetes 39:112-117, 1990
43. O'Rahilly S, Turner RC, Matthews DR: Impaired pulsatile secretion of insulin in relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 318:1225-1230, 1988
44. Polonsky KS, Given BD, Hirsch LJ, Tillil H, Shapiro ET, Beebe C, Frank BH, Galloway JA, Van Cauter E: Abnormal patterns of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 318:1231-1239, 1988
45. Matthews DR, Lang DA, Burnett MA, Turner RC: Control of pulsatile insulin secretion in man. Diabetologia 24:231-237, 1983
46. + channels in mouse β cells. J Clin Invest 89:1288-1295, 1992
47. + channels in mouse β cells. J Clin Invest 91:871-880, 1993
48. 86+) permeability. Biochem Pharmacol 43:2483-2485, 1992
49. 2+ unflux in rat pancreatic β-cell. Diabetes 41:438-443, 1992
50. + channel-independent glucose action in rat pancreatic β-cell. Am. J Physiol 266:C622-C627, 1994
51. Ämmalä C, Eliasson L, Bokvist K, Berggren PO, Honkanen RE, Sjoholm A, Rorsman P: Activation of protein kinases and inhibition of protein phosphatases play a central role in the regulation of exocytosis in mouse pancreatic β cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:4343-4347, 1994
52. 2+ and pancreatic β-cell function. Biochem Soc Trans 22:12-18, 1994
53. Corkey BE, Deeney JT: Acyl CoA regulation of metabolism and signal transaction. Prog Clin Biol Res 321:217-232, 1990
54. Prentki M, Visher S, Brun T, Glennon MC, Corkey BE, Metabolic coupling factors in β-cell insulin secretion. In Diabetes 1991 Rifkin H, Colwell JA, Taylor SI, Eds. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1991, p. 156-160
55. Berne C: The metabolism of lipids in mouse pancreatic islets: the oxidation of fatty acids and ketone bodies. Biochem J 152:661-666, 1975
56. Berne C: The metabolism of lipids in mouse pancreatic islets: the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids Biochem J 152:667-673, 1975
57. Vara E, Tamarit-Rodriguez J: Glucose stimulation of insulin secretion in islets of fed and starved rats and its dependence on lipid metabolism. Metabolism 35:266-271, 1986
58. Peter-Riesch B, Fathi M, Schlegel W, Wollheim CB: Glucose and carbachol generate 1,2-diacylglycerols by different mechanisms in pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest 81:1154-1161, 1988
59. Farese RV, DiMarco PE, Barnes DE, Sabir MA, Larson RE, Davis JS, Morrison AD: Rapid glucose-dependent increases in phosphatidic acid and phosphoinositides in rat pancreatic islets Endocrinology 118:1498-1503, 1986
60. Malaisse WJ, Best L, Kawazu S, Malaisse-Lagae F, Sener A: The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release: fuel metabolism in islets deprived of exogenous nutrient Arch Biochem Biophys 224:102-110, 1983
61. Warnotte C, Gilon P, Nenquin M, Henquin JC: Mechanisms of the stimulation of insulin release by saturated fatty acids: a study of palmitate effects in mouse β-cells. Diabetes 43:703-711, 1994
62. Liang Y, Matschinsky FM: Content of CoA-esters in perifused rat islets stimulated by glucose and other fuels. Diabetes 40:327-333, 1991
63. Chen S, Ogawa A, Ohneda M, Unger RH, Foster DW, McGarry JD: More direct evidence for a malonyl-CoA-carnitine palmitoyltransferase I interaction as a key event in pancreatic β-cell signaling. Diabetes 43.878-883, 1994
64. Sener A, Malaisse WJ: Nutrient metabolism in islet cells. Experientia 40:1026-1035, 1984
65. McGarry JD, Foster DW: In support of the roles of malonyl-CoA and carnitine acyltransferase I in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. J Biol Chem 254:8163-8168, 1979
66. McGarry JD, Foster DW: Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. Ann Rev Biochem 49:395-420, 1980
67. Dunlop ME, Larkins RG: Pancreatic islets synthesize phospholipids de novo from glucose via acyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate Biochem Biophys Res Commun 132.467-473, 1985
68. Wolf BA, Easom RA, Hughes JH, McDaniel ML, Turk J: Secretagogue-induced diacylglycerol accumulation in isolated pancreatic islets mass spectrometric characterization of fatty acyl content indicates multiple mechanisms of generation. Biochemistry 28:4291-4301, 1989
69. Wolf BA, Easom RA, McDaniel ML, Turk J: Diacylglycerol synthesis de novo from glucose by pancreatic islets isolated from rats and humans. J Clin Invest 85:482-490, 1990
70. Best L, Malaisse WJ: Enhanced de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol in rat pancreatic islets exposed to nutrient or neurotransmitter stimuli Arch Biochem Biophys 234.253-257, 1984
71. Brun T, Roche E, Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Corkey BE, Kim K-H, Prentki M: Evidence for an anaplerotic/malonyl-CoA pathway in pancreatic β-cell nutrient signaling. Diabetes 45:190-198, 1996
72. MacDonald MJ: Estimates of glycolysis, pyruvate (de)carboxylation, pentose phosphate pathway, and methyl succinate metabolism in incapacitated pancreatic islets. Arch Biochem Biophys 305:205-214, 1993
73. Powell GL, Tippett PS, Kiorpes TC, McMillin J, Coll KE, Schulz H, Tanaka K, Kang ES, Shrago E Fatty acyl CoA as an effector molecule in metabolism. Fed Proc 44:81-84, 1985
74. Hammar H, Berne C: The activity of β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the pancreatic islets of hyperglycemic mice. Diabetologia 6:526-528, 1970
75. Yamada J, Sakuma M, Ikeda T, Fukuda K, Suga T Characteristics of dehydroepiandrosterone as a peroxisome proliferator. Biochim Biophys Acta 1092:233-243, 1991
76. Nishizuka Y: Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science 258:607-614, 1992
77. Limatola C, Schaap D, Moolenaar WH, van Blitterswijk WJ: Phosphatidic acid activation of protein kinase C-zeta overexpressed in COS cells: comparison with other protein kinase C isotypes and other acidic lipids. Biochem J 304:1001-1008, 1994
78. Rothman JE, Orci L: Molecular dissection of the secretory pathway. Nature 355:409-415, 1992
79. Bouvier M, Moffett S, Loisel TP, Mouillac B, Hebert T, Chidiac P: Palmitoylation of G-protein-coupled receptors: a dynamic modification with functional consequences. Biochem Soc Trans 23:110-120, 1995
80. Linder ME, Middleton P, Hepler JR, Taussig K, Gilman AG, Mumby SM: Lipid modification of G proteins: alpha subunits are palmitoylated. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:3676-3679, 1993
81. Tippett PS, Neet KE: Specific inhibition of glucokinase by long chain acyl coenzymes A below the critical micelle concentration. J Biol Chem 257:12839-12845, 1982
82. Tippett PS, Neet KE: An allosteric model for the inhibition of glucokinase by long chain acyl coenzyme A. J Biol Chem 257:12846-12852, 1982
83. Fulceri R, Gamberucci A, Scott UU, Giunti R, Burchell A, Benedetti A: Fatty acyl CoA esters inhibit glucose-6-phosphatase in rat liver microsomes. Biochem J 307:391-397, 1995
84. 2+- and phospholipid-dependent β-protein kinase C and a phospholipid-dependent protein kinase which is inhibited by long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A. J Biol Chem 266:9285-9294, 1991
85. Ogita K, Miyamoto S, Yamaguchi K, Koide H, Fujisawa N, Kikkawa U, Sahara S, Fukami Y, Nishizuka Y: Isolation and characterization of delta-subspecies of protein kinase C from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1502-1596, 1992
86. Yoshida K, Asaoka Y, Nishizuka Y: Platelet activation by simultaneous actions of diacylglycerol and unsaturated fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:6443-6446, 1992
87. 2+ handling by permeabilized clonal pancreatic β-cells. J Biol Chem 267:19840-19845, 1992
88. Keller H, Wahli W: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a link between endocrinology and nutrition. Trends Endocrinol Metab 4:291-296, 1993
89. Mills SE, Foster DW, McGarry JD: Interaction of malonyl-CoA and related compounds with mitochondria from different rat tissues: relationship between ligand binding and inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Biochem J 214:83-91, 1983
90. Woldegiorgis G, Yousufzai SYK, Shrago E: Studies on the interaction of palmitoyl coenzyme A with the adenine nucleotide translocase. J Biol Chem 257:14783-14787, 1982
91. +)-ATPase by long-chain acyl coenzyme A. J Biol Chem 264:2605-2608, 1989
92. +)-ATPase by long-chain fatty acids and fatty acyl coenzymes A. Biochem Int 12:521-528, 1986
93. Kakar SS, Huang WH, Askari A: Control of cardiac sodium pump by long-chain acyl coenzymes A. J Biol Chem 262:42-45, 1987
94. Schmidt, MFG: Fatty acylation of proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 988:411-426, 1989
95. 13 Science 262.1569-1572, 1993
96. Kelly RB: Storage and release of neurotransmitters. Cell 72:43-53, 1993
97. Olszewski S, Deeney JT, Schuppin GT, Williams KP, Corkey BE, Rhodes CJ: Rab3A effector domain peptides induce insulin exocytosis via a specific interaction with a cytosolic protein doublet. J Biol Chem 269:27987-27991, 1994
98. Civelek VN, Deeney JT, Kubik K, Schultz V, Tornheim K, Corkey BE: Temporal sequence of metabolic and ionic events in glucose-stimulated clonal pancreatic β-cells (HIT). Biochem J. In press
99. Malaisse WJ, Hutton JC, Kawazu S, Herchuelz A, Valverde I, Sener A: The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XXKV. The links between metabolic and cationic events. Diabetologia 16:331-341, 1979
100. Tornheim K: Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and glycolytic oscillations in skeletal muscle extracts. J Biol Chem 263:2619-2624, 1988
101. Andrés V, Schultz V, Tornheim K: Oscillatory synthesis of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and frequency modulation of glycolytic oscillations in skeletal muscle extracts. J Biol Chem 265:21441-21447, 1990
102. Yaney GC, Schultz V, Cunningham BA, Dunaway GA, Corkey BE, Tornheim K: Phosphofructo kinase isozymes in pancreatic islets and clonal β-cells (INS-1). Diabetes 44:1285-1289, 1995
103. 2+ in glucose-stimulated pancreatic β-cells. Biochem J. In press
104. Coleman DC: Obese and diabetes: two mutant genes causing diabetes & obesity syndromes in mice. Diabetologia 14:141-148, 1978
105. Sclafani A: Dietary obesity models. In Obesity Björntorp P, Brodoff BN, Eds. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1992, p. 241-248
106. Sako Y, Grill VE: A 48-hour lipid infusion in the rat, time-dependently inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and β-cell oxidation through a process likely to be coupled to fatty acid oxidation. Endocrinology 127:1580-1589, 1990
107. Capito K, Hansen SE, Hedeskov CJ, Islin H, Thams P: Fat-induced changes in mouse pancreatic islet insulin secretion, insulin biosynthesis and glucose metabolism. Acta Diabetol 28:193-198, 1992
108. Elks ML: Chronic perifusion of rat islets with palmitate suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin release. Endocrinology 133:208-214, 1993
109. Leahy JL, Bumbalo LM, Chen C: β-cell hypersensitivity for glucose precedes loss of glucose-induced insulin secretion in 00% pancreatectomized rats. Diabetologia 30:1238-1244, 1993
110. Brun T, Roche E, Kim KH, Prentki M: Glucose regulates acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression in a pancreatic β-cell line (INS-1). J Biol Chem 268:18905-18911, 1993
111. Clarke SD, Abraham S: Gene expression: nutrient control of pre- and posttranscriptional events. FASEB J 6:3140-3152, 1992
112. MacDonald MJ, Kaysen JH, Moran SM, Pomije CE: Pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase: sites of pretranslational regulation by glucose of glucose-induced insulin release in pancreatic islets J Biol Chem 266 22392-22397, 1991
113. MacDonald MJ, McKenzie DI, Kaysen JH, Walker TM, Moran SM, Fahien LA, Towle HC: Glucose regulates leucine-induced insulin release and the expression of the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1α subunit gene in pancreatic Islets. J Biol Chem 266:1335-1340, 1991
114. Bergot M-O, Diaz-Guerra MJ, Puzenat N, Raymondjean M, Kahn A: Cis-regulation of L-type pyruvate kinase gene promoter by glucose, insulin and cyclic AMP. Nucl Acid Res 20:1871-1878, 1992
115. Shih H-M, Towle HC: Definition of the carbohydrate response element of the rat S14 gene: context of the CACGTG motif determines the specificity of carbohydrate regulation. J Biol Chem 269:9380-9387, 1994
116. Blake WL, Clarke SD: Suppression of rat hepatic fatty acid synthase and S14 gene transcription by dietary polyunsaturaled fat. J Nutr 120:1727-1729, 1990
117. Clarke SD, Armstrong MK, Jump DB: Dietary polyunsaturated fats uniquely suppress rat liver fatty acid synthase and S14 mRNA content. J. Nutr 120:225-231, 1990
118. Shillabeer G, Hornford J, Forden JM, Wong NCW, Lau DCW: Hepatic and adipose tissue lipogenic enzyme mRNA levels are suppressed by high fat diets in the rat. J Lipid Res 31:623-631, 1990
119. Pedersen O, Kahn CR, Flier JS, Kahn B: High fat feeding causes insulin resistance and a marked decrease in the expression of glucose transporters (Glut 4) in fat cells of rats. Endocrinology 129:771-777, 1991
120. Fukuda H, Katsurada A, Iritani N: Nutritional and hormonal regulation of mRNA levels of lipogenic enzymes in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J Biochem 111:25-30, 1992
121. Ntambe JM: Dietary regulation of stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 gene expression in mouse liver. J Biol Chem 267:10925-10930, 1992
122. Clarke SD, Jump DB: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription Annu Rev Nutr 14:83-98, 1994
123. Jump BD, Clarke SD, MacDougald O, Thelen A: Polyunsaturated free fatty acids inhibit S14 gene transcription in rat liver and cultured hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8454-8458, 1993
124. Asaoka Y, Yoshida K, Oka M, Shinomura T, Mishima H, Matsushima S, Nishizuka Y: The signal-induced phospholipid degradation cascade and protein kinase C activation. Ciba Found Symp 164:50-59, 1992
125. 1n glucose transporter GLUT2 gene and its transcriptional regulation by glucose in a differentiated insulin-secreting cell line. J Biol Chem 269:26912-26919, 1994
126. Marie S, Diaz-Guerra MJ, Miquerol L, Kahn A, Iynedjian PB: The pyruvate kinase gene as a model for studies of glucose-dependent regulation of gene expression in the endocrine pancreatic β-cell type. J Biol Chem 268:23881-23890, 1993
127. MacDonald MJ, Chang CM: Pancreatic islets contain the M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase: its phosphorylation has no effect on enzyme activity. Mol Cell Biochem 68 115-120, 1985
128. Lehmann J, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Wilkison WO, Willson TM, Kliewer SA: An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). J Biol Chem 270:12953-12956, 1995
129. Castelein H, Gulick T, Declerq PE, Mannaerts GP, Moore DD, Baes MI: The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor regulates malic enzyme gene expression. J Biol Chem 269:26754-26758, 1994
130. Gulick T, Cresci S, Caira T, Moore DD, Kelly DP: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative enzyme gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci 91.11012-11016, 1994
131. Saha AK, Kurowski TG, Ruderman NB: A malonyl CoA fuel sensing mechanism in muscle: effects of insulin, glucose and denervation. Am J Physiol 269:E283-E289, 1995
132. Kelley DE, Mokan M, Simoneau J-A, Mandarino LJ: Interaction between glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 92:91-98, 1993
133. Bonadonna RC, Zych K, Boni C, Farrannini E, DeFronzo RA: Time dependence of the interaction between lipids and glucose in humans. Am J Physiol 257:E49-E56, 1989
134. Boden G, Jadal F: Effects of fat on insulin-stimulated carbohydrate metabolism in normal men. J Clin Invest 88:960-966, 1991
135. Ebeling P, Koivisto VA: Non esterified fatty acids regulate lipid and glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis in healthy man. Diabetologia 37:202-209, 1904
136. Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DJ, Pascoe WS, Khouri S, Kraegen EW: Influence of dietary fat composition oil development of insulin resistance in rats: relationship to muscle triglyceride and ω-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipids Diabetes 40.280-289, 1991
137. Saha AK, Kurowski TG, Colca JR, Ruderman NB: Lipid abnormalities in tissues of the KKAy mouse: effects of pioglitazone on malonyl CoA and diacylglycerol. Am J Physiol 267:E95-E101, 1994
138. Winder WW, Arogyasami J, Elayan IM, Cartmill D: Time course of exercise-induced decline in malonyl-CoA in different muscle types. Am J Physiol 259:E266-E271, 1990
139. Duan C, Winder WW: Nerve stimulation decreases malonyl-CoA in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 74:2543-2547, 1993
140. Kurowski TG, Saha AK, Cunningham BA, Holbert RI, Colca JR, Corkey BE, Ruderman NB: Malonyl CoA and adiposity in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat: effects of pioglitazone. Metabolism. In press
141. Williamson JR, Browning ET, Scholz R: Control mechanisms of gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. I. Effects of oleate on gluconeogenesis in perfused rat liver. J Biol Chem 244:4607-4616, 1969
142. Williamson JR, Scholz R, Browning ET: Control mechanisms of gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. II. Interactions between fatty acid oxidation and the citric acid cycle in perfused rat liver. J Biol Chem 244:4617-4627, 1969
143. Morand C, Besson C, Demigne C, Remesy C: Importance of the modutation of glycolysis in the control of lactate metabolism by fatty acids in isolated hepatocytes from fed rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 309:254-260, 1994
144. Antras-Ferry J, Le Bigot G, Robin P, Robin D, Forest C: Stimulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression by fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 203:385-391, 1994
145. Rebrin K, Steil GM, Getty L, Bergman RN: Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes 44.1038-1045, 1995
146. Boyd ME, Albright EB, Foster DW, McGarry JD: In vitro reversal of the fasting state of liver metabolism in the rat: reevaluation of the roles of insulin and glucose. J Clin Invest 68:142-152, 1981
147. Lynch CJ, McCall KM, Billingsley ML, Bohlen LM, Hreniuk SP, Martin LF, Witters LA, Vannucci SJ. Pyruvate carboxylase in genetic obesity. Am J Physiol 262:E608-E618, 1992
148. Moore KH, Dandurand DM, Kiechle FL: Fasting induced alterations in mitochondrial palmitoyl-CoA metabolism may inhibit adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Int J Biochem 24.809-814, 1992
149. Lonnroth P, Smith U. Intermediary metabolism with an emphasis on lipid metabolism, adipose tissue, and fat cell metabolism: a review. In Obesity. Björntorp P, Brodoff BN, Eds. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1992, p. 3-14
150. Widmaier EP, Rosen K, Abbott B: Free fatty acids activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in rats. Endocrinology 131:2313-2318, 1992
151. Widmaier EP, Plotsky PM, Sutton S, Vale WW: Regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor secretion in vitro by glucose. Am J Physiol 255:E287-E292, 1988
152. Bjorntorp P: Adipose tissue distribution and function. Int J Obes 15:67-81, 1991
153. McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R: Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes Metab Rev 4:17-30, 1988
154. Khan A, Ostenson CG, Berggren PO, Efendic S: Glucocorticoid increases glucose cycling and inhibits insulin release in pancreatic islets of ob/ob mice. Am J Physiol 263:E663-E666, 1992
155. Ogawa A, Johnson JH, Ohneda M, McAllister CT, Inman L, Alam T, Unger RH: Roles of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in dexamethasone-induced diabetes. J Clin Invest 90:497-504, 1992
156. Surwit RS, Schneider MS, Feinglos MN: Stress and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 15:1413-1422, 1992
157. Plotsky PM, Thrivikraman KV, Watts AG, Hauger RL: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in the Zucker obese rat. Endocrinology 130:1931-1941, 1992
158. Tokuyama K, Himms-Hagen J: Increased sensitivity of the genetically obese mouse to corticosterone. Am J Physiol 252:E202-E208, 1987
159. Cunningham JJ, Calles-Escandon J, Garrido F, Carr DB, Bode HH: Hypercorticosteronuria and diminished pituitary responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing factor in obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 118:98-101, 1986
160. Brindley DN: Role of glucocorticoids and fatty acids in the impairment of lipid metabolism observed in the metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes 19 (Suppl. 1):S69-S75, 1995
161. Keller-Wood ME, Dallman MF: Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocrine Rev 5:1-24, 1984
162. Guillaume-Gentil C, Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Jeanrenaud B: Involvement of non-esterified fatty acid oxidation in glucocorticoid-induced peripheral insulin resistance in vivo in rats. Diabetologia 36:899-906, 1993
163. Guillaume-Gentil C, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Abramo F, Bestetti GE, Rossi GL, Jeanrenaud B: Abnormal regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in the genetically obese fa/fa rat. Endocrinology 126:1873-1879, 1990